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SOC363 > SOC363: 5. Life Course > Flashcards

SOC363: 5. Life Course Flashcards

1
Q

What do age differences mean?

A

The complexity of interpreting age differences

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2
Q

What do age differences mean?

A

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3
Q

considering life course

A

Age is also time in the life course, the key marker of placement of events in relation to each other through time.
The Life Course Perspective:
study of both unique and structured pathways
through life, from birth to death.
Important features —
The “long view of lives”
The emphasis on time and timing
Small events, at the right time, multiply — the ripple effect.
Interplay of trajectories and turning points
Timing, duration, and sequence
An alternative model to the developmental approach in psychology + psychodynamic approach in psychiatry.

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4
Q

considering life course

A

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5
Q

considering life course

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6
Q

considering life course

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7
Q

considering life course

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8
Q

considering life course

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9
Q

considering life course

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10
Q

age patterns in mental health

A

Mirowsky and Ross say mid-life is the best, despite the reputed Mid-life crises
Empty nest syndrome
Emotional impact of menopause
How do they decide this, and how can this be?
Remember: distress is a mirror of life
conditions.
Made complex by the mix of age and cohort effects…

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11
Q

age patterns in mental health

A

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12
Q

age patterns in mental health

A

–

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13
Q

age patterns in mental health

A

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14
Q

age patterns in mental health

A

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15
Q

age and depression (us)

A

From the article
that forms the basis
of the chapter..
Line 1 applies..

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16
Q

age and depression in recent trends

A

Vectors show trends
Lower depression in younger
cohorts, higher in older

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17
Q

age and depression in recent trends

A

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18
Q

age and depression in recent trends

A

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19
Q

age and depression in recent trends

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20
Q

same relationship diff study

A

NSFH…

The low point is higher here (and not clear why..)

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21
Q

same relationship diff study

A

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22
Q

same relationship diff study

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23
Q

age and depression in recent toronto

A

same story

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24
Q

anxiety over life course

A

From Mirowsky and Schieman..

Decline through Life

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25
Q

anxiety over life course

A

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26
Q

anxiety over life course

A

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27
Q

anxiety over life course

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28
Q

anger over life course

A

The vectors: Some decline in anger in recent cohorts among
females.
The trajectory of women’s anger is changing.
Women more angry in mid-life.

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29
Q

anger over life course

A

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30
Q

anger over life course

A

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31
Q

anger over life course

A

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32
Q

overall

A 
Depression declines to midlife, then
increases in later life.
Anxiety and anger continually decline
through life.
So adding the two together suggests that
mid-life is optimal…
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33
Q

overall

A

average mental health in later life may be the same, but based on diverging paths of anxiety and depression.

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34
Q

overall

A

But depression more prevalent
And the 20’s is worst…
What combination of forces are at work that
explain this pattern?

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35
Q

overall

A

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36
Q

five views of change

A

Maturity …..(better mental health with age)
Effects of experience, personal growth, practice, learning, perspective on self, sense of mortality.
Decline……. (worse mental health at later ages)
Increasing frailty of health, functional impairments, loss of resources
(control, support).
Life stage……(better mental health in mid-life).
The developmental period of adulthood – acquisition of roles and status.
Employment and marital status, job achievement, parenting, income.
Generation (cohort)……(mixed..)
Cohort changes alter exposures – increases in education, life expectancy,
divorce rates, average incomes.
Survival…… (better mental health with age).
Age stands for survival traits — anything that predicts lower risk of death
through life, including depression.

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37
Q

five views of change

A

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38
Q

five views of change

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39
Q

five views of change

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40
Q

five views of change

A

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41
Q

five views of change

A

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42
Q

what explains age pattern in depression?

A

Life Stage:
Economic prosperity (income effect)
Employment (work improves mental health)
Marriage (the marriage effect, social support)
Cohort :
Lower education among the old
Increased single-parent and divorced-parent background among the young.
Decline:
Illness (chronic conditions, health risks)
Impairments
Loss of sense of control

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43
Q

what explains age pattern in depression?

A

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44
Q

what explains age pattern in depression?

A

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45
Q

what explains age pattern in depression?

A

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46
Q

what explains age pattern in depression?

A

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47
Q

in a picture

A

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48
Q

in a picture

A

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49
Q

trends over life course: economic status

A 
Rise and fall of income mirrors
depression In later life
…
Security vs.	income	
Less financial dependence
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50
Q

trends over life course: economic status

A

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51
Q

trends over life course: economic status

A

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52
Q

trends over life course: economic status

A

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53
Q

trends over life course: marriage

A 
Largest % married
in midlife
Early adulthood
never married
dominates
Later adulthood
widowhood
dominates
54
Q

trends over life course: marriage

A

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55
Q

trends over life course: marriage

A

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56
Q

trends over life course: marriage

A

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57
Q

trends over life course: cohort change

A

Respondent has more
education than parents by
cohort, but differences
converging

58
Q

trends over life course: cohort change

A

Percent from divorced
background increases the
lower the age

59
Q

trends over life course: cohort change

A

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60
Q

trends over life course: cohort change

A

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61
Q

trends over life course: sense of control

A 
Goes up in early adulthood, and is
increasing across cohorts.
Middle age, no cohort change
Strong declines in later life, due to:
Physical decline	
Loss of	status	
Lower	education	
Living	in	harder	times	
when	younger
62
Q

trends over life course: sense of control

A

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63
Q

trends over life course: sense of control

A

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64
Q

trends over life course: sense of control

A

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65
Q

trends over life course: sense of control

A

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66
Q

role of diff hypothesis

A

1: Raw relationship
4: Controls, Cohort
5: Life Stage
6: Life Stage with
Income
7: Decline
Result is net negative
relationship — the
effect of maturity

67
Q

role of diff hypothesis

A

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68
Q

role of diff hypothesis

A

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69
Q

role of diff hypothesis

A

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70
Q

what about anxiety and depression

A

Why do they continue to decline in old age?
Financial security greater
Maturity effect – acceptance of what is.
Resolution of sources of anxiety and anger – retirement may help.
Lower stress in day-to-day life.
Less social comparison, less competition.

71
Q

what about anxiety and depression

A

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72
Q

what about anxiety and depression

A

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73
Q

what about anxiety and depression

A

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74
Q

life course perspective: long view of lives

A

The importance of remote causation. How
does it work?
Re-activation throughout life of basic issues…..The self is the
constant.
Stability of social conditions of one’s life: SES, neighbourhoods..
Choice is consistent choice
Spread of small changes; the effect of direction, structural
amplification – resources undermined by threats..
The effect of events on chronic stressors that continue – stress
proliferation.
Two examples:
Elder and Liker (1982) : Hard Times in Women’s Lives
The Impact of Childhood Traumas on the Consequences of Adult
Stress (Wheaton, 1991).

75
Q

life course perspective: long view of lives

A

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76
Q

life course perspective: long view of lives

A

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77
Q

life course perspective: long view of lives

A

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78
Q

life course perspective: long view of lives

A

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79
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

Study of women over 40 years, from the
Depression (early 20’s) to 1969 (circa 70).
The long-term effect of (SES) resources in
conjunction with economic deprivation in the
Depression.
Economic loss was not concentrated in one group,
but randomly distributed throughout SES groups.
Effects of economic loss (the stressor) varied by
the SES of the women at the time…..

80
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

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81
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

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82
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

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83
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

Middle-class women:
Positive effect of
economic deprivation
over forty years. (.51)

84
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

-

85
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

Working-class women:
Negative effect of
economic deprivation
over forty years. (-.19)

86
Q

elder and liker: hard times in women’s lives

A

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87
Q

elder and liker: resources make the diff

A 
Among middle-class
women in 1930…
• The deprived found a
job in response to
economic loss more
often than the
nondeprived: 41% to
10%.
• Deprived middleclass
related to later
widowhood ( 25%
survival vs. 71% in
nondeprived group),
leading to greater
independence earlier
88
Q

elder and liker: resources make the diff

A

From the article….

89
Q

wheaton: changing role of childhood stress over lives (1) age 23

A 
Front:	Chronic	Stress	
Side:	Childhood	Stress	
Vertical:	Current	Adult	
Distress	
Classic	combined	effect	
of	stressors:		
childhood	stress	
multiplies	the	
consequences	of	current	
chronic	stress
90
Q

wheaton: changing role of childhood stress over lives (1) age 23

A

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91
Q

wheaton: changing role of childhood stress over lives (1) age 23

A

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92
Q

wheaton: changing role of childhood stress over lives (2) age 53

A 
Front:	Chronic	Stress	
Side:	Childhood	Stress	
Vertical:	Current	Adult	
Distress	
	Very	different	role	for	
childhood	stress:	 • Time	since	
experience	changes	
meaning.	
• Middle	levels	
optimal	for	
immunity	to	
later	stress.
93
Q

wheaton: changing role of childhood stress over lives (2) age 53

A

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94
Q

wheaton: changing role of childhood stress over lives (2) age 53

A

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95
Q

wheaton: changing role of childhood stress over lives (2) age 53

A

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96
Q

trajectories and turning point

A

Trajectories: The stable component of a direction towards a life
destination… (eg, achievement, status, mental health)…

97
Q

trajectories and turning point

A

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98
Q

trajectories and turning point

A

Turning Points: a change in direction in the life course, with the
consequence of altering the probability of life course destinations.

99
Q

cumulative advantage vs disadvantage

A

Small events, small differences, can turn into major differences in the long-run.
Cumulative advantage vs. disadvantage — how the current state of resources can reduce or multiply the consequences of current
problems and create greater inequality in functioning over time.
Caspi (1989):
Cumulative continuity
Channeling of interactional styles into similar environments
Interactional continuity
Reinforcement of interactional style from others in daily
interaction

100
Q

cumulative advantage vs disadvantage

A

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101
Q

cumulative advantage vs disadvantage

A

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102
Q

cumulative advantage vs disadvantage

A

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103
Q

duration, timing, sequence

A

Duration:
The length of time in a given state or condition without change, or
the total time in a given state over the life course (eg,
nonemployment, poverty).
Timing:
The impact of the specific social circumstances that apply at the
time of a life transition, event, or change.
Often related to turning points
Sequence:
The impact of the order of events or roles, regardless of timing or
time between the occurrence of events. (eg., worker – married –
parent, vs. parent – worker – married).

104
Q

duration, timing, sequence

A

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105
Q

duration, timing, sequence

A

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106
Q

duration, timing, sequence

A

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107
Q

importance of timing

A

Importance of Timing: Life transitions often accompanied
by uncertainty, shifts in identity, and thus greater importance of social conditions and circumstances.
Are there important moments in the life course in
general? Maybe…
School-age childhood (6-12)
Transition to adulthood (18-24)
Developmental period of adulthood (30-45)
Near post-retirement (65-70)
Timing effects embodied in the importance of “timetables” in
the life course: marriage, stable careers, parenthood. Social
clocks.

108
Q

importance of timing

A

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109
Q

importance of timing

A

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110
Q

importance of timing

A

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111
Q

duration

A

Most of the study of the impacts of early poverty are based on a duration argument —
the “total dosage” of poverty accumulates into
serious life course consequences.
Many arguments about decrements in longterm
occupational achievement among
women are based on a duration argument —
time out of the labour force.
Duration a subtle concept: is it…
Longest contiguous time of exposure
Proportion of total time exposed
Total time of exposure with interruptions.

112
Q

duration

A

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113
Q

duration

A

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114
Q

duration

A

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115
Q

sequence

A 
Hogan (1980):Disorder in the Life
Course. The sequence of roles has an
impact on maximum achievement more
than the timing. E.g., “worker, spouse,
parent” is a “standard’ sequence, but
“parent, worker, spouse” is not.
The effect of sequence related to ---
Normative	expectations	about	role	entries	and	exits	
Opportunity	structures	
Historical	period
116
Q

sequence

A

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117
Q

sequence

A

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118
Q

sequence

A

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119
Q

historical context

A

Often manifest as the meeting of history
and age. Called a cohort effect. Very
important.
Elder example:
Birth in the early 1920’s vs. late 1920’s had a substantial impact on
the meaning of living through the Depression of the 1930’s. Those
9-16 were somewhat protected — less dependent on parents, but
too early to enter labor force; those 1-8 were fully exposed to the
economic hardships parents suffered and most dependent on
parents for emotional support.
Later aged entry into combat in WWII had
worse consequences. Why?

120
Q

historical context

A

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121
Q

historical context

A

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122
Q

historical context

A

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123
Q

adversity and resilience

A

The interplay of adversity and resilience is a
major focus of the life course perspective.
Adversity includes stress, disadvantage, trauma, reduced opportunities or choice,
threat, burden, demands, structural
constraints (i.e., forms of stress..).
Resilience is the ability to maintain, enhance or re-establish life course trajectories despite
adversity. Basic question is how…..
Possible Inputs to Resilience–
Psychosocial Resources (support, mastery, trust, flexibility)
Prior Biography
The Capitals – human, social, cultural

124
Q

adversity and resilience

A

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125
Q

adversity and resilience

A

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126
Q

adversity and resilience

A

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SOC363 (13 decks)

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