SOC 001 - Midterm #2 Flashcards
What is the violation of a social norm that elicits a reaction called?
Deviance
What are crimes committed on the job to promote personal interests called?
Occupational Crime
What is it called when corporate executives commit criminal acts to benefit the company?
Organizational Crime
What is elements of unfairness / 2 fundamental types of human behavior called?
Absolutism
What is deviance not being inherent in any particular act, belief, or condition with it instead being socially constructed called?
Hint: It is a creation of collective human judgements and ideas
Relativism
What assumes people are rational decision-makers who calculate the potential costs and benefits of a behavior before they act called?
Deterrence Theory
What is the system by which a society rank orders categories of people into a hierarchy called?
Social Stratification
What is the change in one’s social position (movement of people or groups from one level to another) within the social hierarchy called?
Social mobility
What is it called when high-status groups own land and have power based on their noble birth?
Estate (Feudal) System
What is the minimal requirements a human being needs to survive called?
Absolute Poverty
What is one’s economic position compared with the living standards of the majority in a given society called?
Relative Poverty
What is the category of individuals labeled and treated as similar because of common physical traits, such as skin color, skeletal structure, color/texture of hair, shape of eyes, nose, or head called?
Race
What is the belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups so different in their social behavior and mental and physical capacities that they can be ranked as superior or inferior?
Racism
What is the nonbiological traits - shared culture, language, history, beliefs, etc called?
Ethnicity
What is the basis of a set of rigidly held, unfavorable attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about members of a racial or ethnic group formed by stereotypes called?
Prejudice
What is the unfair treatment of people based on some social characteristics called?
Discrimination
What is it called when established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these practices have racist intentions?
Institutionalized Racism
What is the governmental party that requires organizations to draft a written plan on how they will seek out members of minority groups and women for educational and occupational positions from which they were previously excluded called?
Affirmative Action
What is is called where a gendered social system where men dominate and where masculinity is more highly valued?
Patriarchy
What is the belief that one sex (males) is superior to another (females)?
Sexism
What focuses on the interlocking systems of oppression based on race/class/gender?
Intersectionality
What is the degree to which women and men are concentrated in occupations in which workers of one sex predominate?
Occupational sex segregation
What is the invisible barrier that prevents women from rising above middle management called?
Glass Ceiling
What refers to all of the chores that need to be done once someone returns home from work on their first shift called?
Second Shift
What refers to the trend toward more equality among men and women in the labor force with two stalled?
1. Men and women aren’t splitting homemaker role
2. Employers are not providing enough family friendly policy
Stalled Revolution
What is any unwanted sexual contact obtained without consent and/or obtained through use of force, threat of force, intimidation, or coercion called?
Sexual Assault
What are all of the beliefs and practices that contribute to rape called?
Rape Culture
What is the vaginal, anal, or oral sexual intercourse carried out forcibly or under threat of injury against the will of a person, or against someone who is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid consent called?
Rape
What is men and women have different sets of rules or standards for engaging in sexual behavior called?
Sexual Double Standard
What is abusive or violent behavior within the context of an intimate relationship called?
Domestic Violence
What is the biological and/or physical characteristics that we associate with being a male and female called?
Sex
What is the social construct for personal traits and social positions that we associate with being masculine and feminine called?
Gender
What is a person’s identity in relation to gender or genders in which they are sexually attracted to called?
Sexual Orientation
What is the dislike or prejudice against gay people called?
Homophobia
What is the advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes called?
Feminism
What is an event that imposes a severe penalty on everyone for violating a norm and is often done in a social setting that inflicts the most amount of humiliation on an offender called?
Degradation Ceremony
What is the generalization and often inaccurate beliefs about the traits, characteristics, and roles that are associated with a particular gender?
Gender Stereotypes
What are the laws that require impose, fixed prison sentences for repeat offenders called?
Mandatory Sentencing
What is the principle of ensuring employees are compensated fairly for their work, regardless of demographic factors like gender, race, or ethnicity called?
Pay Equity
What is the process whereby the accused agrees to plead guilty in exchange for lowering of the charges called?
Plea Bargaining
