Soci 301-Lecture 6

Question 1

Is language the preferred method of communication in our culture?

Answer 1

yes, it is the fuel we use to empower interactions

Question 2

Is there power in the word “I”?

Answer 2

yes, supercharged word

Question 3

Can people use language as a tool of manipulation and coercion?

Answer 3

yes, effects what we expect in return

Question 4

Do people use vagueness and ambivalence in their utterances to help them achieve their goals?

Answer 4

yes, subtle ways of sending messages

Question 5

Do some people simply talk too much?

Answer 5

yes, those who ramble, like to hear themselves speak, or get boring.

Question 6

According to experts is a substantial portion of our communication nonverbal?

Answer 6

yes, respond to thousands of nonverbal cues

Question 7

gestures

Answer 7

deliberate movements used to communicate

Question 8

paralinguistics

Answer 8

extralinguistic content like voice, like loudness, like infection, like pitch.

Question 9

proxemics

Answer 9

study spatial distances between individuals

Question 10

eye gaze

Answer 10

important nonverbal behaviours

Question 11

haptics

Answer 11

relating to the sense of touch

Question 12

Are men and women are socialized to present themselves differently?

Answer 12

yes, gender is a social construct

Question 13

sociolinguistic perspective

Answer 13

superficial differences

Question 14

ethnolinguistic perspective

Answer 14

more profound differences

Question 15

Do many languages force men and women to very their usage of particular sounds, grammatical features, or words?

Answer 15

yes, prescription not absolute

Question 16

Within a speech community do all members make use of the same inventory of sounds?

Answer 16

yes, children exposed to all the sounds

Question 17

Can pronunciation act as a sociolinguistic marker of gender?

Answer 17

yes, women more sensitive

Question 18

“female” speech

Answer 18

specific constellation of speech made by women

Question 19

What does standard pronunciation symbolize?

Answer 19

“formal” rather than “informal”

Question 20

overt prestige

Answer 20

prestige from using correct speech

Question 21

covert prestige

Answer 21

prestige comes from using incorrect speech referenced by a specific reference group

Question 22

intonation

Answer 22

complex combination of rhythm overlaying utterances

Question 23

range (pick either narrow or dynamic)

Answer 23

narrow: range control and restraint
dynamic: indicating emotionality

Question 24

“female” intonation

Answer 24

rising inflexion at end of declarative statement

Question 25

a social function of “female” intonation

Answer 25

gain and hold listener attention

Question 26

are grammatical differences in gender well document

Answer 26

no, pronunciation differences

Question 27

Reading, England data

Answer 27

boys use nonstandard speech

Question 28

tag questions

Answer 28

speaker makes a declarative statement and adds a “tag” in the form of a question

Question 29

use of modal tags

Answer 29

request information

Question 30

use of affective tags

Answer 30

soften command

Question 31

use of facilitative tags

Answer 31

turn-taking

Question 32

Do both men and women sometimes employ linguistic devices that show the speaker to be indecisive, imprecise, or to soften their speech?

Answer 32

yes, indicates dominant/submissive relationships

Question 33

Are there domain variations?

Answer 33

yes, each side has more lexicons in some areas

Question 34

Do the use of modifiers (adjectives and adverbs) vary?

Answer 34

yes, women

Question 35

Are there gendered differences in the use of directives?

Answer 35

yes, men

Question 36

hedge words

Answer 36

words that covertly comment on statements

Question 37

Are there are gender-related differences in turn-taking, topic introduction and control, and mechanisms of signaling active listening?

Answer 37

yes, either talkativeness or emotional expression

Question 38

talkativeness

Answer 38

women are more talkative

Question 39

emotion

Answer 39

emotions quiet men down

Question 40

Is there a clear inequality in rights of men and women engaged in conversation?

Answer 40

yes, men use mechanisms of power

Question 41

What is the most significant factor in maintaining a conversation?

Answer 41

response to co-participants

Question 42

Why is gender in language an important issue?

Answer 42

vehicle for expressing cultural models

Question 43

semantic derogation

Answer 43

words gaining negative meaning

Question 44

Are the terms “he” and “man” seen as gender neutral?

Answer 44

no, not gender-neutral

Question 45

Are swear words all the same type of words?

Answer 45

no, either profanities or obscenities

Question 46

Are there approximately equal number of swear words that are girl and boy based?

Answer 46

no, probably twice as many words that reference females

Question 47

How much does the average person swear?

Answer 47

about 0.7% of the words a day

Question 48

When do children learn to swear?

Answer 48

three or four

Question 49

Where did the “f-bomb” come from?

Answer 49

Romans

Question 50

How does Japanese society stratify itself? (pick 2 of 3)

Answer 50

• class
• gender
• age

Question 51

How does the Japanese system show behaviorally?

Answer 51

-bowing

Question 52

How does the Japanese system show linguistically?

Answer 52

through all levels