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Soci final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

-the biological trait that societies use to categorize people, often as male or female

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2
Q

gender

A

-the cultural meaning that societies attach to sex categories
-consists of behaviours that society considers “normal” for a person of a particular sex
-characteristics society assigns to women and men

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3
Q

sexuality

A

-refers to feelings of desire and attraction and how these are expressed: like gender and sex, sexuality is fluid and changes over time

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4
Q

gender role

A
  • set of attitudes and expectations concerning behaviour that relates to the sex we are assigned at birth
    -gender is social construct , a framework humans have devised to make sense of the world
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5
Q

cisgender

A

-someone who feels affinity with the socially constructed sex category they were assigned at birth- typically male or female

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6
Q

transsexual

A

-someone with the physical characteristics of one sex with a drive to belong to another

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7
Q

two spirit people

A

-an umbrella term to describe those who identify with one of the many gender roles beyond male and female

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8
Q

feminism

A

-theoretical approach that advocates for the rights of women in society
-evolved in a series of “waves” each distinguished by a different set of objectives
-4 categories
-liberal feminism
-essentialist feminism
-socialist feminism
-postmodernist feminism

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9
Q

liberal feminism

A

-seeks to secure equal rights for women in all phases of public life
-ex. education, jobs, pay
-associated with the fight for equal pay for women in comparable professions as men

criticisms:
- reflects mainly the concerns and interests of white, middle class, heterosexual, cisgender western women
-less successful in promoting the interest of women who differ in class, race, ethnicity, sexuality orientation and nationality

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10
Q

essentialist feminism

A

-differs by arguing that women and men are essentially different in the way that they think
-men and women have different world views- men view the world as competition and opposition to others while women view the world in terms of unity
-patriarchal society devalues women

criticisms:
-universalizes women, assuming that all women experience gender alike
-confuses natural instincts with strategies that women have made for coping with the demands of a patriarchal society
-encourages us to see women as “social housekeepers in worlds that men build”

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11
Q

socialist feminism

A

-looks at intersections of oppression between class and gender
- lower and middle/upper class have access to different resources and face different struggles

criticisms:
-race, ethnicity, ableism, and sexual orientation get overlooked in the focus on class

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12
Q

postmodernist feminism

A

-argues there is no natural basis for identities based on gender, race, ethnicity, and so on
-social constructionist perspective
-opposes essentialist feminism

criticisms:
-postmodernists generally problematize, but fail to arrive at conclusions

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13
Q

gendered occupation and education

A

-certain jobs and post secondary programs are gendered
-one gender will be prevalent
-work is typically imbued with gendered meanings and defined in gendered terms
-ex. nursing is associated with words like nurturing and caring which are feminine traits

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14
Q

applying the gender lens to life

A

-society continues to organize itself in ways that are gendered
-separated clothing stores for men and women
-different places for haircuts
pink always being an option for girls

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15
Q

feminization of work

A

-feminization of an occupation occurs when a particular job, profession or industry come to be dominated or predominantly associated with women
-linked to lower earning, less jobs protection, fewer benefits

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16
Q

gendered work today

A

-men outnumber women at least 2-1 in
-forestry, fishing oil, gas
-manufacturing
-construction
-agriculture

  • women made up 53% of following jobs and outnumbered men by at 15% in the following categories
    -finance and insurance
    -educational services
    -accommodation and food services
    -healthcare and social assistance

2018 labour force severe shows men now make up 78% of labor force and women 78% of jobs in service providing sector

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17
Q

Connells four performances of masculinity

A

-hegemonic masculinity
-practices that normalize and naturalize mens dominance and women’s subordination
-subordinate masculinity
- practices that could threaten the legitimacy of hegemonic masculinity
-marginalized masculinity
- adaptation of masculinities to issues such as race and class
-complicit masculinity
-practices that do not embody hegemonic process but benefit from them

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18
Q

oppressive intersection of race and gender

A

-they intersect to amplify oppression
-racial prejudice and discrimination can often reinforce gender bias and vice versa
-visible minority women often stereotyped into 2 extremes
- ex. black women- aunt Jemima figure vs sexually objectified black woman

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19
Q

gender and immigration

A
  • at times in history only men or women of certain ethnic groups were allowed to immigrate
    -Chinese head tax (exclusion of women)
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20
Q

family

A

-core to individual and collective survival in Canada and beyond
-connection between societal and familial changes is intricate
-family plays a central role in societal formation, culture, and political and economic systems
-stories around families are reminders of cultural values learned over time

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21
Q

types of families

A

-nuclear family
-a parent or parents and children
-extended family
-include parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
-simple households
-unrelated adults with or without children
-complex households
-two or more adults who are related but not married to each other and could be reasonably be expected to live separately

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22
Q

change in Canadian families

A

-decrease in marriage rate
-rising cohabitation rate
-overall increase in divorces
-drop in number of children per family
-more lone parents
-children leaving home at later age

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23
Q

family in Quebec

A

-statistically families in Quebec are distinct from families in other parts of Canada
-highest cohabitation rate
-lowest marriage rate
-highest divorce rate

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24
Q

conjugal roles

A

-conjugal (or marital) roles: the distinctive roles of the husband and wife that result from the division of labor within the family

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25
Botts view on conjugal roles
-Elizabeth Both said conjugal roles were: -segregated: tasks, interests, and activities are clearly different -joint: many tasks, interests and activities shared
26
Beajots view on conjugal roles
-Beaujot argues we moved from complementary to companionate relationships -complimentary roles (botts segregated roles) -cast men primarily as earners or breadwinners and women involved primarily in the unpaid work of childcare and housework -companionate roles (botts joint roles) -breadwinning and caretaking roles overlap
27
double burden/ second shift
-what sociologists refer to as women still doing more unpaid work at home than men, imbalance in conjugal roles
28
double ghetto
-describes the marginalization of working women experienced inside and outside the home
29
gender strategy
-acording to Nakhaie- the key to correcting gendering imbalances -plan of action through which a person tries to solve problems at hand, given cultural notions of gender at play
30
ethnic factor in conjugal roles
-immigrants in some ethnic groups adhered more to segregated conjugal roles -however immigrants slowly assimilate and adopt western approach
31
endogamy
-refers to marrying someone of the ethnic, religious, or cultural group as oneself
32
exogamy
-marrying outside your ethnic, religious or cultural group -strong tradition to practice endogamy but Canadians are becoming increasingly more comfortable to marry outside
33
family and ethnicity
-history in Canada of the federal government creating policies designed to deprive racialized minorities of family - ex. head tax on immigrants from china and South Asia
34
indigenous family
-food rations withheld to enforce monogamy -residential schools created -indigenous people forced to sterilization -sixties scoop-removal of large numbers of indigenous children from their homes
35
religion
-a belief system -one of the most powerful/influencial forces in society -shapes life, relationships -cultural institution and instrument for satisfaction of needs -superhuman beings -theism vs. atheism
36
theism
-pivots around belief in a sacred higher power which has the power of control over human behavior -4 types: -monotheism -polytheistic religion -animism -totemism
37
monotheism
-belief in one divine power or god -ex. Christianity or islam
38
polytheistic religion
-belief in many gods -ex. hinduism
39
animism
-belief in ghosts or spirits which may be forces of good or evil -spirits are reared as having a huge influence on human behaviour causing illness, accident or death
40
totemism
-small scale tribal societies, clans, cultures -totme are animals or plants believed to possess supernatural powers of some kind -ritual and ceremonies usually organized around a particular totem
41
atheism
-no god -opposite of theism -disputes against belief of any form of supernatural influence -agnosticism -greek word for unknowable which basically says humans cannot know the hesitance of anything beyond the phenomena of their experience
42
structure of religion
-all over the world there are found to be 4 elements religion is composed of: beliefs ritual emotions organization
43
beliefs
-strongly held conviction by the people of a religion that their object of worship can solve their problems -religion based on beliefs and the recognition of a sacred supernatural being
44
ritual
-religious acts, practices and customs geared towards the worship of the sacred -ways of honouring sacred -reaffirms commitment of followers -sometimes requires the observance of certain behaviours such as prayers, sacrifices, and wearing of clothes
45
emotions
-refers to the spirit of reverence, humility, ecstasy, and terror that is evoked in believers as they present themselves to the sacred -believer may become engrossed by the presence of the sacred
46
organization
-religions characterized by some form of organization -trained officials; priests, imams, cardinals etc who occupy the religious hierarchy with full power and authority vested in them -ordinances, rules and laws that govern the day to day conduct
47
types of religious organizations
-4 types -the church -denominations -sects -cults
48
the church
-usually monopolistic -hierarchy bureaucratic with flexible membership -complex division of labour
49
denominations
-come into exercise when churches lose their monopoly in society -membership is usually by birth
50
sects
-small, less organized religious bodies of committed members -typically to protests larger denominations -may have few to no leaders and little formal structure -charisma
51
cults
-service based and organized around some sort of supernatural or mystical idea rather than sets of religious beliefs that must be followed rigidly -usually costs money -clients or customers -people may have little involvement after learning the rudiments of the beliefs
52
functionalism and religion
-functionalism takes society as its unit of analysis -liken society to a living organism that has different but interrelated systems which functions to maintain the whole -religion serves as a form of external constraint
53
marxist view on religion
-religion is the opiate of the masses -theorized that religion functions as an instrument of hegemony -instills a false consciousness by promoting the belief that class based hierarchy was gods plan -religion pacifies the oppressed and serves interests of bourgeoisie
54
conflict perspective on religion
-creates an illusion that eases the pain produced by exploitation and oppression -justifying the domination of the ruling class over the poor -religion is opium of poor -acts as a drug to dull pain produced by oppression -gives hope of supernatural intervention to solve problems
55
postmodern perspective on religion
-religion is influenced or shaped by postmodern philosophies -in constant pursuit of lifestyle choices and construction of personal identity -spiritual shopping; the belief that religion is losing its power to impose beliefs on people -profound impacts of globalization
56
feminists and religion
-regard religion as a patriarchal institution that continues perpetuating inequality between male and female -organized religions are mainly male dominated -places of worship often segregate sexes -sacred text usually feature the doing of male and are written by men -women given less less -women have subordinate roles and are marginalized
57
liberation theory
-progressive school of thought that advocates social justice for the poor -rooted exclusively in the Catholic Church in Latin America
58
protestantism
-max weber explored idea -protestant believed in a president elect -membership in group is demonstrated by achieving success through hard work -religious/cultural influence spurred people to accumulate wealth - key factor to capitalism
59
disengagement thesis- secularization
-disengagement seen as an important component of secularization -church was once at centre of life but has now withdrawn almost completely -urban lifestyles shifted away from agrarian/communal lifestyle -greater choice of personal life means people are less likely to turn to a priest for support
60
education as social institution
-influence: socialization status formation, social order and economic productivity -categorization: education creates enduring set of ideas used to accomplish things deemed important to society -tool: education serves tool to promote ideas, provide skills, modify behaviours -schools determine a Childs potential social acceptability and social mobility
61
public education in canada
-before industrial revolution there was little interest in educating the masses -education was seen as a way of achieving economic modernization -produces social order and ensures social control -education as a tool of assimilation
62
3 ways in which children of different abilities were sorted out of the mainstream
-truancy laws: punishing those who did not come to class -tests and curriculums that standardized expectations of educational success -health testing conducted via medical and psychological evaluations
63
human capital thesis
-industrial societies invest in schools to enhance the knowledge and skills of their workers -used to justify low income among marginalized groups which is attributed to low human capital
64
models of public education in canada
-assimilation model -multicultural model -anti-racism and anti oppression model
65
assimilation model
-emphasizes assimilation into dominant culture -English Canada was seen as a white protestant nation and newcomers were expected to assimilate to fit in -this model fails to recognize racial bias inside and outside school system
66
multicultural model
-canadas govt implemented its official policy of multiculturalism in 1971 -preserve and promote cultural diversity -remove barriers that denied certain groups full participation within society -study of lifestyles, traditions and histories of cultures -3 fundamental assumptions: learning about ones culture would improve educational achievement would promote equality of opportunity would reduce prejudice and discrimination
67
hidden curriculum -socialization agency
-learning about expectations for heavier that tend to be more informal or unwritten -designed to instruct on shared norms or values -mechanism for reproducing social class -some may argue its a latent dysfunction
68
correspondence principle
-most important sociological contribution -argument that the norms and values instilled in school coresponds to the norms and values expected of individuals in capitalist society
69
inclusive education-critical pedagogy
-decolonizing knowledge through engaging in multiple ways of knowing and being -centering the benefit of transformative learning -sociological imagination
70
anti racism and anti oppression education
-decolonizing education and promoting inclusivity -seeks to expose and eliminate barriers to equity -intended to create an environment where stereotypes and racist ideas can be exposed -sources of information can be critically examined -alternative and mission information can be provided -recognizes that racial inequality exists and that racism is systemic in canada
71
docile body
-public education creates it -individual that has been conditioned through a specific set of procedures and practices to behave the way administrators want them to -3 forms of control: -hierarchal observation: people are controlled through observation and surveillance -normalizing judgement: individuals judged on how their actions rank in comparison to others -examination: a normalizing gaze that establishes what differentiates and judges individuals
72
cultural reproduction theory
-the process whereby students are divided into categories so they can be assigned into groups of various kinds of classes -reproduction of social structure is important -socioeconomic status largely impacts educational achievement
73
anyons 5 schools
working class schools semi skilled schools middle class schools affluent professional schools executive elite schools
74
working class schools
-students fathers held semi skilled or unskilled jobs; some unemployed -school entailed; following steps of procedure mechanical adherence to rules very little decision making or choice
75
middle class schools
-students parents working in skilled, well paid trades, professional jobs or owned small businesses -schoolwork focus on getting the right answers -follow directions and make some choices -books and asking teacher
76
affluent professional schools
-students parents employed as lawyers, engineers, executives -students express and apply ideas and concepts -individual thought -work should show individuality
77
executive elite schools
-students fathers presidents or Vice Presidents of major companies -developing ones analytical intellectual powers -producing intellectual products that are top academic quality
78
issues in indigenous and minority education
-underrepresented in textbooks -writers not seen as a significant source of knowledge on their own people -disqualified knowledges
79
credentialism
-practice of valuing credentials over actual knowledge and ability in the hiring and promotions of staff
80
issues in postsecondary education
-longterm adjunct instructors -online teaching -mcjobs -plagiargism
81
long term adjunct instructors
-number of low paid long term professors has been growing due to economic and social factors -increasing number of post sec students -reduction of government funding in post sec challenges: job competition low pay poor work conditions
82
online teaching
-driven by: -tech improvements -desire to make education more accessible -cuts to post sec funding challenges: motivated by politics and finance access without mobility alienation significant dropout rates
83
McJobs
-underemployment -involuntary part time work for those seeking full time -low wage low skill jobs for people wit valuable skills and education -too many uni graduates for jobs offered
84
plagiarism
-copying another persons work or piecing work together from several sources -increase in plagiarism caused by: -role models -free enterprise -social distance
85
social change
-adjustments or adaptations made by a group of people in response to a change experienced in a least one part of their life -change has: direction- positive or negative volume- big or small impact/effects- who and/or what has been affected
86
cell phone use
-theyve changed the landscape of human interactions: phones in class dating family mental health issues dining ettiquete auto crashes
87
5 interpretations of social change
-no single model is the right one -modernism -conservatism -postmodernism -evolution -fashion
88
modernism
-holds that change= progress, new things will automatically be better that the old thing it replaces -views society as advancing along a straight path -progress through 3 stages: savagery, barbarism, civilization -narrow vision -critics note that science, tech, and industry have created as many problems as possible
89
conservatism
-thinkers see social change as more destructive than constructive -belief that change is not always for the best, good to keep values and customs preserved -critics think its a slippery slope, can lead to collapse of entire social order -opposing globalization-2 kinds: particularist protectionist and universalist protectionists
90
social darwinism
-posits that societies naturally proceed from simple to complex and only the strongest triumph
91
Particularist protectionist
- focus on the socioeconomic, political and cultural problems caused in their home territory by increasing processes of globalization
92
Universalist protectionists
-Promote the interests of the poor and marginalized group worldwide
93
postmodernism
-social theory that largely relates to narrations -disputes the arguments that anyone can talk of progress or decline across all societies -tech advances produce the digital divide -virtual class -3 ways in which this group acts like a class" -responsible for loss of jobs for those who dont belong to the group -limits internets information access -restricts free of creativity, promoting value of pattern-maintenance
94
evolution
-model of social change where change is seen as adaptation to a set of circumstances -survival of the best fit rather than the fittest
95
fashion
-model of social change that promotes change for its own sake -change does not reflect value, improvement or turn for the worst
96
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uni semester 1 (14 decks)

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