Soc Sci S4 Everything Flashcards
Global political conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, and their allied nations, from around 1946 - 1991
Cold War ; pg. 55
Competition of space exploration and technology between the U.S. and Soviet Union
Space Race ; pg. 56
Agency of the U.S. government founded in 1958 that is a global leader in space exploration and the study of the Earth System
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ; pg. 56
Program established in 1979 for the study of the earth System and climate change
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) ; pg. 57
Established in 1987 to study global change in the context of Earth System Science (ESS)
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) ; pg. 57
Initiated a systemic measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Charles Keeling ; pg. 58
Swedish meteorologist who in 1959 went to Washington D.C. to alert the National Academy of Sciences that increasing CO2 levels throughout the rest of the century could have serious consequences
Bert Bolin ; pg. 58
A graph that shows the increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere since Charles David Keeling’s initial records
Keeling Curve ; pg. 58
People’s contribution to global carbon emissions
Carbon footprint ; pg. 62
An international agreement that aimed to combat climate change
Paris Agreement ; pg. 64
Also known as UN Climate Change ; established in 1992 as a foundation for intergovernmental action on climate change that led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ; pg. 66
A binding agreement among 37 nations that were adopted in 1997 and put into effect starting in 2005
Kyoto Protocol ; pg. 66
A goal set for limiting the amount of global warming above the pre-industrial average to __ by the end of the century
1.5 degrees C ; pg. 66
A policy proposal by Alexandria Ocasio - Cortez, Senator Ed Markey, and others that involve government investment in building infrastructure and incentivizing industries to help address the climate crisis
Green New Deal ; pg. 67
A law passed in 2022 that provides government funding for addressing the challenges posed by climate change
Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) ; pg. 67
AKA Carbon capture; involves capturing CO2 in the atmosphere and storing it
Carbon Sequestration ; pg. 67
Set the goal that 40% of overall benefits from Federal investment in certain categories flow to underserved communities
Justice40 Initiatives ; pg. 70
A nation whose members led a protest that delayed the construction of an oil pipeline in North America
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe ; pg. 70
A Brazilian environmental activist and member of the Munduruku people of the Tapajos River Middle Course who defended portions of the Brazilian rainforest in different ways
Alessandra Korap Munduruku ; pg. 71
Youth climate activism movement that was inspired by Greta Thunberg’s school strikes for climate in 2018 and spread organically across the world
Fridays for Future; pg. 72
A Swedish climate activist who at the age of 15 sparked a global youth climate movement known as Fridays for Future
Greta Thunberg ; pg. 72
The first artificial Earth satellite that was launched by the Soviet Union
Sputnik
Involves producing sources that act similarly to clouds and that could reflect solar energy away from the surface of the Earth or ocean surfaces
Solar Radiation
Involved manipulating the Earth’s environment in ways that counteract the current trends of climate change
Geoengineering
Practices of extracting resources or producing clean energy in less-powerful countries and utilizing the benefits in wealthier nations
Climate Colonialism
A portion of the Keystone Pipeline System that transports oil from Alberta, Canada, to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico in the US state of Texas
Dakota Access Pipeline
When did many scientists begin to measure CO2 levels in atmosphere and realize that the rise could lead to global warming
late 1950s
Through what decades did scientists expand their knowledge that human behavior is changing the Earth’s climate
1960s, 1970s, and 1980s
Global conditions of what century influenced how humans learned about climate change and how humans responded to that knowledge
Second half of the 20th century
World War 2 time period
1939 - 45
When was the United Nations (UN) established
1946
Cold War time period
1946 - 91
When did the Soviet Union launch Sputnik
1957
When did the first human land on the moon
1969
When was NASA founded
1958
When was the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) established
1979
When was the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) established
1987
A foundational decade for human understanding of Earth’s climate and anthropogenic climate change
1950s
When was the International Council for Science founded
1931
Lloyd Berkner birth years
1905 - 67
When did Lloyd Berkner suggest that International Council for Science (ICSU) embark on a study of global geophysical activities over a set period
1952
The year time period for the International GeoPhysical Year
July 1957 - December 1958
How many year cycle of sunspot activity did the GeoPhysical Year correspond with
11
Charles David Keeling’s birth years
1928-2005
Bert Bolin birth years
1925 - 2007
When did Bert Bolin go to Washington D.C. to alert the National Academy of Sciences that increasing CO2 levels throughout the rest of the century could have serious consequences
1959
When did Charles Keeling release data of his CO2 measurements that shows CO2 levels rising
1961
When did Bert Bolin become the first chair of the ICSU’s new committee on atmospheric sciences
1964
When was the World Meteorological Association (WMO) created
1950
When was the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)
1967
When did scientists at an International Workshop on Climate Issues recognize the need for an organization that could do more than GARP
1978
When did the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) succeed GARP as the new center for the study of climate change
1979
When did the ICSU, WMO, and UNEP organize a conference in Austria around the topic “Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts”
1985
When was the conference hosted in Toronto, Canada entitled “The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security”
1988
When did NASA scientist James E. Hansen testify before the US Senate that human-induced greenhouse effect was the cause of climate change
1988
When was the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) created
1988
The years in which Bert Bolin serves on the IPCC as the panel’s first chair
1988 - 1998
When did Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway publish “Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming”
2010
When did William Nierenberg retire as the Director of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography
1984
When did the Berlin Wall go down
1989
When did President George H. W. Bush considering taking action to mitigate climate change
1989
When was the Kyoto Protocol adopted
1997
When did the US Senate agree to a resolution stating that the US will not be part of protocol
July 25, 1997
What were the vote of the US senate to the new resolution
95-0
When did Bill Clinton direct the US to sign the Kyoto Protocol
1998
When did Al Gore run against George W. Bush for president
year 2000
A New York Times article from what date stated that Al Gore’s support for the Kyoto Protocol and Bush’s opposition to it is the leading issue that distinguishes the candidates
November 3, 2000
In what decades did Exxon Mobil participate in a study of climate change but then had to begin funding organizations that oppose business regulations and promote skepticism of climate change
1970s and 1980s
What year was the most profitable year for the biggest Western oil companies
2022
How many oil companies earned a combine $219 billion, from which they paid out $110 billion
6
How much money did 6 oil companies combine make
$219 billion
How much money did the 6 oil companies pay out from the $219 billion that was earned
$110 billion
When did the United States Chamber of Commerce acknowledge that humans contribute to climate change
2019
An independent found that in what year did out of the 39 policies that the Chamber of Commerce took a stance on, it advocated against climate action 25 times
2022
How many times did the Chamber of Commerce advocate against climate action in 2022
25 times
What was the age range for the younger Republicans
18-29
A 2023 poll shows how many Democrats supports addressing climate change and how many Republicans prioritizing economic growth
80% of Democrats ; 72% of Republicans
Another 2023 poll found how many Democrats and Republicans agree human activity is causing changes to the world’s climate
93% of Democrats and 55% of Republicans
When did President Donald Trump states that the 2015 Paris Agreement placed the U.S at a “very big economic disadvantage”
2017
When was President Donald Trump in office
2017-2021
A study of news broadcast in the united Kingdom found that in 2022 nearly how much of British broadcasters cast doubt on climate change
a third
When was there smoke from massive Canadian forest fire go into the US
summer of 2023
When was there a United Nations Conference on Environmental and Development hosted in Rio de Janeiro and when the UNFCCC was founded
1992
When was the Kyoto Protocol in effect
2005
The participating nations in the Kyoto Protocol has individual targets for emission reductions that together as a whole came out to ______ emission reduction over the years ___________
5%; 2008 - 2012
When was the Paris Agreement adopted
2015
How many parties adopted the Paris Agreement
196
Global leaders wanted to increase global average temperatures to ___ by the end of the century
1.5 degrees C
In order to accomplish the 1.5 degrees C, a peak in greenhouse gas emission before 2025 and a ___ decline by 2030 is needed
43%
When was the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) signed into law
August 16, 2022
The IRA provides around how much in climate funding
$369 billion
Wind and solar generated a record amount of clean energy by producing ____ of global energy
12%
Protests were led by the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe in North Dakota halted construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline when
2016 & 2017
The Ted Talk video in which Katharine Hayhoe is in has over how many views
over 4 million times
When did Donald Trump order the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline to continue
early 2017
When was the Brazilian government notified of the Anglo American withdrawal of the mines
May 2021
Alessandra Korap Munduruku helped protect how many acres of rainforest by protesting
more than 400,000 acres
How many participants were part of the Fridays for Future movement that began in 2018
14 million
How many cities were part of the Fridays for Future movement that began in 2018
7500
When did Greta Thunberg give her speech in Vienna
2019
How old was Greta Thunberg when she did her Fridays for Future movement
15
How many application to mine inside Indigenous territories did Anglo American withdraw
27
Agency of the U.S. government founded in 1958 that is a global leader in space exploration and the study of the Earth System
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Program established in 1979 for the study of the earth System and climate change
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
Established in 1987 to study global change in the context of Earth System Science (ESS)
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
Initiated a systemic measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Charles Keeling
Swedish meteorologist who in 1959 went to Washington D.C. to alert the National Academy of Sciences that increasing CO2 levels throughout the rest of the century could have serious consequences
Bert Bolin
Scientist in the 18th century who recognized that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could raise temperatures on Earth
Eunice Newton Foote
In the immediate aftermath of WW2, the international community established
United Nations (UN)
The charter of what organization is considered an international treaty
United Nations (UN)
Which organization’s aim is preventing the use of force in international relations
United Nations (UN)
What were the two opponents in the Cold War
US and Soviet Union (USSR)
What nation launched the first artificial Earth satellite
Soviet Union
Founded in 1931 and embarked on a study of global geophysical activities over a set period
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)
What group did Bert Bolin travel to alert about the increasing CO2 levels
National Academy of Sciences
What two groups founded the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and World Meteorological Association (WMO)
An agency of the United Nations created in 1950
World Meteorological Association (WMO)
What group was founded by International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and World Meteorological Association (WMO)
Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)
Which groups hosted an International Workshop on Climate Change Issues in Austria
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), World Meteorological Association (WMO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
The group in 1979 that succeeded GARP as the new center for the study of climate change
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
Organized a major conference in Villach, Austria around the topic “Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts”
ICSU, WMO, anf UNEP
AN ICSU committee that issued a report titled “The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystem”
the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)
What did the scientists form to give knowledge out to the public regarding scientific knowledge
Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases (AGGG)
Who testified in 1988 before the US Senate that human-induced greenhouse effect was the cause of climate change
NASA scientist James E. Hansen
What was created in 1988 is the most authoritative source of information about the science of climate change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Who served as the IPCC’s first chair from 1988 - 1998
Bert Bolin
Which two scientists were instrumental in the establishment of the IPCC
Paul J. Crutzen and Bert Bolin
Suggested that ICSU embark on a systematic and comprehensive study of global geophysical activities over a set period
Lloyd Berkner
Became the first chair of the ICSU’s new committee on atmospheric sciences
Bert Bolin
Published the book “Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming”
Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway
Who in 1984 retired as the Director of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography
William Nierenberg
William Nierenberg joined the Board of Directors of what institute after he retired from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography
George C. Marshall Institute
The Cold War policies of what president did the George C. Marshall Institute try to defend
President Ronald Reagan
President Reagan’s former Vice President and successor who in 1989 considered taking action to mitigate climate change
President George H. W. Bush
Which 2 Republican presidents’ presidential administrations did the George C. Marshall Institute have close relations with
Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush
Which president directed the US to sign the Kyoto Protocol
Bill Clinton
Who would not ratify the Kyoto Protocol
The US Senate
Who were the presidential candidates for the year 2000
Al Gore (President Clinton’s vice pres.) and George W. Bush ( former President George H. W. Bush’s son)
Whose administration pursued a policy of expanding global oil production
The new Bush administration
The company that participated in the study of climate change but when government regulations of fossil fuels appeared, the company started to fund organizations that oppose business regulations and promote skepticism of climate science
Exxon Mobil
An effective approach by who produced the concept of the “carbon footprint”
British Petroleum and a hired marketing company
What group in 2019 finally acknowledged that humans contribute to climate change
The United States Chamber of Commerce
What party branded itself as pro-business and anti-government regulation of business, and is more likely to question scientific findings about climate change and maintain the idea that climate action is bad for the economy
Republican
Which party is more generally supportive of government regulation
Democrats
What center had a poll that found younger Republicans to have different views than their older GOP counterparts on the use of fossil fuels
A Pew Research Center
Which group is more likely to think that where they has been affected by some weather-related events
Democrats
Who in 2017 stated that the 2015 Paris Agreement placed the US at a “very big economic disadvantage” and withdrew the US from the agreement
US President Donald Trump
Who was in office from 2017 - 2021
Donald Trump
Presidents who formed a kind of nationalistic coalition against cooperative climate action
Russian President Vladimir Putin and Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro
President who oversaw a rapid increase in the deforestation of the Brazilian rainforest
Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro
Fox news host, who during the summer of 2023 when massive Canadian forest fires went into the US, that gave airtime to known supporters of the oil industry that denied scientific consensus on the dangers of smoke
Laura Ingraham
Also known as UN Climate Change ; established in 1992 as a foundation for intergovernmental action on climate change that led to the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
An organizational center of government action to address climate change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Proposed the Green New Deal
Alexandria Ocasio - Cortez & Senator Ed Markey
Signed the IRA into law
President Joe Biden
Did not adopt the Green New Deal
President Joe Biden
Founded UNFCCC
United Nations
A catalyst for the Kyoto Protocol
UNFCCC
A Congressional Representative from New York part of the Green New Deal
Alexandria Ocasio - Cortez
Senator of Massachusetts part of the Green New Deal
Ed Market
Argued that climate justice should entail an awareness of the historical legacies that have created today’s global wealth and power disparities
Philosopher Olufemi O. Taiwo
Termed “climate colonialism” and warned about the Green New Deal
Philosopher Olufemi O. Taiwo
Climate scientist that contributed to IPCC reports and worked on communicating the science of climate change through Evangelical Christians
Katharine Hayhoe
Was on a TED Talk that has over 4 million times and overed a simple way to fight climate change
Katharine Hayhoe
A nation whose members led a protest that delayed the construction of an oil pipeline in North America
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
A Brazilian environmental activist and member of the Munduruku people of the Tapajos River Middle Course who defended portions of the Brazilian rainforest in different ways
Alessandra Korap Munduruku
Ordered the continuation of the Dakota Access Pipeline in early 2017
Donald Trump
A Swedish climate activist who at the age of 15 sparked a global youth climate movement known as Fridays for Future
Greta Thunberg
A young German climate activist who preached a sermon in Berlin’s majestic Berlin Cathedral
Luisa Neubauer
Uganda climate activist that combines local action in her home country with an international message that Africans aren’t only impacted by climate change, but are also engaged in finding climate solutions
Vanessa Nakate
Company that wanted to expand mining operation in Munduruku regions of the Amazon rainforest
British company Anglo American
Message of Greta Thunberg’s protest
Politicians should listen to scientists and act accordingly
What influenced how humans learned about climate change and how humans respond to that knowledge
Global conditions of the second half of the 20th century
Considered an international treaty from the United Nations
the Charter of the UN
Chief aim of the United Nations
Preventing the use of force in international relations
Defining characteristic of ESS
it brings the subjects of different field into a single view of Earth and Earth’s relationship to other celestial bodies
Former name of the International Council for Science
International Council for Scientific Unions
What did the time period in the International GeoPhysical Year (IGY) correspond with
A high point in the 11-year cycle of sunspot activity
Where did Charles David Keeling conduct his research at
from Hawaii at a base on Mauna Loa
Bert Bolin traveled where to alert the National Academy of Sciences of the increasing CO2 levels
Washington D.C.
WHat conclusions did Charles Keeling draw from his data of CO2 measurements
that CO2 levels were indeed rising
Where was the International Workshop on Climate Issues hosted
Austria
What did the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) study
climate change within an ESS framework
The topic conference in Villach, Austria that was organized by ICSU, WMO, and UNEP in 1985
“Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts”
The report that the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) issued
“The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystem”
Name of the conference WMO contributed to in Toronto
“The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security”
What did James E. Hansen testify about in 1988
That human - induced greenhouse effect, not natural fluctuations, was the cause of climate change
Book that was published in 2010 by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway
“Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming”
What does the book “Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming” explain
Why so many American don’t believe in climate change ; The authors retrace an episode in the early 1990s where a small group of strategically places individuals were able to halt action combating climate change
What was the political agenda of George C. Marshall Institute
To defend certain Cold War policies of then US President Ronald Reagan against critiques from the scientific community
What signaled the end of the Cold War
When the Berlin Wall came down in 1989
William Nierenberg and his other colleagues at the Marshall Institute used their ties to the president and Bush administration to
present an unpublished paper about climate change that didn’t have the support of the broader scientific community
What did the unpublished paper from William Nierenberg and his colleagues argue
that variability in solar energy, not greenhouse gases, was causing warming
What does it mean by the opposition to the Kyoto Protocol was bipartisan
Both Republicans and Democrats opposed it
2 ideas that influenced U.S. public policy regarding climate change
- Other countries need to commit action before the U.S will commit 2. Taking action to slow climate change will hurt the U.S. economy
Al Gore lost the election to Bush after
A prolonged legal battle regarding vote counts in the Florida that was settled in the U.S Supreme Court
The new Bush administration pursued a policy of
expanding global oil production in cooperation with the oil industry
The Exxon Mobil began doing what after governmental regulations of fossil fuels appeared
Funding organizations that opposed business regulations and promoted skepticism of climate science
The year 2022 was the most profitable for
Biggest Western oil companies
A 2023 poll frames the question according to the
binary choice between promoting economic growth or addressing climate change
Weather - related events found by a 2023 poll that Democrats say affects where they live
extremely hot days; droughts and water shortages; severe storms, including hurricanes; flooding; smoke from wildfires; and wildfires
What did Donald Trump say about the 2015 Paris Agreement
That it places the U.S. at a “very big economic disadvantage” and withdrew the US from the agreement
What did the Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro oversee
A rapid increase in the deforestation of the Brazilian rainforest
Reputable journalists aim for
unbiased coverage
A recent study of news broadcasts in the United Kingdom found
In 2022 that nearly a third of British broadcasters cast doubt on climate science
The caple news channel, Fox News, reports from what perspective
a conservative or Republican - leaning perspective
Where was the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
What did the Kyoto Protocol include provisions for
Countries that didn’t meet the targeted emission reductions within their own borders to help reduce emissions internationally
Procedure included in the Kyoto Protocol for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions
Registry systems to track and record emissions, reporting of annual emission inventories, and a compliance system to help parties meet their commitments
The Paris Agreement set the goal of
limiting the increase in global average temperatures to below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels
In order to accomplish the outcome of limiting the increase to 1.5 degrees C, what emissions goals are included
A peak in greenhouse gas emissions before 2025 and a 43% decline by 2030
A United Nations report from late 2022 indicated that
the current pace of emission reductions isn’t even close to putting the world on track to meet the 1.5 degrees C target by the end of the century
The Green New Deal references
the major public works investment in the 1930s known as the New Deal
Credited with revitalizing the US economy during the Great Depression
New Deal
A key idea of the Green New Deal
Financial investment in mitigating climate change could boost new and existing industries and the economy as a whole
Provided the largest source of government funding for climate-related issues in US history
IRA
The IRA provided around $369 billion in climate funding directed to
energy, transportation, and agriculture
Produced 12% of global energy
Wind and solar
When hiccups occur, climate skeptics sometimes argue
that climate solutions are worse than climate problems in order to stall effort at change and protect status quo
What opportunity did the IRA provide for Louisiana
to build carbon capture infrasturcture
The categories of investment which the Justice40 Initiative applies to
climate change, clean energy and energy efficiency, clean transit, affordable and sustainable housing, training and workforce development, remediation and reduction of legacy pollution, and the development of critical clean water and wastewater infrastructure
Supporters of the Dakota Access Pipeline contended it would
Create new jobs and contribute to the US economy
Protestor to the Dakota Access Pipeline did what
Camped near the construction site and waged legal battle to stop the proposed construction
The route of the Dakota Access Pipeline
Passed under the Missouri River at a location that is vital for protecting the drinking water of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation
What would be damaged by the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline
cultural and religious sites and people’s physical and spiritual health
