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SOC363 > SOC363: 8. - Life Consequences > Flashcards

SOC363: 8. - Life Consequences Flashcards

1
Q

Life Consequences

A

Turn the perspective around…..

From the role of social inequality in the causation of mental health disparities to…

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2
Q

Life Consequences

A

role of mental health disparities in the production of social inequality in life outcomes.
The study of social selection

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3
Q

Social Selection in Previous Lectures: Social Status

A

Social selection defined (again): disorder, or distress,

leads to problems in functioning + thus losses in status, roles or social position over time.

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4
Q

Social Selection in Previous Lectures: Social Status

A

effect of distress on income in Pearlin’s original Chicago study of the Stress Process

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5
Q

Selection in Previous Lectures: Long-Term Losses in Income Potential

A

Cited before: Psychological problems experienced by 16 associated with a 28% lower household income by age 50 (much bigger effect than physical health problems (Goodman et al 2011) (UK)

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6
Q

Selection in Previous Lectures: Long-Term Losses in Income Potential

A

Psychological problems in childhood associated with 35% reduction in adult family incomes. (Smith & Smith, 2010)

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7
Q

Selection in Previous Lectures:

Simon on Marital Stability

A

Depression and Alcohol Problems both predict higher risk of divorce.

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8
Q

General Questions

A

Do these mental health problems matter in lives?
Have to demonstrate consequences across important social roles.
q Implies that the study of life outcomes needs to include mental health differences.

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9
Q

General Questions

A

§ If selection was dominant, what does it imply about the
causation of mental disorders? - has to be caused by something else
q Biological explanations more plausible

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10
Q

General Questions

A

Timing of onset of problems in life crucial to understanding consequences.
age can be more important than problem
q The earlier the onset, the more potentially damaging the consequences.

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11
Q

Breslau et al.: Consequences for Education

A

national study (NCS-R) of the impact of early Mental
Disorders on disruptions in education.
Remember that lower education itself has many consequences — less job stability, lower marital stability, lower income, lower status jobs,
etc.

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12
Q

Breslau et al.: Consequences for Education

A 
lower education -> low marital stability, lower income, lower job stability
One estimate (VanderStoep): up to 46% of high school dropouts are due to mental health-related problems.
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13
Q

Breslau et al.: Consequences for Education

A

Not all disorders have the same consequences –
q Less evidence about depression / anxiety problems than…less evidence on internalizing problems as predictors than externalizing

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14
Q

Breslau et al.: Consequences for Education

A

q Impulse-control (conduct, behavior) + substance abuse disorders are stronger predictors.
§ Consequences for gender differences in education?
men report more mental health problems that result in more problems in school

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15
Q

Historical Trends in Education

A

From Buchmann and DiPrete (2006), in ASR, on the
emerging female advantage in education:
increase in 35% to 58% graduating for college
men 58% drop in graduating
crisis in attainment of post high school in males

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16
Q

Explanations…

A

Increasing rates of divorce result in more absent fathers. Does this matter?

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17
Q

Explanations…

A

in older cohorts with college doesn’t matter as much

in more recent cohorts, more prevalent single moms

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18
Q

Implications for the Role of Mental Health in Education

A

Higher rate of divorce or single parenthood =>
Sons affected more =>
More “male-dominant” mental health problems
among sons in particular =>

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19
Q

Implications for the Role of Mental Health in Education

A

Earlier and more prevalent leaving school

impulse control and substance have more immediate consequences

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20
Q

Findings re the Effect of Early Onset Anxiety and Mood Disorders

A

Odds ratio: any mood disorder during high school is 1.5x likely to not graduate high school, but doesn’t affect university
starts activating issues in high school

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21
Q

Findings re the Effect of Early Onset Anxiety and Mood Disorders

A

bigger risks in impulse (1.8) and substance (2.9)
occur early
male-dominant mental health issues

22
Q

Main Conclusions

A

Anxiety + Depression problems have fewer effects on education than impulse-control and substance abuse..
But, anxiety and depression do have some weak effects
earlier in education — mainly in high school.

23
Q

Main Conclusions

A

But due to unusual problems – dysthymia dysthymia: low level depression, but constant, bipolar, phobia.
§ The problems that have educational consequences
occur more often among males.
§ Multiple problems have more of an impact than one

24
Q

Main Conclusions

A

-

25
Q

Effect of Mood Disorders on Work Performance (Kessler)

A

Also from the NCS-R
§ This article relates socio-demographic differences to the risk of bipolar and depressive disorders — thus
potentially linking social origins to reasons for lower
lifetime achievement

26
Q

Effect of Mood Disorders on Work Performance (Kessler)

A

socio-demographic difference =>mood disorders => loss of worktime
Loss of work time matters because of loss in human
capital — experience and skills.

27
Q

Effect of Mood Disorders on Work Performance (Kessler)

A

-

28
Q

Distribution of Risk in the NCS-R

A

§ Higher risk of bipolar disorder:
q Youngest ages OR: 4.3
q Low education OR: 7.0
q Women OR: 2.0

29
Q

Distribution of Risk in the NCS-R

A

§ Depressive disorder:
q Women OR: 2.0
q Youngest ages OR: 4.0

30
Q

Distribution of Risk in the NCS-R

A

highest risk in low education and younger age than women

depression more at risk at younger age

31
Q

Distribution of Risk in the NCS-R

A

-

32
Q

Effect of 12-Month Disorders on Lost Work Days

A

Total of 65 work days missed due to bipolar disorder, and 27 due to depressive disorder, per year.
Lost earnings include $9600 per worker for bipolar and
$4,400 per worker for depression.

33
Q

Effect of 12-Month Disorders on Lost Work Days

A

BPD: 65.6 days a year lost + 9,619
MDD: 27.2 days + 4,426
absenteeism - not there, presenteism (there but doing nothing)

34
Q

Digging Down

A

§ Bipolar problems include more time in depressive episodes
than people with depressive disorder — thus more chronic
and severe problem overall.
q Similar issue with dysthymia

35
Q

Digging Down

A

§ Taking into account the persistence and severity of
depressive episodes for both bipolar individuals and
depressed individuals suggests that longer and more severe

36
Q

Digging Down

A

-episodes of depression are at the core of much of the loss in human capital.
policy issues about jobs and how ppl are able to catch up during these episodes

37
Q

Digging Down

A

-§ Note the implications for the role of gender again:
q Males at a disadvantage in education
q Females at a disadvantage in the workplace.
female disorders have biggest effects in lost work
§ Interesting trade-offs of disadvantage at different stages….

38
Q

Forthofer et al.: Mental Health And First Marriage

A

§ From the first NCS study
§ Issue is not just whether one gets married, but when:
q Early timing associated with later problems.

39
Q

Forthofer et al.: Mental Health And First Marriage

A

The “marriage market” may select on those who have more
positive mental health profiles — or, those with problems
may seek partners earlier.

40
Q

Forthofer et al.: Mental Health And First Marriage

A

§ Early marriage related to –
q Leaving home earlier
q Higher risk of divorce

41
Q

Forthofer et al.: Mental Health And First Marriage

A

-q Greater job instability
q Lower education
q Greater risk of domestic violence

42
Q

Effects of Disorders on the Timing of First Marriage

A

Odds of Marriage…..
• Most odds of early marriage above 1.
• Most odds of “on-time” marriage less than 1.

43
Q

Effects of Disorders on the Timing of First Marriage

A
  • Not whether married, but timing.

* Effect of “off-timing” on consequences.

44
Q

Effects of Disorders on the Timing of First Marriage

A

• Anxiety, Substance Use, Conduct pattern of
higher to lower risk
• Depression same to much lower risk

45
Q

Selection?: Not Necessarily

A

This evidence is not selection if the disorders were
caused by prior environmental risks —low SES,
stressors, etc.

46
Q

Selection?: Not Necessarily

A

If stress exposures during childhood have direct
independent effects on achievement outcomes (i.e.,
status), then selection evidence is overstated.
§ As an example…..

47
Q

Effect of Traumatic Stressors on Leaving School (Toronto)

A

Note traumas increase odds of dropping out more than prior disorders, and controlling for other predictors

48
Q

Effect of Traumatic Stressors on Leaving School (Toronto)

A
  • Effect Depends on Timing

* Effect greater just after completion of a level and during next level..

49
Q

Life Consequences Overall

A

Broad impacts on entry into, exits out of, and
sustainability of major life roles
§ Gender implications of these findings:

50
Q

Life Consequences Overall

A

q Males chances affected earlier, but

q Female chances may be affected more later

51
Q

Life Consequences Overall

A

§ Each issue studied a major social marker in the life course, with consistent mental health implications:
q Suggests broader mental health disparities through life.
§ Still some question whether this is social selection

SOC363 (13 decks)

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