Smallies Flashcards
Which direction does the vagina in the dog go?
Dorsally first, then horizontal
What two structures must you avoid when inserting catheter into dog vagina?
Fornix and clitoral fossa
What do dog ovaries look like on ultrasound during oestrus?
Hypoechoic with multiple anechoic follicles
When can you see the corpus luteum on a dog ultrasound?
During metoestrus
Why do dogs have multiple CLs?
Multiple ovulations
What causes tight copulation lock in the male dog?
Enlarged bulbus glandis
What direction is the vagina in the cat?
Horizontal
What do epithelial spikes on the male cat penis do?
Stimulate ovulation
What stimulates the presence of epithelial spikes in the male cat?
Testosterone
What time is first heat in small-medium dogs?
6-8 months
What time is first heat in giant breeds?
18-20 months
What time is first heat in large greyhounds?
20-24 months
Where are dog testicles at birth?
Intra-abdominal
How soon do dog testicles pass through inguinal canal?
3-4 days
How soon do dog testicles descend?
14 days, up to 35 days at latest
What age is puberty in male dogs?
6 months
What age is puberty in larger male dogs?
Up to 12 months
By what age do spermatozoa appear in male dogs?
7-9 months
By what age does testosterone increase in the male dog?
24 weeks
By what age does testosterone reach its adult level in the male dog?
32 weeks
At what age do female cats reach puberty?
2.3-2.5kg (6-9 months)
What influences puberty in female cats?
Photoperiod
What age do male cats reach puberty?
2.5kg (8-10 months)
Which kind of cat breeds reach puberty earlier?
Oriental
Which kind of cat breeds reach puberty later?
Long haired and Manx
What kind of oestrus do bitches have?
Non-seasonally monoestrous
What is average inter-oestrous interval in dogs?
6-7 months
What is inter-oestrous interval like in GSDs and Rottweilers?
Very short (4-5 months)
What is inter-oestrous interval like in Tibetan Mastiff?
Very long (every 12 months)
What is behaviour like during pro-oestrus?
Visible vaginal discharge, enlarged vulva, but doesn’t allow mating
What changes are there 9 days after pro-oestrus?
Discharge becomes straw-coloured and becomes more interested in mating
Which dog breeds have abundant discharge?
Large - Rottweilers, Boxers, Mastiffs
Which dog breeds have limited pro-oestrus discharge?
Maltese and Lhasa Apso
What causes excessive discharge (dripping)?
Hyper-oestrogenisation
How do you treat hyper-oestrogenisation?
hCG to induce ovulation
What is the maximum vulval swelling should be?
2-3x the normal size
Which breeds commonly have excessive swelling?
Large breeds
Which kind of dogs have more visible vulval swelling?
Short haired dogs
How can you identify ovulation?
Preovulatory luteinisation - detectable progesterone just before ovulation
What phase is the canine oocyte ovulated in?
M2 phase
How long after ovulation is fertilisation complete in the dog?
48-72 hours
Why can you not use P4 (progesterone) as a pregnancy test?
Profiles in pregnant and non-pregnant are the same
What are indicator cells for cytology in pro-oestrus?
RBCs and non-cornified epithelial cells (anuclear squames)
What are indicator cells for cytology in met-oestrus?
Neutrophiles (nucleus like string of sausages)
What is the best diagnostic approach for oestrus?
Vaginoscopy
What does vagina look like in early pro-oestrus?
Pink, cobwebs
What does vagina look like in pro-oestrus?
Cobwebs become more folded and paler
What does vagina look like in oestrus?
Cobwebs become harder and pale
What does vagina look like in dioestrus?
A twisted funnel with stripes
How long after owners notice blood should you start progesterone measurements?
Day 5-7 and do every 24 hours
How long after the sudden progesterone rise (ovulation) should you breed?
2 days
What is another blood test you can do to detect oestrus?
LH surge from 4th-5th day of pro-oestrus
How long does dog sperm survive?
5 days
On which three days of the cycle should you breed dogs?
9th, 11th and 13th
How long can dogs spend playing before mating?
30 mins
How long do dogs remain tied?
20 minutes
What kind of oestrous cycle do queens show?
Seasonally poly-oestrous
What initiated oestrus in queens?
Increasing daylight
What three things can induce ovulation (LH surge) in the queen?
Copulation, mechanical stimulation of the vagina, hCG/eCG
What happens to queens that ovulate but don’t conceive?
Pseudopregnancy
What happens to queens in pseudopregnancy?
No signs and should come into oestrus again 40 days later
How long is pregnancy in the dog?
57-72 days after breeding (65 days after LH surge)
Why does pregnancy vary in dogs?
Longevity of sperm, duration of proestrus
How long is pregnancy in cats?
68 days from observed mating
Why does pregnancy vary in cats?
Multiple matings to induce ovulation, don’t know which mating, induced ovulation
What influences pregnancy length in dogs?
Number of foetuses and body length
What is pregnancy length like in a single pup?
Long
What is placenta like in dogs and cats?
Zonary/discoid endotheliochorial placenta
What colour is the dog/cat placenta?
Green/brown
How much IgG can pass through the dog/cat placenta?
A small amount - so need colostrum
What is the only source of progesterone throughout pregnancy?
Ovaries
How long after mating can you do abdominal palpation?
27-28 days
From what day can you use ultrasound scanning?
Day 20
What position should you ultrasound large bitches in?
Standing
What position should you ultrasound small bitches in?
On back
After what day can you do radiography?
Day 45 - after mineralisation
What is it easy to confuse pregnancy with on palpation in cats?
Pyometra
How often are pups normally born?
Every 30 mins - 1 hour
Where does the allantochorion break?
In the birth canal
What breaks the allantoamnion?
The bitch
What precedes the first pup?
Greenish-black lochia
What can happen if bitches eat too much placenta?
Diarrhoea
When does the placenta usually come?
After each pup - but can come in batches or all at once
How long can stage 2 labour take in cats?
Up to 36-40 hours
What colours are placental haematomas?
Brown, not green
By what day should you assist if not in labour?
Day 68-70
If a pup has not appeared but there is straining, within how long should you intervene?
30 minutes
If a pup has not appeared, within how long should you intervene?
More than 2 hours
Within how long should you intervene if there is greenish discharge but no pup?
Within 30 minutes
What is the best way to remove mucus?
Rubber ball
What length should you ligate the umbilical cord at?
2-3cm
How can you stimulate breathing in pups?
Massage back of head
How quickly after birth should pups suckle dam?
ASAP
What can you use to stimulate weak but present respiratory action?
Dopram
What happens if Dopram overdose?
Hyperventilation and 2ry cerebral hypoxia
After how long do uterine horns return to normal in dogs?
4-5 weeks
What should lochia be like following birth?
Odourless and decrease
In queens, how long does it take before involution is complete?
4 weeks
What is post-partum lochia like in cats?
Limited
At what age do eyelids and ear canal open in pups?
2 weeks
At what age do eyelids open in kittens?
8 days
At what age do ear canals open in kittens?
9-10 days
How long after birth is colostrum produced for?
24-72 hours
What age is kitten weaning?
3-6 weeks
What age is pup weaning?
Whenever owner wants
How does progestagens work as a contraceptive?
act as an artificial corpus luteum
What situations are progestagens used in?
Emergency/convienience or long-term suppression
How often do you administer long-acting progestagens?
Saturation dose then every 4-6 months
What stages of oestrus should you use long acting progestagens in?
Anoestrus
How should you change long-acting progestagen dose if comes to heat more quickly?
More frequently, NOT a larger dose
What are two advantages of a short-acting progestagen over long-acting?
Safer for pro-oestrus, return to cyclicity more reliable
What should you do for contraception in a diabetic bitch?
Spay ASAP
Why should you not give long-acting progestagens in pregnancy?
Because labour will not start - must do C section
What are the most common side effects of progestagens?
Skin reaction, more docile behaviour, increased appetite
Which underlying conditions can result in more side effects to progestagens?
Mammary tumours, pyometra, acromegaly, diabetes, Cushings
How long do long-acting injectables take to work?
A few days
What are two risks of a C section?
Higher risk of endometriosis/pyometra
When should you only do an ovariectomy?
Female not pregnant, uterus healthy
What is an advantage of the Viennese approach in queens?
Very fast
Why should you not spay in oestrus?
Hyperaemia
Why should you not spay in dioestrus/metoestrus?
Progesterone drop can cause pseudopregnancy
Why is closed castration not good for very large dogs?
Need sutures
From what age can you castrate in dogs?
7 months
From what age can you castrate in cats?
7-14 weeks
What is the only licensed GnRH depot for male dogs?
Suprelorin - SC implant
How does GnRH as male contraceptive work?
Desensitises pituitary so decreased testosterone secretion
How long does Suprelorin take to work and how long does it last?
8 weeks and lasts 12 months
How does Suprelorin cost compare to castration?
Not much cheaper long-term
Which species has a GnRH vaccine been developed for?
Deer, wild horse, elephant
Which species has a zona pellucida vaccine been developed for?
Female wild horses
What’s the problem with a zona pellucida vaccine?
Takes several administrations
Why are small litters at higher risk for inertia?
May not provide enough signal to induce labour
