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SOC363 > SOC363: 6.5 - Stress Process > Flashcards

SOC363: 6.5 - Stress Process Flashcards

1
Q

What is it?

A

term standing for a multi-stage process including socio-environmental sources of stress exposure
sequences of stress trajectories through life
intervention of coping resources + behavior +
myriad of life consequences that follow..

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2
Q

What is it?

A

™ A term attributed to Len Pearlin from an 1981 article called “The Stress Process”.
™ The major perspective in the sociology of mental health. Why?

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3
Q

What is it?

A

– Roots the stress experience in social structures that breed inequality
– Identifies the patterning of and interdependence of stressors

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4
Q

What is it?

A

– Includes the full range of coping styles and behavior and
their inter-relationships.
– Emphasizes multiple outcomes

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5
Q

Origins

A

Pearlin et al. (1981) propose a multi-stage process relating different types of stress to each other, and then specifying how coping both mediates and modifies the impact of stress.

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6
Q

Origins

A

disruptive job events - changes in economic strain - changes in mastery + changes in self esteem = changes to depression

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7
Q

Diffusion of Stress Process Research,

1981- 2007

A

-increase in stress research

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8
Q

Starting Points– and End Point

A

Sources:

– Statuses, roles, structures that generate inequality and thus are likely to map to the experience of stress.

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9
Q

Starting Points– and End Point

A

™ Stressors:
– Primary and secondary — the concept of proliferation
through life.
some stressors are starting points to others - proliferation

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10
Q

Starting Points– and End Point

A

– Different types – events and chronic, one breeds the other.

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11
Q

Starting Points– and End Point

A

-™ Coping:
– Both social and personal coping resources intervene as
mediators and moderators
coping: distinguish social and personal coping resources ™

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12
Q

Starting Points– and End Point

A

-Outcomes:

– Mental health, Physical Health, Achievements in social roles, instability in roles, losses in status.

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13
Q

Not a sim–ple story

A

Coping intervenes in two ways —
– “mediates” means that coping resources may be reduced by the presence of stress, e.g., loss of social support, or an increased sense of powerlessness.

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14
Q

Not a sim–ple story

A

–– “moderates” means that the level of coping resources available also directly reduces the overall impact of stress.

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15
Q

Not a sim–ple story

A

-™ Pudrovska et al., (2005): chronic economic strain leads to depression in part due to the mediating role of mastery: the chronic stressor undermines mastery, and this increases depression…but also
™ The level of mastery reduces the direct impact of economic strain….

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16
Q

Contingencies Occur at Each Stage

A

Contingencies in the Process:
– Coping short-circuits the consequences –
sometimes.
– Earlier stressors may lower the threat of later stressors, or make them worse.

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17
Q

Contingencies Occur at Each Stage

A

– Timing of stressors essential to their meaning
– Norms, rates of stress around you, social contexts all modify the threat of stressors and /or change the risk that they occur

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18
Q

Contingencies Occur at Each Stage

A

all the connections are question marks

experience means potential threat can feel less threatening

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19
Q

Components of the Original Stress Process

A

Note the dotted lines…. The effect of coping resources on reducing the consequences of stress (moderating)

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20
Q

Components of the Original Stress Process

A

different trajectories of stress in ppl’s life + different distribution in coping resources
mastery + self esteem are personal resources
social support - social resources

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21
Q

Elaboration of the Stress Process, Middle-Stages

A

More stressors (childhood), more sources of inequality, more outcomes….

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22
Q

Elaboration of the Stress Process, Middle-Stages

A

Modern Version of the Stress Process
social contexts of inequality are combined
macro structural sources, historical, life history
more personal and social resources

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23
Q

Adding to the Process

A

Layers of stress, layers of inequality
™ Long view of the accumulation of stress experience: biography as context for the meaning of current stressors..
systemic sources of inequality

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24
Q

Adding to the Process

A

™ The elaboration of types of social support – –
Actual vs. Perceived–
Logistical vs. Emotional
emotional - most important in mental health

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25
Q

Adding to the Process

A

-– Variants — social networks, social capital

social capital - extra info + ties in networks that are tied to you because you are tied to them

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26
Q

Adding to the Process

A

-™ Differentiation of Types of Personal Resources ™ Diverse Outcomes…

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27
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.1

A

™ Chains of stress set off by an initial (primary) stressor.
™ NOT automatic — there are contingencies at each stage determining whether the next stressor occurs.

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28
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.1

A

™ Examples -– Job lossàfinancial strainàlong-term unemployment => marital conflict

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29
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.1

A

Parental divorceàown divorceàconflict with ex- spouseàproblems with kidsàloss of contact with kids.
– Childhood abuseàDrop out of schoolàLeave Home earlyàAbuse from Partner

30
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.1

A

multiple opportunities for problems to get solved

31
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.2

A

™ Spillover of stress across Roles, Lives, and Levels of Social Reality:
– Work-family conflict
-stress from work spills to family–

32
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.2

A

Network and social ties spread stress.

aware of stress through social ties

33
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.2

A

-– Cost of Caring (Kessler and McLeod, 1984)
cost of caring: explaining gender differences
women more source of help to others than men
higher awareness of others’ troubles
can be a burden for women

34
Q

Stress Prol–iferation v.2

A

-– Macro-stressors at the system level imply higher risk at the individual level — recessions raise the risk of two kinds of stress — individual job loss, and the threat of job loss.
job loss - life event
threat of job loss - chronic and widespread stress

35
Q

“New–” Stressors

A

Wheaton (2001):
™ Spread of regulation in public interaction ™ Spread of mistrust
™ Early and easy labeling.degree of oversight + constraints in what can occur

36
Q

“New–” Stressors

A

ppl operate more when given scripts than personal expression
how we approach ppl - guilty until proven innocent
labelling worse now - even for most trivial things

37
Q

“New–” Stressors

A

™ Glavin et al., (2010): reach of communication technology and role-blurring
™ Electronic connectedness (Facebook stress) ™ Wheaton et al., (2010):

38
Q

“New–” Stressors

A

glavin: teens on phone 9 hours a day
stress in connectedness because of demands
satisfaction of getting accepted

39
Q

“New–” Stressors

A

™Wheaton et al.: Terrorism (9/11)
™ Knowing Too Much about Others Lives; Absence of
Privacy

40
Q

“New–” Stressors

A

™ Virtualization of Social Relations – Replaced Intimacy
™ Stress of contexts — like neighbourhoods, workplaces.
™ Technology: Complexity, Frailty, and Interdependence.

41
Q

“New–” Stressors

A

–™ Mass violence
terrorism - endemic discourse
privacy: knowing too much - uncovering of identities

42
Q

Mediating / Moderating

A

Df: a mediator is a variable that is affected by an earlier variable in a process and explains part or all of its effect.
–It answers this question: how does X affect Y? It is part of the effect of X on Y.
– The task of explanation and theorizing a relationship involves specifying mediators.

43
Q

Mediating / Moderating

A

moderator is a variable that actually changes the size of the effect of X on Y.
™ Coping resources play both roles (See dotted vs. filled lines in the model)

44
Q

Mediating vs. Moderating: Pathways and Disruptions

A

Model for a mediator: Stressor => Resource => Depression

Stressor affects resource which affects depression

45
Q

Mediating vs. Moderating: Pathways and Disruptions

A

™model with a moderator: Stressor = Resource => Depression
resource affects how stressor influences depression

46
Q

Resources in a Dual Role

A

Stressor –=> => Depression

Resource = social support. What happens when a stressor occurs?

47
Q

Resources in a Dual Role

A

If stressor activates support:
– Mediation: Support increases, which then reduces depression.–
 Moderation: Support’s role in reducing the impact of stress is enhanced.

48
Q

Resources in a Dual Role

A

™ If stressor depletes support:
– Mediation: Support decreases, which then increases depression.
– Moderation: Support’s role in reducing the impact of stress is weaker.

49
Q

Resources in a Dual Role

A

-

50
Q

Stress Process 2012: New Perspectives

A

Social contexts and the life course have entered the process.
– The “Stress Universe” complicates the model further.

51
Q

Stress Process 2012: New Perspectives

A

Space – layers of combinations of both stressors and resources
space: stress occurs at seperate layers in society
consider diff layers of stress

52
Q

Stress Process 2012: New Perspectives

A

– Time – biography is the context of meaning–
Long-term causation: ™
Latency: childhood stress shows up in negative effects in later adolescence

53
Q

Stress Process 2012: New Perspectives

A

™ Maintenance: long term causation occurs because things maintain signal
style of interaction reproduces same situations
™ Growth and / or Decay: natural life in length of life

54
Q

Stress Process 2012: Anticipatory Stressors

A

Expected stressors? Possible stressors?
™ Distinction between the prevalence of misery and the expectation that misery may occur at any time
not the same thing

55
Q

Stress Process 2012: Anticipatory Stressors

A

– Crime rate vs. fear of crime

rate of domestic violence is more rare than expexted violence

56
Q

Stress Process 2012: Anticipatory Stressors

A

™ Effect of macro-social conditions on anticipated stress: “I could be next”.
shift attention to chronic expectation

57
Q

Stress Process 2012: The Problem with Coping

A

Social sources of coping styles not well understood

™ The impact of coping styles or behaviours may be largely situational.

58
Q

Stress Process 2012: The Problem with Coping

A

™ Few demonstrations that its effects survive controls for the resources in coping themselves.
™ May not be content of coping, but flexibility and persistence per se

59
Q

Stress Process 2012: The Problem with Coping

A

impact of diff in styles is situational

distinguish between coping actions and coping resources

60
Q

Stress Process 2012: The Complexities of Support

A

Perceived Availability vs. Actual Transactions ™
Causal direction with mental health outcomes an issue, and the direction of the effect is a clue.
™Support can be threatening.

61
Q

Stress Process 2012: The Complexities of Support

A

™ Support can be a disappointment.
™ Giving support can be stressful to the self (cost of caring)
perceived availability of support

62
Q

Stress Process 2012: The Complexities of Support

A

ok to assume it, but don’t test it or push it
ppl are often disappointed about support given to you
illusions that we are loved more than we are really loved

63
Q

Stress Process 2012: The Complexities of Support

A

-

64
Q

Stress Process 2012: Mastery

A

™ The perception of personal control over life outcomes.

™ May be the key element..

65
Q

Stress Process 2012: Mastery

A

-™ Reasons for its impact important:

– Reduces estimated threat of stressor

66
Q

Stress Process 2012: Mastery

A

– Activates coping attempts
– Precipitates effort and persistence, not choice of content.
™ Resources as replaceable functions?

67
Q

Stress Process 2012: Belief System

A

™ Religion:
– Substance vs. belief per se?
– Effects of commitment?
– Social functions of participation

68
Q

Stress Process 2012: Belief System

A

™ Political systems:

– What makes people happy in unhappy Russia?

69
Q

Stress Process 2012: Belief System

A

-– Democratic vs. autocratic regimes related to human rights. Does this carry through to differences in emotional status?
– “Freedom of choice” vs. “freedom from choice”?

70
Q

Stress Process 2012: Multiple Outcomes

A

The problem with single outcome studies – gender differences an example.
™ The study of stress demands multiple outcomes at once:

71
Q

Stress Process 2012: Multiple Outcomes

A

-– Different groups may have different culturally prescribed but functionally equivalent responses to stress.
– Aneshensel et al (1991) on gender differences.

SOC363 (13 decks)

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