Soci 301-Lecture 4 Flashcards
socialization
-lifelong process of becoming normal
Why is socialization important?
-have to transfer babies into functioning adults
primary socialization
-socialization that happens in the first 5 years
instincts
-hard-wired behavioral responses to environmental stimulus
Can normal development be accelerated?
-not greatly
social learning theory
-learn gender through observation and interaction
reinforcement
-rewarding or punishing specific behaviors
modeling
-organism learns by observing and imitating
cognitive development theory
-process is self-socialization
gender constancy
-at age five or six years of age children become aware that their gender is permanent and unchanging
gender schema theory
-schema to understand masculine and feminine
schema
-active mental thinking structures
identity construction theory
-gendered self is a lifelong activity
What is the most important agent of socialization in all societies?
-the family
List two of the four socialization agents in societies?
-the school, the peer group, the mass media, the workplace.
relationship
-condition of being related
proximity
-physical closeness between individuals
What are the two proximity variables?
1) Institutional structures
2) Personal Characteristics
institutional structures
-these structures make it easier or harder to meet
personal characteristics
-influence choice of activities
eligibility
-acceptable partners
marriage squeeze
-men are older, better educated, better status or make more money
What is the mate selection process?
-processing for selecting a partner
dating
-process to provide experience to select a partner
How long has “dating” been around?
-World War I
What are some of the functions of dating?
-recreation; socialization; partner selection
principle of least interest
-the person who is least interested has more power
family
-location and connection
household
-people are living together, but they are not related
key function of the family
-a small kinship-structured group that nurtures and socializes the young
nuclear family
-parent(s) and their dependent children
extended family
-any family that is not nuclear family
How common are extended families?
-90% of the world’s cultures
marriage
-some form of legal or social connection between people that involves rights and sexual activity
cohabitation
-couple’s living together without being legally married
What are the three norms relating to marriage?
- religious (sacred); social; individual
sacred norm (marriage)
-institution that’s sacred says you are married
social norm (marriage)
-married when the state says you are married
individual norm (marriage)
married when you feel you are married
What are Edmund Leach’s different kinds of rights (5) allocated by marriage?
- marriage can establish the legal father of a woman’s children and the legal mother of a man’s
- marriage can give either or both spouses a monopoly in the sexuality of the other
- marriage can give either or both spouses rights to the labor of the other
- marriage can give either or both spouses rights over the other’s property
- marriage can establish a socially significant “relationship of affinity” between spouses and their relatives
What are the four marital structures?
- owner-property
- head-complement
- senior partner/junior partner
- equal partners
polygamy
-having more than one spouse at a time
polygyny
-several wives share a husband
polyandry
-several husbands share a wife
sororate marriage
- widower marrying one of his deceased wife’s sisters
levirate marriage
-widow marrying one of her deceased husband’s brothers
total fertility rate
-average number of children born while a woman is able to conceive (between the ages of 15 and 49)
divorce
-legal dissolution of a marriage
divorce rates
-significant upward trend
common-law union
-legally married-like
two other alternates to a nuclear family
-step family; blended family
step family
-one spouse brings in a child
blended family
-both spouses bring in children
Is a sexual division of labor a rare idea?
- no, been found in many societies
Can the sexual division of labor be explained simply because of male strength, expendability, or female reproductive biology?
- no, there is more going on
- social factors are involved
compatibility-with-child-care theory
-because women can make babies, their biology ties them to all the nurture things associated with child care
economy-of-effort theory
-because she is making babies, doing child care, tasks at home become women’s work
strength theory
-because boys are bigger and stronger society gives strength based tasks to boys
expendability theory
-only need one man to make babies so other men are expendable
flexible/integrated pattern
-boys and girls do a third of work separately, the other third they can both do.
balanced complementarity approach
-There is boy stuff and girl stuff but no prestige
the sexually segregated pattern
-work is rigidly defined
kin
-people are related, but not living together
key function of the family
-making and raising babies
