Soci 301-Lecture 3 Flashcards
foraging (hunting and gathering
-food collecting
What is the foundation that the economic system used by foragers based on?
-the division of labor by gender
Who often contributes the most calories to the society?
-the women
gender equality
-system that supports the autonomy of both women and men
egalitarianism
-equality of humanity
Is there usually a connection between the interdependence of women and men and an equality in social relationships?
-yes, foragers
Who are the Ju/’hoansi and where are they found?
-foragers who live in southern Africa
As a generalization, what is the environment like where they are found?
- inhospitable for people
What has been some of the history of contact for the Ju/’hoansi with imperializing groups?
-Bantu and Europeans since the 1920s
How big are the Ju/’hoansi camps?
-20 to 50 people
What form of kinship do the Ju/’hoansi use?
-Inuit kinship
Among foragers how are subsistence activities allocated?
-by gender
How do Ju/Hoansi men and women spend their time and energy?
-men – hunting; women – domestic activities
Other than the meat, what is the key contribution gained from men’s hunting?
-hunting binds society together
Is leadership gendered?
- it is amorphous or generalized
What is the nature of Ju/’hoansi marriage practices?
-mixed
pastoralism
-earn living by looking after animals
Who are the Ariaal and where are they found?
-pastoral society in northern Kenya
What makes the Ariaal different than the other closely related peoples in the area like the Samburu, Rendille, and the Maasai?
-they use more animals than the other groups
age grade
- general category
- for example: teenagers or pensioners
age set
- named grouping
- age cohort that defines you/follows you through life
-for example: baby boomers or millennials
Can the Ariaal survive the recent outside contact and development?
-not as pastoralists
How are social and economic roles allocated among the Ariaal?
-gender and age
Do the women actually play an important economic role among the Ariaal?
-yes, it is crucial
What form of marriage is practiced among the Ariaal?
-polygyny
Do Ariaal women have political power?
-no, virtually powerless
horticulture
-working of small plots of land
domestication
-raising plants/animals being used for human use
agricultural revolution
-development of crops and animals as food
Who are the Haida and where are they found?
-horticulturalists living on the BC coast
How was Haida society organized?
-ranked matrilineal clans
potlatch
-a ceremonial feast to display wealth
totem
-object serving ceremonial purposes
totem pole
-ceremonial carved tree
What is the Haida approach to gender?
-egalitarian
How were economic activities organized among the Haida?
-by gender
Did the Haida have a sharp gender distinction in the potlatch gifting?
-no, there was gender equality
Did the Haida prefer to have boys or girls?
-both
How did inheritance work among the Haida?
- gendered
- women: inherited from their mothers
- men: inherited from their mother’s brother
When did women lose their role as primary cultivators?
-as horticulture moved into agriculture
Why did women lose their role as primary cultivators?
-tasks required greater physical strength
What happened for the first time in history (when horticulture developed into agriculture)?
-women were cut off from getting food
In the change to agriculture, how did changes in kinship and post-marital residence patterns hurt women?
-stopped women from being treated similarly to men
Did the change in work place happen in isolation?
-no, ideologies developed to support it
agriculture
large scale raising domesticated crops
resilience
-how much can you change it before it stops being the first thing
stability
-what can you do to it before it falls over
intensive agriculture
-high energy investment in growing things
What was the key relationship in a traditional Chinese family?
-father and son
What was the focus of male identity in the traditional Chinese family?
-relations to the dead and living
What was the biggest threat to the traditional rural Chinese family?
-not having a son
What was the position of marriage in a traditional Chinese family?
-bringing a child bearer into the household
What was the role of gender in traditional China?
-subordinating one-half of the population
Was infanticide practiced in traditional China?
-yes, importance of having a male child
How were marriages organized in China?
-arranged
What was the role of love and sexuality in traditional Chinese husband/wife relationships?
-irrelevant
What was the position on divorce in traditional China?
-virtually unheard of
