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SOC363 > SOC363: 5. Race, Immigration > Flashcards

SOC363: 5. Race, Immigration Flashcards

1
Q

Reviewing What We “Know”

A

Surprising)Findings)EEE$the$rates$of$
disadvantaged$groups,$groups$with$lower$
status,$groups$discriminated$against,$are$
lower.$How$can$this$be?

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2
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

First$EE$this$is$sociology:$race$is$treated$as$a$
socially$constructed$category,$not$a$biological$
reality.$$
• “Things perceived as real are real in their
consequences” (W.I.Thomas, circa 1932)

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3
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

Listen$to$Williams$on$the$history:$
• Malzberg (1944): the representativeness of historical
samples determined findings about Black / White
differences in the United States.
• Only in state mental hospitals — blacks have higher
rates; but in noninstitutionalized populations, blacks
have lower rates.
• Means (again) that treatment studies are inherently
flawed.

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4
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

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5
Q

Historical Comparisons Tell the Story

A

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6
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

Picture$changes$somewhat$using$distress$and$
depression$scales:$
• Typically, Blacks now higher than whites, with some
exceptions…

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7
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

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8
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

What$does$this$mean?$
• “Demand characteristics” lower in community
surveys, related to higher rates

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9
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

• Sample sizes important — when too small, findings
suspect. Most early surveys did not sample
minorities sufficiently
• Or: Minority groups have higher rates of moderate
mental health problems, lower rates of serious and
stable problems

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10
Q

Post WWII Community Surveys:

Distress and Depression

A

-

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11
Q

Post-1980 Community Surveys:

Prevalence of Disorders

A

ECA:$
• Most disorders had equal or lower rates among
Blacks and Hispanics, except for phobias.
! NCS:$
• Lower rates among both Blacks and Hispanics
relative to whites.
• A finding with many interpretations –
“ Artifactual: “Response Effect” – hiding true problems
“ Substantive: a Remarkable “inverse” finding. Lower
SES, more stressful lives, but fewer problems. A signal
of something else?

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12
Q

Post-1980 Community Surveys:

Prevalence of Disorders

A

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13
Q

Post-1980 Community Surveys:

Prevalence of Disorders

A

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14
Q

Complexity Again

A 
! Blacks$–$
• Could be subdivided into Multigenerational, Caribbean, recent
African, and European origins
! Hispanic$–$
• Puerto Rican (closer relationship with U.S.)
• Mexican-American (migrants recently)
• Cuban
• South American
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15
Q

Complexity Again

A

! (E.)$Asian$–$
• Japanese
• Chinese, and regional
• Korean

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16
Q

Complexity Again

A

• Vietnamese
• Filipino
! Any$cultural,$historical,$political,$religious$or$migration$
status$differences$could$crossEcut$and$average$out$
differences$in$more$general$groupings$

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17
Q

Complexity Again

A

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18
Q

Complexity Again

A

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19
Q

And of course

A 
White$is$not$just$“White”.$
! Includes$what$is$usually$included$under$
“Ethnicity”.$
! Combined$approach:$“ethnoEracial”$
differences.
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20
Q

And of course

A

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21
Q

Aggregating Results

A

Williams:$the$Collaborative$Psychiatric$
Epidemiology$Surveys$(CPES).$
• combines the NCS with other surveys designed to
target specific groups (Blacks in the NSAL, Latinos
and Asian Americans in the NLAAS).

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22
Q

Aggregating Results

A

• Each group sampled in the thousands, sub-groups
of Hispanics and Asians at least 500 each.
• Thus results more stable and general than other
surveys.
• Results consistent with many recent surveys

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23
Q

Aggregating Results

A

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24
Q

Aggregating Results

A

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25
Q

Results from the CPES

A

! Typical$findings

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26
Q

Results from the CPES

A

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27
Q

SES Cross-Cuts Differences… or

Does It?

A

Often,$controlling$for$SES$reduces$differences$
across$raceEethnicity,$but$two$issues$here:$
• Kessler and Neighbors: at the lowest SES levels
specifically, blacks had higher levels of distress than
whites.
• SES part of the explanation, not a “confounder”.
Meaning

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28
Q

SES Cross-Cuts Differences… or

Does It?

A

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29
Q

SES Cross-Cuts Differences… or

Does It?

A

-

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30
Q

Major Issues in Interpreting Findings

A

! Demand$characteristics$EEE$involves$the$
situation$of$the$interview,$relationship$to$
interviewer$and$the$meaning$of$the$questions.$
• But — NCS rates lower than ECA, lower demand
characteristics…
! And$“culture”:$$
• A broad term to explain unusual findings… but requiring
further research.
• Could be the source of major differences in coping skills and
resilience across groups.

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31
Q

Major Issues in Interpreting Findings

A

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32
Q

Major Issues in Interpreting Findings

A

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33
Q

Major Issues in Interpreting Findings

A

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34
Q

Discrimination

A

Largest$area$of$emerging$research.$
! Williams$gives$a$clear$picture$of$what$is$
involved:$
• Started with American blacks, but has expanded
internationally.
• Longitudinal studies link discrimination to mental
health changes over time.
• Not a response bias issue due to who says they are
discriminated against – results controlling for “social
desirability” effects in responses are the same.
• Internalized racism related to higher distress and
substance use.

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35
Q

Discrimination

A

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36
Q

Discrimination

A

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37
Q

Discrimination

A

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38
Q

Discrimination

A

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39
Q

The Biggest Question

A

How$can$disadvantaged$groups$($lower$SES,$
discrimination,$fewer$opportunities,$more$
stressors)$end$up$with$fewer$problems?$
! Is$it$the$counteracting$effect$of$better$coping$
resources?$

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40
Q

The Biggest Question

A

-

41
Q

The Biggest Question

A

-

42
Q

Evidence about the Role of Coping

Resources

A

Extended$family/kin$social$support$
! Religious$involvement$
! Adjusting$for$stress$sometimes$shows$Blacks$
have$lower$distress$than$Whites$–$i.e.,$Whites$
more$vulnerable$to$stress.$
• Ceiling effect of early stress – less threat, more
learning in coping with stress.
• More emotional / cognitive flexibility in dealing with
stress.
! Other$evidence$not$cited$here

43
Q

Evidence about the Role of Coping

Resources

A

-

44
Q

Evidence about the Role of Coping

Resources

A

-

45
Q

Evidence about the Role of Coping

Resources

A

-

46
Q

Ethnic Identity may be Protective

A

Effects of Ethnic Identity on Coping with Perceived Discrimination
Effect on Depression among Filipino Americans

47
Q

Ethnic Identity may be Protective

A

-

48
Q

Ethnic Identity may be Protective

A

-

49
Q

And Essential Coping Resources

May be More Prevalent

A

Ryff et al. (2003)

50
Q

And Essential Coping Resources

May be More PrevalentEthnic Identity may be Protective

A

-

51
Q

And Essential Coping Resources

May be More Prevalent

A

-

52
Q

Is Canada Different?…..

Yes and No

A 
Selected$Racial/Ethnic$
Differences$in$Depression
Wu$et$al.$(2003),$from$the$
NPHS,$over$81,000$
Canadians:$
• Results'for'Racial'
Differences'show'lower'or'
equal'Depression,'except'
Mixed'Race'and'Aboriginal
• Results'for'Ethnic''
Differences'show'higher'
relative'to'Native?born'
Anglo'Background
53
Q

Is Canada Different?…..

Yes and No

A

-

54
Q

Is Canada Different?…..

Yes and No

A

-

55
Q

Group Differences in Toronto

A

Data:$
• Work and Family Issues Study — 888 Intact couples
• Mental Health and Stress Study — 1393 randomly
selected adults

56
Q

Group Differences in Toronto

A 
! 4$Groups$distinguished:$
• Whites
• East Asians
• Blacks
• South Asians
57
Q

Group Differences in Toronto

A

-

58
Q

Group Differences in Toronto

A

-

59
Q

Group Differences in Toronto

A

-

60
Q

Group Differences in the Toronto

Study of Intact Families

A 
Differences
with nativeborn
Whites:
usually fewer
problems
61
Q

Group Differences in the Toronto

Study of Intact Families

A

-

62
Q

Group Differences in the Toronto

Study of Intact Families

A

-

63
Q

Group Differences in the Toronto

Study of Intact Families

A

-

64
Q

Group Differences in the Mental

Health and Stress Study

A 
Differences with
native-born
Whites:
similar pattern,
with a few
exceptions.
65
Q

Group Differences in the Mental

Health and Stress Study

A

-

66
Q

Story the Same / Different

A 
! Different:$distress$equal$or$lower$
! Same:$Rates$of$CIDI$Diagnoses$clearly$
lower…$
! Conflated$with$Immigration$issues?$
! The$question$is:$
• Is it the advantages of minority status culture or the
disadvantages of majority White culture?
67
Q

Story the Same / Different

A

-

68
Q

Story the Same / Different

A

-

69
Q

Immigration — Another Layer

A

Williams$reviews$basic$American$findings,$
reflecting$a$“healthy$immigrant”$effect$but$
followed$by$a$decline$to$the$majority$norm:$

70
Q

Immigration — Another Layer

A

! Findings$include:$
• Starting advantage in many groups
• Length of residence results in decline

71
Q

Immigration — Another Layer

A

• The stressors of migration at issue – isolation from
background, new language, no social capital beyond the
boundaries of ethnic community.
• Comparisons of native-born vs. foreign-born Caribbean
blacks, Latinos, and Asians all show much lower rates of
disorder among the foreign-born.
• Generation predicts worse mental health : Assimilation
not helpful.

72
Q

Immigration — Another Layer

A

-

73
Q

Immigration in Canada:

Montazer and Wheaton

A 
Differences$with$the$U.S.:$
• The diversity of countries of origin (Here, 81).
• The recency of migration among current
immigrants.
• Prevalence in the population
74
Q

Immigration in Canada:

Montazer and Wheaton

A

-

75
Q

Immigration in Canada:

Montazer and Wheaton

A

-

76
Q

Countries of Origin in a Sample 0f

886 Families in Toronto

A

-

77
Q

Countries of Origin in a Sample 0f

886 Families in Toronto

A

-

78
Q

Countries of Origin in a Sample 0f

886 Families in Toronto

A

-

79
Q

Traditional Approaches to Migration:

Marginal Man vs. Healthy Immigrant

A

Different$starting$points;$same$end$point

80
Q

Traditional Approaches to Migration:

Marginal Man vs. Healthy Immigrant

A

-

81
Q

Traditional Approaches to Migration:

Marginal Man vs. Healthy Immigrant

A

-

82
Q

Conditional Adaptation Model

A

Two$elements$–$
• Differences in mental health trajectories restricted to
one group – migrants from low GNP countries of origin
• End point may not be convergence in this group.
! GNP$:$Gross$National$Product$an$economic$
development$indicator,$but$also$related$to$social$
conditions,$such$as:$
“ Education
“ Work opportunities
“ Life expectancy
“ Status of women
“ Quality of Life
! Migrants$from$low$GNP$backgrounds$face$a$
larger$“task$of$adjustment”,$thus$more$changes.$

83
Q

Conditional Adaptation Model

A

! The$evolution$of$shared$values,$close$families,$
educational$aspirations,$to…$
! Experience$in$the$public$social$world,$school$
and$peers$and$work,$leading$to..$
! More$family$conflict,$decline$in$educational$
performance,$greater$peer$influence,$more$
social$involvement$outside$the$home.$
! Specific$to$low$GNP$families$because$of$the$
social$and$cultural$distance$to$bridge.

84
Q

Conditional Adaptation Model

A

-

85
Q

Conditional Adaptation Model

A

-

86
Q

Conditional Adaptation Model

A

-

87
Q

Generation

A

“First”:$actually$the$–$
• 1.5: foreign-born, arrive after school starts
• 1.75: foreign-born, arrive before school starts.
! Second:$
• Second: native-born with foreign-born parents.
• 2.5: native-born, with one foreign-born parent.

88
Q

Generation

A

-

89
Q

Generation

A

-

90
Q

Trajectories: Externalizing Problems

A

-

91
Q

Trajectories: Externalizing Problems

A

-

92
Q

Trajectories: Internalizing Problems

A

-

93
Q

Trajectories: Internalizing Problems

A

-

94
Q

Trajectories: Internalizing Problems

A

-

95
Q

Explaining Patterns…..

A

-

96
Q

Explaining Patterns…..

A

-

97
Q

So….

A

Only$differences$with$the$nativeEborn$exist$in$
the$low$GNP$background$group$
! Trajectory$does$not$converge$to$majority$
norm.$
! Main$explanations$–$
• Changes in family life over generation and time in
Canada.
• Changes in school behavior and expectations

98
Q

So….

A

-

SOC363 (13 decks)

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