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Science > SNC2D Biology Test #1 > Flashcards

SNC2D Biology Test #1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

This is the part of the cell cycle where DNA in the nucleus divides. It has four steps.

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2
Q

What is prophase?

A

Prophase is a step in mitosis. DNA in the disappearing nucleus compacts and forms chromosomes. Copies made during interphase means that the chromosomes are made of two identical chromatids held together at a centromere.

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3
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Metaphase is a step in mitosis. Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell. This is caused by spindle fibres which will later pull the chromosome apart.

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4
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Anaphase is a step in mitosis. Centromere splits and the separate chromatids (daughter chromosomes now) pull apart.

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5
Q

What is telophase?

A

Telophase is a step in mitosis. Chromosomes ‘decompact’ and new nuclei form.

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6
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cells begin to grow and divide out of control.

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7
Q

What causes cancer?

A

It is caused by various reasons, sometimes environmental, sometimes inherited from parents.

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8
Q

What is interphase?

A

The majority of the cells life is spent in this part of the cycle. The cell grows, collects nutrients, gets rid of waste and makes new organelles and copies of its genetic material.

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9
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm separates and two new ‘daughter cells’ are now formed. A step in mitosis.

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10
Q

What are mutations?

A

Mutations are changes that can occur in the DNA of living things. They occasionally occur during cell division. They often cause the cell to die, but sometimes mutations are beneficial. If the mutation occurs in part of the DNA that controls cell division, cancer occurs.

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11
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A tumour is what is produced as cells begin to grow and reproduce out of control.

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12
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

If a tumour affects surrounding cells and tissues it is considered malignant. It can be even more dangerous if metastasis occurs.

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13
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The breaking up and spreading of a tumour.

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14
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Carcinogens are environmental factors such as chemical exposure, radiation (X-ray, UV light) or even viruses.

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15
Q

Describe cytoplasm and its function in a cell.

A

Mostly made of water/salt water. Allows the organelles to move around within the cell, and stores substances until the cell needs them.

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16
Q

Describe the centrioles and their function in the cell.

A

Paired, barrel-like crystal shapes. They help in cell division.

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17
Q

Describe the mitochondrion and its function in the cell.

A

Called a “power house.” There are many mitochondria in a cell. They contain enzymes used in cellular respiration and make energy available to the cell.

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18
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum and its function in a cell.

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubes and pockets running throughout the cytoplasm. It is connected to the nucleus and the tubes move things like protein throughout the cell. It is kind of like a communication network.

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19
Q

Describe the cell membrane and its function in the cell.

A

The most outer layer of an animal cell, and just inside the cell wall of a plant cell. Protects and supports the cell and allows certain substances in and out of the cell, like a ‘gate keeper.’

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20
Q

Describe the golgi body and its function in a cell.

A

The golgi body is a sort of squiggly, oval shaped organelle that collects and processes things that need to be taken out of the cell.

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21
Q

Describe the chloroplast and its function in a cell.

A

A usually green organelle containing chlorophyll and found only in plants. It absorbs light energy to be used in photosynthesis.

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22
Q

Describe the vacuole and its function in a cell.

A

A vacuole is a membrane enclosing fluid in a sac. It stores things like food or waste until the cell uses them.

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23
Q

Describe the nucleus and its function in a cell.

A

The brain of the cell. A spherical structure that contains DNA which has coded instructions for cell activity.

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24
Q

Describe the cell wall and its function in a cell.

A

The outer layer just outside the cell membrane. Found only in a plant cell, it gives the cell structure and protects and supports it.

25
Q

Describe the nuclear membrane and its function in a cell.

A

A circular membrane that surround the nucleus. It protects the nucleus and controls the flow in and out of it.

26
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are cells with a nucleus and separate organelles.

27
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes are cells without a nucleus or other definite organelles (bacteria).

28
Q

Explain/define cells and the cell theory.

A

Cells are believed to be the simplest form of life, they have most or all of the properties of living things. (Scientists aren’t sure about viruses, since they can’t reproduce by themselves.)

29
Q

What are the 3 parts to the Cell Theory?

A

CELL THEORY –

  1. All living things are made of one or more cells
  2. A cell is the simplest unit that can carry out life processes
  3. All cells must come from other cells
30
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

In asexual reproduction, the offspring end up with the same genetic material as the parent and is usually identical to the parent. In multicellular organisms, asexual reproduction occurs for growth and to replace damaged cells.

31
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Cells divide so that they contain only half the genetic material of their parent (half-cells or gametes). Two separate gametes from two different parents can then combine two make a new cell with some characteristics of both parents.

32
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water moving through the cell membrane. Osmosis is part of the growth of an organelle, and it no longer occurs once the cell becomes too big.

33
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Cells get what they need to live because gases and nutrients pass (diffuse) through the cell membrane. Diffusion is part of the growth of an organelle, and it no longer occurs once the cell becomes too big.

34
Q

What is the purpose in the Scientific Method?

A

The purpose of the experiment is stated at the beginning of a lab report. What is the experiment about, what are you trying to find out?

35
Q

What is the cell cycle (and what are its different steps)?

A

Single cells as they grow and divide have a life cycle, just as do multicellular organisms, this is the Cell Cycle. (The steps of the cell cycle include interphase, which lasts the longest, and then cell division, which includes mitosis.)

36
Q

How should a cell diagram/microscope drawing be set up?

A

The circle with the diagram of what you see should be on the left, and the labels on the right. The info box should be in the bottom right hand corner.

37
Q

What is the formula to calculate total magnification?

A

Total Mag. = Eyepiece Mag. x Objective Mag.

38
Q

What is the stage?

A

The stage is the part of the microscope that the slide is set on. Located just below the objective lenses.

39
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A part of the scientific method that should be included in a lab report. What you think is going to happen and why. To be thought of before the experiment is carried out.

40
Q

What are materials?

A

Part of a lab report and the scientific method. List of all materials used in the experiment. Categorize whether they are measuring tools, experimental hardware, chemicals, electrical etc. if possible.

41
Q

What is the procedure?

A

Part of a lab report/the scientific method. How you are going to find the answer to the purpose, step by step. Sometimes you need to include why you perform each step and how it will help you answer your purpose.

42
Q

What are observations?

A

Your experimental data, in chart or graph form if possible, which you obtained using measuring tools and your senses. This section should include any calculations which had to be made, showing at least one example of how each different calculation was done. Units must be included.

43
Q

What is the discussion?

A

. The Discussion should give any changes you could do to improve the experiment, or anything else of interest which you discovered outside the purpose.

44
Q

What is the conclusion?

A

Did you find out what you were trying to find out, yes or no and why. It should summarize the PURPOSE of the experiment, and include quantities which were calculated.

45
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is a cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell.

46
Q

What is the formula to calculate higher power F.O.V.?

A

Mag. Low / Mag. High + F.O.V. Low = F.O.V. High

47
Q

________________ are the simplest form of life, they have all the characteristics of living things.

A

_ Cells _

48
Q

The growth and division of a cell is called the _________ ____________. One of the characteristics of life is its ability to reproduce. When a cell begins to divide, the process is called ____________.

A

_ cell _ , _ cycle _ , _ mitosis ._

49
Q

When cells begin to grow out of control, it is called ___________. It can be caused by changes in the cell’s DNA called ___________, which are often caused by environmental or chemical factors called ____________.

A

_ cancer _, _ mutations _, _ carcinogens _ .

50
Q

__________ ___________ are undifferentiated cells, and form different types of cells when they divide.

A

_ stem _ _ cells _

51
Q

True or False? Animals and plants both possess systems that must work independently to accomplish complex tasks.

A

false

52
Q

True or False? The stomata open and close holes in a leaf and allow the plant to exchange gases.

A

False, the stomata are the holes themselves, the guard cells are what open and close.

53
Q

True or False? The circulatory and respiratory systems combine to work together in the exchange of gases in the alveoli.

A

True.

54
Q

True or False? The brain is an example of muscle tissue.

A

False

55
Q

True or False? Plants have two main body systems.

A

True, root and shoot systems.

56
Q

Name 4 causes for cancer.

A
  1. Sunbathing or sun tanning can cause skin cancer.
  2. Carcinogens found in the air we breathe and food we eat.
  3. Inherited cancer from parents.
  4. Smoking can cause lung cancer.
57
Q

Name 4 lifestyle choices you can make to help prevent cancer.

A
  1. Eat foods that are fresh and don’t contain preservatives, and are perhaps even organic
  2. Stay shaded from the sun by wearing light clothing that covers your skin, wear a hat and stay in the shade. Also, sunscreen.
  3. Not smoking
  4. Get regular doctor check-ups and perform self-checks as well.
58
Q
A

Science (20 decks)

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