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Science > SCIE 1P51 Midterm > Flashcards

SCIE 1P51 Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

From what virus does smallpox originate?

A

variola virus

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2
Q

Name four major effects of smallpox

A

Pustules on the eyes and skin, scarring, blindness, and infertility

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3
Q

What is Lady Mary Montagu known for?

A

variolation

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4
Q

Where did Montagu “discover” variolation? how/why?

A

much of the turkish population was not susceptible to smallpox because they were deliberately introducing children to smallpox

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5
Q

What happened when Turkish children were exposed to smallpox pus and scabs?

A
  1. Mild symptoms after 8 days, including fever and mild lesions
  2. Child recovers and becomes immune
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6
Q

What doctor was involved in Lady Mary Montagu’s variolation trials, including one on her own son?

A

Dr. Charles Maitland

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7
Q

Which scientist is primarily associated with vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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8
Q

What first observation lead Jenner to creating a vaccine?

A

Noticed that milkmaids, who had suffered cowpox, were immune to smallpox

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9
Q

What treatment did Jenner conduct on 8 year old James Phipps?

A

injected (essentially, vaccinated) him with pus from a milkmaid suffering with cowpox; he was later variolated for smallpox and developed no symptoms.

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10
Q

How many people and children did Jenner have vaccinated? Where was it used further?

A

25 adults, 9 children. It was also taken to the New World and used in Newfoundland by Jenner’s colleague, John Clinch

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11
Q

What happened as a result of Jenner’s success with the smallpox vaccine? (4 points)

A
  1. Variolation was prohibited, 2. British government gave Jenner funding, 3. smallpox was not defeated, 4. but a concerted effort by governments and the World Health Organization in the 60s and 70s
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12
Q

How many cases of smallpox were reported per year in 1950 vs. in 1967?

A

50 million in 1950, 15 million in 1967

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13
Q

When and where did the last “natural” case of smallpox occur?

A

1977, Somalia

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14
Q

Name 7 different components that can be included in a vaccine

A
  1. live virus 2. deactivated virus 3. toxoids 4. purified viral proteins 5. preservatives 6. adjuvants 7. additives to stable live, attenuated viruses
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15
Q

Name a type of live virus

A

measles, mumps, rubella

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16
Q

Name a deactivated virus

A

polio

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17
Q

Name a vaccine with toxoids

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis

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18
Q

Name a vaccine with purified viral proteins

A

Hepatitis B

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19
Q

Name 6 steps of testing vaccines

A
  1. safety
  2. animal model (mice, then non-human primates)
  3. human testing
  4. Monitoring for safety and adverse reactions/events
  5. Vaccine licensed for use by gov. regulators
  6. Post-license safety surveillance
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20
Q

What does the CAEFISS stand for?

A

Canadian Adverse Effects Following Immunization Surveillance System

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21
Q

What are the four steps to making/growing a heart?

A
  1. remove heart from donor
  2. wash heart in detergent to remove heart cells
  3. collagen “skeleton” of heart is left behind
  4. Stem cells are taken from patient and grown in dish of nutrients
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22
Q

Who is associated with growing a rat heart and how?

A

Doris Taylor & coworkers, using organ itself as a template

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23
Q

Define tissue engineering

A

the application of engineering and genetics towards the development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve functions of human tissue

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24
Q

Name 4 basic tools for tissue engineering

A

cells, proteins (growth factors), Extracellular Matrix (ECM), scaffolds

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25
Q

What can scaffolds be made of?

A

natural or synthetic biomaterials

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26
Q

Which types of cells have high potential to regenerate?

A

liver, skin

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27
Q

Which types of cells have moderate potential to regenerate?

A

bone, muscle

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28
Q

Which types of cells have low potential to regenerate?

A

brain, heart

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29
Q

Name 4 advantages to using embryonic stem cells

A
  1. Can grow into virtually any tissue
  2. indefinite proliferation (keep on replicating)
  3. only known normal cell with this characteristic
  4. amenable to genetic manipulation
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30
Q

What does “amenable to genetic manipulation” mean?

A

if there is a genetic disorder within the family, these cells can be altered at the embryonic stage to remove the error in gene sequence to eliminate the genetic disorder

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31
Q

Name 4 disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A
  1. allogenic - aka must be taken from another person before given to patient
  2. possible teratoma formation (tumors)
  3. differentiation pathways unknown
  4. ethical concerns
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32
Q

Name 5 advantages of adult stem cells

A
  1. many types and sources
  2. no ethical concerns
  3. some may have self-renewal potential
  4. default differentiation pathways
  5. amenable to genetic manipulation
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33
Q

2 Disadvantages of adult stem cell use

A
  1. most have limited self-renewal

2. probably limited differentiation outside lineage

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34
Q

Name 5 typical adverse events?

A

Meningitis, Seizures, Stroke, Anaphylaxis, Allergic Reactions

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35
Q

What does GAVI stand for?

A

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization

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36
Q

What diseases do not have effective vaccines?

A

HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Ebola

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37
Q

When did the first account of Ebola take place?

A

1976 (in a 44 year old man-died 14 days after infection)

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38
Q

When was Ebola isolated? And by whom?

A

Johnson et al. 1977

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39
Q

What is thought to be the reservoir of the Ebola virus?

A

Fruit Bats

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40
Q

What are the 5 variations of the Ebola virus?

A 
Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV)
Bundibuggo Ebolavirus (BDBV)
Sudan Ebolavirus (SUDV)
Tai Forest Ebolavirus (TAFV)
Reston Ebolavirus (RESTV)
41
Q

What is presently occurring with Ebola and where?

A

West Africa outbreak-2014

8,371 deaths

42
Q

What is the Johnson and Johnson’s Ebola vaccine effective in?

A

monkeeys

43
Q

What are the 3 contending Ebola vaccines currently in trial?

A

Johnson and Johnson’s
GalxoSmithKline’s
Merck’s

44
Q

What is the Johnson and Johnson Ebola vaccine made up of?

A

Modified version of the human cold virus and smallpox virus, with Ebola genetic material to elicit immune response

45
Q

What is the GlaxoSmithKline’s Ebola vaccine effective in?

A

MONKEEYS

46
Q

What is the Merck’s Ebola vaccine effective in?

A

monkeys

47
Q

What is the GlaxoSmithKline vaccine made up of?

A

Modified version of a monkey cold virus, and immune eliciting Ebola virus proteins

48
Q

What does the Merck’s Ebola vaccine consist of?

A

VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus), with gene codes replaced with the outer protein of the Zaire Virus

49
Q

Where is the current measles outbreak? How many cases and why is it occurring?

A

California, 51 cases

Caused by unvaccinated children

50
Q

What was originally thought to be linked to Autism?

A

Thimerosal, a mercury based preservative

51
Q

What is the MMR vaccine?

A

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

52
Q

What is Thimerosal metabolized into?

A

Ethylmercury, which is excreted faster than methylmercury

53
Q

What vaccines currently contain Thimerosal?

A

Influenza, meingicoccal, Japanese encepholitis, Pneumococcal Polysaccharide, Diphtheria Tetanus

54
Q

Whose paper was retracted based on fraudulent research about Autism and vaccines?

A

William Wakefeild- 1998, retracted in 2010

55
Q

Why was William Wakefeilds paper on Autism and vaccines fraudulent?

A

research was based on a selected 12 cases, Wakefeild was payed to do so, he was working on a rival vaccine

56
Q

Until the 1850’s how was tobacco smoked?

A

In pipes, sniffed or snuffed and chewed

57
Q

When was the Industrial Cigarette machine made, and by whom?

A

1880, James Albert Bonsack

120,000/day

58
Q

when was the first controlled study of Tobacco done?

A

Germany, 1939 by Franz Muller (no one cared cause he is german yo)

59
Q

In relation to Tobacco, what occurred in 1954 based on its possible negative effects?

A

1) British Medical Council blamed Tobacco as a cause of cancer
2) Tobacco companies formed Tobacco Research Council

60
Q

What did the 1998 Landmark ruling entail?

A

Minnesota state government and insurance companies took tobacco industry to court, documents were leaked to the public resulting in a database of Tobacco research

61
Q

What does TSNA stand for?

A

Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines

62
Q

PAHs

A

Polycyclic Aromatic Carbons :0

63
Q

How many chemical and carcinogens are known to be in cigarets or their smoke?

A

over 3,000 chemicals

30 known carcinogens

64
Q

When was Tobacco listed as a drug?

A

1890- a psychostimulant and mood modulator

65
Q

What are the 4 main additives in Tobacco Products?

A

10% by weight:
Levulinic Acid (smoother and less irritating)
Flavouring (chocolate, cocoa and liquorice)
Bronchodilators (expand the lungs)
Menthol (cools, numbs throat-less irritation)

66
Q

What is free basing?

A

adding chemicals to change the pH of cigarettes to deliver nicotine faster

67
Q

How is free-basing done?

A

Ammonium salts are added to the tobacco mix and into filters to convert more nicotine into its addictive form

68
Q

What happens inside the body when nicotine is inhaled due to free basing?

A

Nicotine is absorbed from lungs to pulmonary veins, enters the bloodstream in 10 seconds, easily crosses the blood-brain barrier

69
Q

What also happens in the body of a pregnant woman when nicotine is inhaled due to free basing?

A

nicotine crosses the placenta freely and appears in breast milk in concentrations double those found in the blood

70
Q

What is the consequence of maternal smoking on a fetus?

A

nicotine gets into fetal brain

71
Q

Name 5 increased risks children are susceptible to when exposed to second hand smoke?

A
  1. sudden infant death syndrome
  2. lower respiratory tract infections
  3. ear infections
  4. asthma
  5. becoming smokers
72
Q

Where is nicotine metabolized?

A

the liver

73
Q

What is the major metabolite of nicotine?

A

cotinine

74
Q

What percentage of nicotine is converted to cotinine?

A

80%

75
Q

what is the half life of cotinine?

A

20 hours

76
Q

What biomarkers are used to measure presence of cotinine in the body?

A

blood and urine

77
Q

How does tobacco cause cancer?

A

Carcinogenic compounds in tobacco products interfere with our cell processes

78
Q

How many people will die each year due to the effects of tobacco by 2020?

A

10 million

79
Q

What 3 things does the 1997 Tobacco Act cover?

A

Health warning signs, sales to minors and advertisement at point of sale

80
Q

What bans exist on smoking in Canada?

A

all provinces have smoking bans for public areas, and Bill 11 bans smoking in vehicles with minors

81
Q

What action was Canada the first to take in order to decrease the popularity of smoking?

A

graphic images of health impacts related to tobacco on product packaging

82
Q

Genetic material must: (4 points)

A
  1. be able to replicate
  2. hold information
  3. be changeable
  4. able to read
83
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

body cells

84
Q

What are gametes or germ cells?

A

reproductive cells

85
Q

Which three main categories of cells must be renewed?

A

somatic cells, gametes, and stem cells

86
Q

What are the four different types of potentials that cells can have?

A

unipotent, multipotent, pluripotent and totipotent (i don’t even know)

87
Q

What are unipotent stem cells?

A

adult cells such as skin stem cells

88
Q

What are multipotent stem cells?

A

adult cells such as hematopoietic cells (different blood cells)

89
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

adult or fetal stem cells

90
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

blastocysts, embryonic stem cells

91
Q

Name at least 5 different tissues that adult stem cells become

A

bone marrow, brain, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, epithelia of skin, cornea, dental pulp of teeth, retina, liver, pancreas, fat

92
Q

Name 5 cell processes that cells must be engineered to perform through tissue engineering

A

cell replication, cell differentiation, cell mobility, cell apoptosis (death), and cell adhesion

93
Q

What does EGF stand for

A

epidermal growth factor

94
Q

what does FGF stand for

A

fibroblast growth factor

95
Q

What are two types of polymeric Biomaterial Scaffolds?

A

Chitosan and alginate

96
Q

What is Chitosan derived from?

A

exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects

97
Q

What is alginate derived from?

A

algae

98
Q

What pair published a link between Lung cancer and smoking? When?

A

Hill and Doll (1950)

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