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SOC363 > SOC363: 7 - Coping > Flashcards

SOC363: 7 - Coping Flashcards

1
Q

The Role of Coping in the Stress Process

A

Defined: “behavioral or cognitive response to a stressor
that [attempts] to prevent or allay [reduce] the
harm otherwise caused by the stressor.” (Pearlin
and Bierman, 2012)
intervention in face of stressful situations

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2
Q

The Role of Coping in the Stress Process

A

Many questions:
*behaviour of coping vs background resources
◦ Do specific coping resources or styles mediate or
moderate the effects of stress….or both?

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3
Q

The Role of Coping in the Stress Process

A

◦ Does lower status result in more exposure to stress,
blocked access to coping resources, or both?
◦ What matters more….differences in specific coping
styles or generalized coping resources?
distribution of stressors vs coping resources

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4
Q

A Taxonomy of Coping

A

resources:

social - social support, social integration, social networks, social capital, mattering

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5
Q

A Taxonomy of Coping

A

personal - personality, instrumentalism* (mastery/sense of control/self-efficacy), flexibility (cognitive style), sense of coherence, self-esteem, hardiness

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6
Q

A Taxonomy of Coping

A

strategies:
behaviour - attempts to change situation, avoidance
cognitive - denial, selective perception, positive comparisons (look at ppl worse off)

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7
Q

Models for the Combined Effect of Stress and Coping

A

a) stress exposure: stress matters but coping doesn’t
b) generalized resistance resource: only coping resources matters
c) combined stress exposure/generalized resistance resources: combo of a and b
e) resistance resource/stress buffering
even when theres no stress, difference exists

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8
Q

Models for the Combined Effect of Stress and Coping

A

d) stress buffering: focused on in research
activation at point of stress
divergent point
high coping resource - more immune, lowers impact of stress on increasing distress

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9
Q

A Closer Look at Stress-Buffering

A

Resources in moderating role……

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10
Q

A Closer Look at Stress-Buffering

A

Upper line: Fewer resources, less effective coping, more vulnerable per stressor
bigger response

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11
Q

A Closer Look at Stress-Buffering

A

Lower Line: More resources, effective coping, less vulnerable per stressor
more immune to consequences of stressors

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12
Q

Social Support

A

Hammer et al: social linkages “may be thought of as
the basic building blocks of social structure… and
their formation, maintenance, and severance are…
fundamental social processes.”

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13
Q

Social Support

A

Social support has many different manifestations,

◦ Received support: actual supportive contacts with others.

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14
Q

Social Support

A

◦ Perceived support: the understanding that support is
available if needed — latent support. The perception of
being understood, cared for, and esteemed by others.
perceived - dormant-

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15
Q

Concepts of Support

A
  • Cobb (1976) distinguishes types by what is
    communicated:
    ◦ Feel esteemed and valued (e.g., at work)
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16
Q

Concepts of Support

A

◦ Feel loved and cared for (e.g., in a relationship)

◦ Feel one belongs to a network of communication and mutual obligation.

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17
Q

Concepts of Support

A

Larger distinctions:
◦ Emotional support (as above)
◦ Instrumental support – logistics, information, guidance, advice.

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18
Q

Concepts of Support

A

◦ Structural support – membership in a network involving clear norms of exchange, strong ties, dense interactions, and homogamy (social similarity).

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19
Q

Concepts of Support

A

And in each case, need to distinguish:
◦ Actual support
◦ Perceived support: perceived support matters more

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20
Q

Perceived Support

A

The core element of the mental health effect of
support. Works even when there is no explicit
supportive interaction.

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21
Q

Perceived Support

A

– Wethington and Kessler (1986) show
“not only that perceptions of support availability
are more important than actual support
transactions but that the latter promotes
psychological adjustment through the former.”

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22
Q

Perceived Support Findings (Wethington and Kessler)

A

Moderating (buffering) => Perceived support reduces the actual impact of stress
low perceived support - stress event increases in impact by .664
high support - impact only .172

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23
Q

Perceived Support Findings (Wethington and Kessler)

A

Mediating => Received support from spouse works because of its consequences for perceived support

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24
Q

Perceived Support Findings (Wethington and Kessler)

A

generalized value of perception support
indirect evidence
spouse support - increase percevied support - decrease stress

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25
Personal Resources
Sense of Control: ◦ the belief that you have control over the outcomes in your life, and that they are not caused by external forces.
26
Personal Resources
Other terms: instrumentalism, mastery, self-efficacy, internal locus of control. sense of control - key elements in sociology of mental health
27
Personal Resources
``` socialized by education, social class background, gender psychological echos in key inequalities ```
28
Personal Resources
Cognitive Flexibility: avoid things i don’t know or like, how do i know i don’t like it ◦ The ability to see multiple sides of a problem, try different approaches, change perspective, alter strategies.
29
Personal Resources
Trust: ◦ The assumption that others should be trusted and are worthy of trust.
30
Personal Resources
-
31
A Theoretical Model for Mastery and Flexibility
Mastery leads to persistence, greater effort. Has nothing to do with strategy per se. belief system about amount of control
32
A Theoretical Model for Mastery and Flexibility
Flexibility leads to greater ability, skill - wider repertoire of available learned strategies, via experimentation
33
A Theoretical Model for Mastery and Flexibility
-increase coping ability - should lead to more skill learn behaviours and how to cope with things more options in matching response to particular threat
34
An Expanded Model for Personal Resources
mastery => instrumentality of goal striving => persistence; effort
35
An Expanded Model for Personal Resources
-flexibility => range of cognitive/behavioural repertroire => acquisition of skills, competence
36
An Expanded Model for Personal Resources
-trust => perceived social equity => increased social contact
37
An Expanded Model for Personal Resources
persistence => acquisition of skills; competence mental health
38
The Stress Buffering | Role of Personal Resources (Wheaton, 1983)
fatalistic + highly inflexible - strong affect of stress onto distress almost a flatline at low fatalism + low inflexibility - no mental health consequences
39
Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory
Defense Theory – more widely accepted: dominant in pop culture + in psychology Main distinction: self-blamers vs. selfdefenders
40
Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory
-self-blamers: internal attributions in failure and external in success self-defender: internal attribution in success and external in failure
41
Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory
Control Theory: Generalized beliefs about Causation of Life Outcomes. Main distinction: Instrumentalists vs. Fatalists
42
Mirowsky and Ross: Defense vs. Control Theory
instrumentalists: internal attributions for both fatalists: external attributions for both
43
Testing Defense vs. Control Theory
Categorical Approach: put ppl into particular group response to scale - internal and external distributions 1) Basic: Control: instrumentalists less depressed than fatalists Defense: self-defenders less depressed than self-blamers
44
Testing Defense vs. Control Theory
2) Dominant : Control: instrumentalists less depressed than self-defenders Defense: self-defenders less depressed than instrumentalists
45
Testing Defense vs. Control Theory
Continuous Approach 1) Basic: Control: internal attributions for both success + failure less depressed than external Defense: internal attributions for success less depressed than internal attributions for failure
46
Testing Defense vs. Control Theory
Strong: Control: beneficial effect of internal attributions same for both success and failure Defense: internal responsibility for success decreases depression while internal responsibility for failure increases depression
47
Results (Categorical)
Instrumentalists significantly better off than anyone else: •Relative to both fatalists and self-defenders Self-defense doesn’t work, no better than self-blame
48
Results (Categorical)
instrumentalists better off than everyone else self-defenders not better off than self-blamers no one in instrumentalists group has had a mental disorder
49
Results (Categorical)
what is self esteem is not as important as sense of agency lack of consistency - convenient view of how it works difficult to maintain over time instrumentalism is a consistent perspective
50
Results (Continuous)
Relationship with Depression: Personal responsibility for failure -.165* Personal responsibility for success -.174* more ppl take responsibility for failure less depressed similar to responsibility for success
51
Results (Continuous)
strong control theory holds, as does dominant control hypothesis control theory wins
52
Results (Continuous)
possibility of changing in the future - optimism blaming selves for lack of effort keeps you in the game
53
Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support
Fundamental issue: which counts more in explaining social status differences in mental health. No one does this: this paper takes on an issue most avoided Social resources vs. personal resources. inter-relationship between control and support
54
Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support
-Note different arguments for the effects of control and support: Control => active problem solving Meaning: 1) not ignoring the problem 2) figuring out the cause
55
Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support
3) doing something about it. | Support => intimate communication, solidarity, trust, affirmation of identity
56
Ross and Mirowsky: Control vs. Support
Talking is the therapy? But: perceiving support may be better than actually tapping into it. support: exchange is helpful
57
How are Control and Support Related?
Displacement perspective (in conflict): Support fosters dependence + undermines problem-solving. Immobilizing self-justification.
58
How are Control and Support Related?
Facilitation perspective (cumulative): Support facilitates problem-solving. Increases the confidence necessary to cope effectively.
59
How are Control and Support Related?
-Functional substitution perspective: Control + support alternative resources: one replaces need for the other, but either works. One is enough if the other is absent
60
Main Issue: Explaining Social Patterns
Evidence: Effects explained if | effect of social status - the coefficient - changes as you add control and support to the model, b/c…
61
Main Issue: Explaining Social Patterns
◦ Mediation: The influence of social status occurs because it first decreases the level of the resource, and that in turn compromises mental health..
62
Main Issue: Explaining Social Patterns
variable that reduces the effect more is the | one that explains the association more…
63
Social Patterns in Depression
``` ppl in lower social class not really suffering from less social support ppl with higher education perceive higher levels of control which leads to lower depression ```
64
Social Patterns in Depression
-control more clustered with education than support | control works better than support in explaining social inequality in respect to social status
65
Social Patterns in Depression
-perception of control works independently of problem solving sense of persistence seperate perceived support probably means you talk to others less
66
Social Patterns in Depression
-great thing to perceive and assume support but don’t test | ppl find out they are less loved and cared and importan
67
Meaning…
Sense of control explains effects of social class/SES on depression (not support). Active problem solving not the main reason for the effect of control…
68
Meaning…
Persistence important? | Support has little to do with SES differences.-
69
Meaning…
-Effect does not change when it is added to the results. Neither control nor support explain gender, marital status, or differences by race...
70
Does talking to others help?
No…… ◦ Note the positive effect of talking to others on depression. ◦ The sense of support more important than actual “supportive” interactions.
71
Control and Support Together
Functional substitution perspective supported.. ◦ Means high levels of one reduce the effect of the other. A picture of how they combine …
72
Control and Support Together
no control, increase support = decrease distress | vice versa
73
Main Messages
Personal resources, especially control, have more consistent effects compared to social resources like social support. Mirowsky and Ross – the key to mental health.
74
Main Messages
Personal resources are also related to differences in social status - differences in socialization, access, beliefs, values, “a mechanism of social inequality.”
75
Main Messages
key is personal resources not social support Better to perceive support than to actually seek it from others. social position breed diff in personal resources
76
Main Messages
Certain kinds of self-blame can be helpful. Control and support replace each other - not necessary to have both

SOC363 (13 decks)

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