Soc chp 3-4 test

Question 1

Thomas Hobbes vs. John Locke’s ideas of the state of nature and the social contract

Answer 1

Thomas Hobbes said the state of nature was a time when people were left entirely to themselves. He described the state of nature to be fairly miserable because according to Hobbes people had no notions of right and wrong so life was a war of every man against every man. John Locke also believed that people who lived in the state of nature were free to do whatever they want, but unlike Hobbes, Locke believed that the people in the state of nature had 3 natural rights, life, liberty, and property. Locke also believed that in the state of nature humans followed a moral law, a “natural law”, that required them to respect the rights of others.

Question 2

Locke’s role for government

Answer 2

Locke came up with the idea that in the state of nature people made a social contract with each other and formed the commonwealth. By doing this they agreed to give up some of their liberties (not liberty itself) in order to preserve their life and property. Locke’s thought is called liberalism. To Locke and other liberal thinkers, the government exists to make sure that every person may exercise his rights with as much freedom as possible.

Question 3

French and Indian War

Answer 3

The French and Indian war started when the French began building fortresses in land that the English claimed to own, as the French claimed it was actually their land. This all led to the French and Indian war, where they fought over this land, and at the beginning of this war it was going pretty bad for the English until William Pitt became secretary of state and prime minister of Great Britain, leading the English to victory. This war led to extreme debt in Great Britain since the war had cost so much.

Question 4

Causes of Revolutionary War

Answer 4

Some of the Revolutionary War causes were an extreme amount of taxes that were placed on the American Colonies that they thought were unfair as they thought they were not being treated as Englishmen. Some of the taxes placed on them were the Stamp Act which forced them to pay a tax on all legal documents, Declaratory Act which stated that the colonists only had rights that parliament granted them, and the Quartering Act required Boston citizens to house soldiers.

Question 5

Loyalists vs Patriots

Answer 5

Loyalists are people who support the crown while patriots are people who support the revolution and oppose the crown.

Question 6

Treaty that ends the war

Answer 6

Treaty of Paris

Question 7

Outcomes of Firsts and Second Continental Congress

Answer 7

The first Continental congress resulted in the writing of a Declaration of Resolves, which redressed grievances from the mother country. The second Continental Congress resulted in the designation of colonial troops around Boston as the provisional army although the colonies insisted they did not seek independence from Great Britain.

Question 8

Advantages and disadvantages for Loyalist troops and British troops (gear, weapons, strategy)

Answer 8

Some advantages for loyalist and british troops are that they had proper training, money, and trained generals. Some disadvantages are they are not used to the terrain in America with its forests, heavy uniforms and supplies (slowing them down), bright uniforms making them easier to spot, they were unused to the style of fighting that the Americans used as they hid in bushes and trees camouflaged while the British were not camouflaged in there bright red uniforms.

Question 9

Modern country that Hessians came from

Answer 9

Hesse-Cassel

Question 10

4 parts of the Declaration of Independence

Answer 10

The reason for writing the document, principles of government, list of Great Britain’s violations of these principles, and explanation of the colonies tried to resolve their problems with Great Britain

Question 11

“No taxation without representation”

Answer 11

Argues that Parliament had no right to tax them since the colonies had no representation in Parliament so they could give their consent.

Question 12

Boston Massacre

Answer 12

When British soldiers fired into a mob that had been pelting them with snow and stones, killing 3 and wounding 2 Bostonians.

Question 13

Boston Tea Party

Answer 13

When Sons of Liberty had dressed as Indians and snuck onto British tea ships and dumped the tea into the harbor.

Question 14

“The Shot Heard Around the World”

Answer 14

Refers to the opening shot to the battles of Lexington and Concord which began the American Revolutionary War.

Question 15

Minute Men

Answer 15

Patriot soldiers who were expected to be ready to fight within a minute.

Question 16

Henry Knox

Answer 16

Was in charge of America’s artillery, he would strategically place cannons during battle and was an important part of the war.

Question 17

Baron Friedrich von Steuben

Answer 17

Military officer who reformed the Continental Army and turned them into professional soldiers when they were struggling during the winter.

Question 18

Valley Forge

Answer 18

Was where Washington and his army settled for the winter as they constructed log cabins and rested from the battles in 1777-1778.

Question 19

Battle at Bunker Hill

Answer 19

Was a 3 hour battle resulting in the Continental Army needing to retreat as they ran out of ammunition, and although it was technically a British victory it felt more like an American victory as the British suffered nearly 1000 casualties while Americans only 400.

Question 20

Battle of Trenton

Answer 20

Was Washington’s first victory of the war, Henry Knox surrounded the British camp with cannons and Washington with troops when the British saw they were surrounded they retreated by boat.

Question 21

Battle of Saratoga

Answer 21

Battle that prevented the attempts to control the Hudson River Valley that ended in many British casualties. Benedict Arnold led the army during that battle but when the victory was announced ,Heratio Gates took all the credit.

Question 22

Surrender at Yorktown

Answer 22

The continental army and French soldiers surrounded Cornwallis at Yorktown. Cornwallis managed to endure it for nearly a month and requested backup from Clinton, but when Clinton never came Cornwallis was forced to surrender.

Question 23

First constitution ratified by the US and why it proves ineffective

Answer 23

The Articles of Confederation, they prove ineffective because it caused Congress to have to rely on the states for revenue, so it was constantly low on money, because it gave Congress so little power they could not settle disagreements between states, they could not protect the property of loyalists and could not enforce its will on the matter, and more.