SOC 001 - Midterm #1 Flashcards
What are social positions we acquire at birth called? What are social positions we take on voluntarily or acquire through our own efforts or accomplishments called?
- Ascribed Status
- Achieved Status
What are some parts of society that change more quickly than others?
Cultural Lag
What is the study of human communication through the examination of texts?
Content Analysis
What is the examination of how humans interact in day-to-day life in terms of a theatrical performance (performing roles)?
Dramaturgy
What are large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently called?
Formal Organization
What is it called when an individual’s personality, or their self, is a product of social experience?
Looking Glass Self
What is the belief that cannot be proven wrong and has become so much a part of common sense that one continues to believe it even in the face of vast contrary evidence?
Incorrigible Proposition
What is a business that operates in various countries called?
Multinational Corporation
What is the consistency in a measurement called?
What asks that question “are you measuring what you intended to measure”?
- Reliability
- Validity
What group consists of the smallest number of members who have direct contact with each other over a relatively long period of time called?
What group is established for a specific task and is highly structured?
- Primary Groups
- Secondary Groups
What states that people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language?
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
What are the set of roles, statuses, groups, and organizations that provide a foundation for behavior in some major area of social life called?
Social Institutions
What is the ability to see the impact of these “forces” on our private lives called?
Sociological Imagination
What is a physical setting in which groups of individuals are separated from broader society and forced to lead an enclosed, formally administered life called?
Total Institution
What is the theoretical approach that focuses on studying observable human behavior, emphasizing how external environmental stimuli and consequences shape an individuals’ actions called?
Behaviorism
What is the principle that people’s beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture?
Cultural Relativism
What is the process by which culture is passed down from one generation to the next?
Cultural Transmission
What is it when people are inclined to evaluate other cultures in comparison to their own?
Ethnocentrism
What is the bias that can occur in data when people modify their behavior, either deliberately or subconsciously, because they know they’re being studied called?
Hawthorne Effect
What are the events, characteristics, or behaviors that can be observed or quantified called?
Indicator
What includes physical artifacts and objects that shape or reflect the lives of members of a particular society?
What includes nonphysical products of society that are created over time and shared?
Include examples for both
- Material Cultures - clothing, food, architecture, etc
- Nonmaterial Cultures - beliefs, customs, knowledge, values, morals, etc
What are things that specify what people should do and how they should pursue values?
Hint: They are rules or expectations that guide human behavior
What are informal social norms for day-to-day behaviors?
What are formal norms that have moral and legal significance?
- Norms
- Folkways
- Mores
What is the nonnumeric information, actions, or events in social life called?
Qualitative Research
What is the ability to use other people’s perspectives and expectations in formulating one’s own behavior called?
Role Taking
What is the assumption or prediction that, purely as a result of being made, causes the expected event to occur and thus confirms the prophecy’s own accuracy?
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
What is the framework of society that exists above the level of individuals and provides the social setting in which individuals interact with one another to form relationships?
Social Structure
What is it called when two variables appear to be related, but in reality there is a third factor (confounding variable) that is affecting them both?
Spurious Relationships
What is the situation in which an individual depletes a resource and ultimately harms an entire community dependent on it, even if they’re aware of the negative consequences?
Tragedy of the Commons
What is an organized group working towards a goal and uses rules and procedures to manage work called?
Bureaucracy
What are the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system?
Cultural Integration
What is the personal disorientation or discomfort when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life?
Culture Shock
What is the focus on how our interactions create meaning and how we make sense of our surroundings called?
Ethnomethodology
What is it called when where we’re influenced about how other perceive us?
Impression Management
What are intended and recognized consequences of a social pattern called?
What are unintended and unrecognized consequences of a social pattern called?
- Manifest Functions
- Latent Functions
What is the process by which principles of fast food are dominating more and more parts of society?
McDonaldization
What are factors outside of an organization/company that affect the operation within called?
Organizational Environment
What is the numeric data that relies on precise statistical analysis called?
Quantitative Research
What are the direct social responses to some behaviors called?
Sanctions
What is the process through which facts, knowledge, truth, etc are discovered, made known, reaffirmed, and altered by members of society?
Social Construction of Reality
What is the process of learning called?
Socialization
What is the set of statements or propositions that seeks to explain or predict a particular area of social life called?
Theory
