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SOC363 > SOC363: 7 - Coping > Flashcards

SOC363: 7 - Coping Flashcards

1
Q

The Role of Coping in the Stress Process

A

Defined: “behavioral or cognitive response to a stressor
that [attempts] to prevent or allay [reduce] the
harm otherwise caused by the stressor.” (Pearlin
and Bierman, 2012)
intervention in face of stressful situations

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2
Q

The Role of Coping in the Stress Process

A

Many questions:
*behaviour of coping vs background resources
◦ Do specific coping resources or styles mediate or
moderate the effects of stress….or both?

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3
Q

The Role of Coping in the Stress Process

A

◦ Does lower status result in more exposure to stress,
blocked access to coping resources, or both?
◦ What matters more….differences in specific coping
styles or generalized coping resources?
distribution of stressors vs coping resources

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4
Q

A Taxonomy of Coping

A

resources:

social - social support, social integration, social networks, social capital, mattering

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5
Q

A Taxonomy of Coping

A

personal - personality, instrumentalism* (mastery/sense of control/self-efficacy), flexibility (cognitive style), sense of coherence, self-esteem, hardiness

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6
Q

A Taxonomy of Coping

A

strategies:
behaviour - attempts to change situation, avoidance
cognitive - denial, selective perception, positive comparisons (look at ppl worse off)

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7
Q

Models for the Combined Effect of Stress and Coping

A

a) stress exposure: stress matters but coping doesn’t
b) generalized resistance resource: only coping resources matters
c) combined stress exposure/generalized resistance resources: combo of a and b
e) resistance resource/stress buffering
even when theres no stress, difference exists

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8
Q

Models for the Combined Effect of Stress and Coping

A

d) stress buffering: focused on in research
activation at point of stress
divergent point
high coping resource - more immune, lowers impact of stress on increasing distress

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9
Q

A Closer Look at Stress-Buffering

A

Resources in moderating role……

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10
Q

A Closer Look at Stress-Buffering

A

Upper line: Fewer resources, less effective coping, more vulnerable per stressor
bigger response

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11
Q

A Closer Look at Stress-Buffering

A

Lower Line: More resources, effective coping, less vulnerable per stressor
more immune to consequences of stressors

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12
Q

Social Support

A

Hammer et al: social linkages “may be thought of as
the basic building blocks of social structure… and
their formation, maintenance, and severance are…
fundamental social processes.”

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13
Q

Social Support

A

Social support has many different manifestations,

◦ Received support: actual supportive contacts with others.

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14
Q

Social Support

A

◦ Perceived support: the understanding that support is
available if needed — latent support. The perception of
being understood, cared for, and esteemed by others.
perceived - dormant-

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15
Q

Concepts of Support

A
  • Cobb (1976) distinguishes types by what is
    communicated:
    ◦ Feel esteemed and valued (e.g., at work)
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16
Q

Concepts of Support

A

◦ Feel loved and cared for (e.g., in a relationship)

◦ Feel one belongs to a network of communication and mutual obligation.

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17
Q

Concepts of Support

A

Larger distinctions:
◦ Emotional support (as above)
◦ Instrumental support – logistics, information, guidance, advice.

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18
Q

Concepts of Support

A

◦ Structural support – membership in a network involving clear norms of exchange, strong ties, dense interactions, and homogamy (social similarity).

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19
Q

Concepts of Support

A

And in each case, need to distinguish:
◦ Actual support
◦ Perceived support: perceived support matters more

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20
Q

Perceived Support

A

The core element of the mental health effect of
support. Works even when there is no explicit
supportive interaction.

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21
Q

Perceived Support

A

– Wethington and Kessler (1986) show
“not only that perceptions of support availability
are more important than actual support
transactions but that the latter promotes
psychological adjustment through the former.”

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22
Q

Perceived Support Findings (Wethington and Kessler)

A

Moderating (buffering) => Perceived support reduces the actual impact of stress
low perceived support - stress event increases in impact by .664
high support - impact only .172

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23
Q

Perceived Support Findings (Wethington and Kessler)

A

Mediating => Received support from spouse works because of its consequences for perceived support

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24
Q

Perceived Support Findings (Wethington and Kessler)

A

generalized value of perception support
indirect evidence
spouse support - increase percevied support - decrease stress

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25
Q

Personal Resources

A

Sense of Control:
◦ the belief that you have control over the outcomes
in your life, and that they are not caused by external
forces.

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26
Q

Personal Resources

A

Other terms: instrumentalism, mastery, self-efficacy,
internal locus of control.
sense of control - key elements in sociology of mental health

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27
Q

Personal Resources

A 
socialized by education, social class background, gender
psychological echos in key inequalities
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28
Q

Personal Resources

A

Cognitive Flexibility: avoid things i don’t know or like, how do i know i don’t like it
◦ The ability to see multiple sides of a problem, try
different approaches, change perspective, alter
strategies.

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29
Q

Personal Resources

A

Trust:
◦ The assumption that others should be trusted and
are worthy of trust.

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30
Q

Personal Resources

A

-

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31
Q

A Theoretical Model for Mastery and Flexibility

A

Mastery leads to persistence, greater effort. Has nothing to do with strategy per se.
belief system about amount of control

32
Q

A Theoretical Model for Mastery and Flexibility

A

Flexibility leads to greater ability, skill - wider repertoire of available
learned strategies, via experimentation

33
Q

A Theoretical Model for Mastery and Flexibility

A

-increase coping ability - should lead to more skill
learn behaviours and how to cope with things
more options in matching response to particular threat

34
Q

An Expanded Model for Personal Resources

A

mastery => instrumentality of goal striving => persistence; effort

35
Q

An Expanded Model for Personal Resources

A

-flexibility => range of cognitive/behavioural repertroire => acquisition of skills, competence

36
Q

An Expanded Model for Personal Resources

A

-trust => perceived social equity => increased social contact

37
Q

An Expanded Model for Personal Resources

A

persistence => acquisition of skills; competence mental health

38
Q

The Stress Buffering

Role of Personal Resources (Wheaton, 1983)

A

fatalistic + highly inflexible - strong affect of stress onto distress
almost a flatline at low fatalism + low inflexibility - no mental health consequences

39
Q

Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory

A

Defense Theory – more widely accepted:
dominant in pop culture + in psychology
Main distinction: self-blamers vs. selfdefenders

40
Q

Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory

A

-self-blamers: internal attributions in failure and external in success
self-defender: internal attribution in success and external in failure

41
Q

Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory

A

Control Theory: Generalized beliefs about Causation of Life Outcomes.
Main distinction: Instrumentalists vs. Fatalists

42
Q

Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory

A

instrumentalists: internal attributions for both
fatalists: external attributions for both

43
Q

Testing Defense vs. Control Theory

A

Categorical Approach: put ppl into particular group
response to scale - internal and external distributions
1) Basic:
Control: instrumentalists less depressed than fatalists
Defense: self-defenders less depressed than self-blamers

44
Q

Testing Defense vs. Control Theory

A

2) Dominant :
Control: instrumentalists less depressed than self-defenders
Defense: self-defenders less depressed than instrumentalists

45
Q

Testing Defense vs. Control Theory

A

Continuous Approach
1) Basic:
Control: internal attributions for both success + failure less depressed than external
Defense: internal attributions for success less depressed than internal attributions for failure

46
Q

Testing Defense vs. Control Theory

A

Strong:
Control: beneficial effect of internal attributions same for both success and failure
Defense: internal responsibility for success decreases
depression while internal responsibility for failure increases depression

47
Q

Results (Categorical)

A

Instrumentalists significantly better off than anyone else:
•Relative to both fatalists and self-defenders
Self-defense doesn’t work, no better than self-blame

48
Q

Results (Categorical)

A

instrumentalists better off than everyone else
self-defenders not better off than self-blamers
no one in instrumentalists group has had a mental disorder

49
Q

Results (Categorical)

A

what is self esteem is not as important as sense of agency
lack of consistency - convenient view of how it works
difficult to maintain over time
instrumentalism is a consistent perspective

50
Q

Results (Continuous)

A

Relationship with Depression:
Personal responsibility for failure -.165*
Personal responsibility for success -.174*
more ppl take responsibility for failure less depressed similar to responsibility for success

51
Q

Results (Continuous)

A

strong control theory holds, as does dominant control hypothesis
control theory wins

52
Q

Results (Continuous)

A

possibility of changing in the future - optimism
blaming selves for lack of effort
keeps you in the game

53
Q

Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support

A

Fundamental issue: which counts more in explaining social status differences in mental health.
No one does this: this paper takes on an issue most avoided
Social resources vs. personal resources.
inter-relationship between control and support

54
Q

Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support

A

-Note different arguments for the effects of control and support:
Control => active problem solving
Meaning: 1) not ignoring the problem
2) figuring out the cause

55
Q

Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support

A

3) doing something about it.

Support => intimate communication, solidarity, trust, affirmation of identity

56
Q

Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support

A

Talking is the therapy?
But: perceiving support may be better than actually tapping into it.
support: exchange is helpful

57
Q

How are Control and Support Related?

A

Displacement perspective (in conflict):
Support fosters dependence + undermines problem-solving.
Immobilizing self-justification.

58
Q

How are Control and Support Related?

A

Facilitation perspective (cumulative):
Support facilitates problem-solving.
Increases the confidence necessary to cope effectively.

59
Q

How are Control and Support Related?

A

-Functional substitution perspective: Control + support alternative resources: one replaces need for the other, but either works.
One is enough if the other is absent

60
Q

Main Issue: Explaining Social Patterns

A

Evidence: Effects explained if

effect of social status - the coefficient - changes as you add control and support to the model, b/c…

61
Q

Main Issue: Explaining Social Patterns

A

◦ Mediation: The influence of social status occurs
because it first decreases the level of the resource,
and that in turn compromises mental health..

62
Q

Main Issue: Explaining Social Patterns

A

variable that reduces the effect more is the

one that explains the association more…

63
Q

Social Patterns in Depression

A 
ppl in lower social class not really suffering from less social support
ppl with higher education perceive higher levels of control which leads to lower depression
64
Q

Social Patterns in Depression

A

-control more clustered with education than support

control works better than support in explaining social inequality in respect to social status

65
Q

Social Patterns in Depression

A

-perception of control works independently of problem solving
sense of persistence seperate
perceived support probably means you talk to others less

66
Q

Social Patterns in Depression

A

-great thing to perceive and assume support but don’t test

ppl find out they are less loved and cared and importan

67
Q

Meaning…

A

Sense of control explains effects of social class/SES on depression (not support).
Active problem solving not the main reason for the
effect of control…

68
Q

Meaning…

A

Persistence important?

Support has little to do with SES differences.-

69
Q

Meaning…

A

-Effect does not change when it is added to the
results.
Neither control nor support explain gender,
marital status, or differences by race…

70
Q

Does talking to others help?

A

No……
◦ Note the positive effect of talking to others on
depression.
◦ The sense of support more important than actual
“supportive” interactions.

71
Q

Control and Support Together

A

Functional substitution perspective supported..
◦ Means high levels of one reduce the effect of the other.
A picture of how they combine …

72
Q

Control and Support Together

A

no control, increase support = decrease distress

vice versa

73
Q

Main Messages

A

Personal resources, especially control, have more
consistent effects compared to social resources like social
support. Mirowsky and Ross – the key to mental health.

74
Q

Main Messages

A

Personal resources are also related to differences in social
status - differences in socialization, access, beliefs,
values, “a mechanism of social inequality.”

75
Q

Main Messages

A

key is personal resources not social support
Better to perceive support than to actually seek it from
others.
social position breed diff in personal resources

76
Q

Main Messages

A

Certain kinds of self-blame can be helpful.
Control and support replace each other - not necessary to
have both

SOC363 (13 decks)

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