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Science > SNC2D Biology Test #2 > Flashcards

SNC2D Biology Test #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which form different types of cells when they divide.

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2
Q

What is cellular differentiation?

A

As multicelled life develops from an zygote, the cell divisions cause specialized cells to form at specific points during development . (This is directed by information contained within the cell’s DNA.)

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3
Q

What are Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

Embryonic Stem Cells are stem cells that are found in developing fetuses and can differentiate into all the different types of cells in the body (approx 220).

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4
Q

What are Tissue Stem cells?

A

Tissue Stem cells generally been believed to just produce cells of similar tissues. (example: Skin stem cells would only produce cells found in the several layers of skin.) However a recent example has shown this isn’t necessarily true (skin cells used to produce red blood cells at McGill University last year).

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5
Q

What are tissues?

A

Single simple cells of a type are found next to each other.

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6
Q

What are the four main types of tissues?

A

There are 4 main types of tissues:

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nerve
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7
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

‘Skin’ tissues of several kinds.

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8
Q

What are connective tissues?

A

Cells and fibres held together by a matrix.

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9
Q

What are muscle tissues?

A

Bundles of cells which can contract.

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10
Q

What are nerve tissues?

A

Many branched cells capable of conducting electricity.

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11
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are collections of several tissues that work together to perform a function. (Skin is made of several kinds of skin tissue.)

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12
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Organ Systems are collections of several organs which together perform a vital function for the body. (Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous etc.)

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13
Q

What are root systems?

A

Root systems collect water and minerals from their surroundings and anchor the plant. Sometimes like in carrots or potatoes, they are used to store nutrients, and occasionally are used in asexual reproduction.

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14
Q

What are shoot systems?

A

Shoot systems are generally specialized towards above ground structure, photosynthesis and reproduction.

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15
Q

What are the two types of plant systems?

A

Root systems and shoot systems.

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16
Q

What are the three parts of a shoot system?

A

The flower, the stem and the leaf.

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17
Q

What is a stem?

A

Stems support leaves and flowers and provide a transportation system between the shoot and the root.

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18
Q

What is a flower?

A

Flowers are specialized for sexual reproduction. The flowers can be male (with pollen (sperm)), female (with eggs) or androgynous.

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19
Q

What are leaves?

A

Leaves are the main centers for photosynthesis (production of sugar and O2 from CO2, water and sunlight). Leaves are often an important source of food and medicines for animals.

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20
Q

What are dermal tissues?

A

Dermal Tissues are the outer cells of plants.

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21
Q

What are epidermal tissues?

A

Epidermal tissues are dermal tissues found on leaves and roots.

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22
Q

What are peridermal tissue?

A

Peridermal tissues are the type of dermal tissue that forms bark.

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23
Q

What are Vascular Tissues?

A

Vascular Tissues move fluids, chemical nutrients and minerals around the plant. These tissues extend as the plant grows.

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24
Q

What is xylem?

A

Xylem allow fluids to move up from the roots. They used to be complete cells when forming but eventually lose their organelles and become hollow tubes. Xylem is a vascular tissue.

25
Q

What is phloem?

A

Phloem transport fluids containing sugars from photosynthesis around the plant where needed. They never lose their organelles. Phloem is a vascular tissue.

26
Q

What are Ground Tissues?

A

Ground Tissues are cells which fill the space between Dermal and Vascular Tissues and are used for nutrient manufacture and carbohydrate (sugar) storage.

27
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is almost the exact opposite process as respiration in animals, and one of the main functions of the plant tissue systems is to make sure it happens.

28
Q

What is spongy mesophyll?

A

Spongy mesophyll is found directly beneath the epidermis of the leaves. There are spaces in the spongy mesophyll layer to allow gas exchange to more easily take place.

29
Q

What are stomata?

A

Openings on the bottom of a leaf that gas enters through.

30
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Guard cells are the specialized cells that are found in pairs surrounding the stomata openings. They open when they are swollen with water and close when they have less water.

31
Q

What are meristems?

A

Meristems in plants are like stem cells in animals.

32
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

Apical meristems are found at the tips of roots and shoots. They are initially undifferentiated, but become differentiated as the get larger.

33
Q

What are lateral meristems?

A

Lateral meristems are ones which are found around stems and roots, which allow them to become wider. They are usually only found on woody plants (ones with bark). The phloem tissues are found closest to the bark, and xylem tissues are in deeper. The rings seen in a tree are old xylem tissues.

34
Q

What are the two types of meristems?

A

Apical and lateral.

35
Q

What is vegetative plant reproduction?

A

Sometimes, when plants reproduce, they do not do so using seeds. Rather, the plants put out special roots or shoots to develop into new plants. The new plant is a clone of the old. Vegetative plant reproduction is made possible by meristems.

36
Q

What are two things agricultural scientists use to clone plants through hormone treatments?

A

They might use cuttings or even just tissue sample from the plant.

37
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

A

The main purpose of the respiratory organ system is to inhale oxygen from the air to be transferred to the bloodstream, so that they can distribute it through the body. The respiratory system also converts oxygen into nutrients for the body, and removes carbon dioxide from the body by exhaling.
The respiratory system also assists in cough production and vocalization.

38
Q

Name all 9 parts/organs in the respiratory system.

A

(1) Nose & Mouth
(2) Pharynx
(3) Larynx
(4) Trachea (wind pipe)
(5) Bronchi (bronchus)
(6) Lungs
(7) Alveoli
(8) Rib Cage
(9) Diaphragm

39
Q

What is the function of the lungs in the respiratory system?

A

They take in oxygen to be delivered to the bloodstream and take out the carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream that your body has produced as a waste and removes it from the body by exhaling. Lungs contain alveoli.

40
Q

What is the function of the mouth/nose in the respiratory system?

A

As the entrance to the respiratory tract, its function is to inhale and exhale.

41
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The larynx is referred to as the ‘voice box’ or ‘sound box’.

42
Q

What is the function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

A

Their main function is gas exchange. n dioxide removed from it and replaced with fresh oxygen. Once this has happened, the blood with the oxygen in it is sent to the heart which then pumps it all around the body.

43
Q

What is the function of the trachea in the respiratory system?

A

Also known as the windpipe, the trachea is a tube-like structure that allows air to pass from the larynx to the bronchi.

44
Q

What is the function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?

A

Found behind the mouth, it is the passage to the stomach and the lungs. It is part of both the respiratory system as well as the digestive system. Its role in the respiratory system is to provide a passageway for air to travel from the nose or mouth to the trachea.

45
Q

What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?

A

A major function of the bronchi is to allow air to pass through them and enter the lungs. The bronchi are found at the point where the trachea (wind pipe) split into two so that air can be delivered to both lungs.

46
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?

A

The main function of the diaphragm is to help in breathing. When you inhale, your diaphragm contracts and gives more space for air.

47
Q

What is the main function of the rib cage in the respiratory system?

A

The rib cage protects your lungs. It also helps the lungs to draw in air.

48
Q

Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least complexity?

a) cell, tissue, organ system, organ, organism
b) cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
c) organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell
d) organism, organ, organ system, tissue, cell

A

c) organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell

49
Q

Which tissue type covers and protects the human body?

a) nerve
b) muscle
c) epithelial
d) connective

A

c) epithelial

50
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

a) carbon dioxide and water
b) glucose and oxygen
c) oxygen and water
d) water and glucose

A

b) glucose and oxygen

51
Q

Plant cells that differentiate into specialized tissues are called:

a) epidermal cells
b) meristematic cells
c) stomata cells
d) transgenic cells

A

b) meristematic cells

52
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of the circulatory system?

a) It transports body cells to new locations
b) It transports metabolic wastes from cells
c) It transports nutrients to the cells
d) It transports oxygen to the cells

A

a) The circulatory system does NOT transport body cells to new locations.

53
Q

What is the function of ground tissues in plants?

A

Ground tissues fill empty spaces and are used for storage in the plant.

54
Q

What type of cells might be useful in helping a spinal cord injury heal in the future and why whould this cell type be useful?

A
  • Stem cells would be useful to help this injury heal
  • a spinal cord is made up of nerve cells, which can’t reproduce
  • however, stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells like nerve cells.
  • this is like how embryonic stem cells in fetuses can differentiate into any type of cell in the entire body.
55
Q

What is cartilage? What is its function?

A

Cartilage is a connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and can be considered a substitute for bone.

56
Q

What is bone tissue? What is its function?

A

Bone tissue gives the body structure. The dark middles are the cells, and calcium surrounds them.

57
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium? What is its function?

A

Forms a protective barrier around a gland.

58
Q

What are guard cells and what are their function?

A

Guard cells are paired cells that open and close the stomata on the lower epidermis of a leaf to regulate gas exchange.

59
Q

What is adipose and what is its function?

A

Adipose is fat. Its function is to store energy.

Science (20 decks)

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