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Animal Breeding > Smallies > Flashcards

Smallies Flashcards

1
Q

Which direction does the vagina in the dog go?

A

Dorsally first, then horizontal

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2
Q

What two structures must you avoid when inserting catheter into dog vagina?

A

Fornix and clitoral fossa

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3
Q

What do dog ovaries look like on ultrasound during oestrus?

A

Hypoechoic with multiple anechoic follicles

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4
Q

When can you see the corpus luteum on a dog ultrasound?

A

During metoestrus

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5
Q

Why do dogs have multiple CLs?

A

Multiple ovulations

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6
Q

What causes tight copulation lock in the male dog?

A

Enlarged bulbus glandis

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7
Q

What direction is the vagina in the cat?

A

Horizontal

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8
Q

What do epithelial spikes on the male cat penis do?

A

Stimulate ovulation

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9
Q

What stimulates the presence of epithelial spikes in the male cat?

A

Testosterone

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10
Q

What time is first heat in small-medium dogs?

A

6-8 months

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11
Q

What time is first heat in giant breeds?

A

18-20 months

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12
Q

What time is first heat in large greyhounds?

A

20-24 months

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13
Q

Where are dog testicles at birth?

A

Intra-abdominal

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14
Q

How soon do dog testicles pass through inguinal canal?

A

3-4 days

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15
Q

How soon do dog testicles descend?

A

14 days, up to 35 days at latest

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16
Q

What age is puberty in male dogs?

A

6 months

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17
Q

What age is puberty in larger male dogs?

A

Up to 12 months

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18
Q

By what age do spermatozoa appear in male dogs?

A

7-9 months

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19
Q

By what age does testosterone increase in the male dog?

A

24 weeks

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20
Q

By what age does testosterone reach its adult level in the male dog?

A

32 weeks

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21
Q

At what age do female cats reach puberty?

A

2.3-2.5kg (6-9 months)

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22
Q

What influences puberty in female cats?

A

Photoperiod

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23
Q

What age do male cats reach puberty?

A

2.5kg (8-10 months)

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24
Q

Which kind of cat breeds reach puberty earlier?

A

Oriental

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25
Q

Which kind of cat breeds reach puberty later?

A

Long haired and Manx

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26
Q

What kind of oestrus do bitches have?

A

Non-seasonally monoestrous

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27
Q

What is average inter-oestrous interval in dogs?

A

6-7 months

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28
Q

What is inter-oestrous interval like in GSDs and Rottweilers?

A

Very short (4-5 months)

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29
Q

What is inter-oestrous interval like in Tibetan Mastiff?

A

Very long (every 12 months)

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30
Q

What is behaviour like during pro-oestrus?

A

Visible vaginal discharge, enlarged vulva, but doesn’t allow mating

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31
Q

What changes are there 9 days after pro-oestrus?

A

Discharge becomes straw-coloured and becomes more interested in mating

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32
Q

Which dog breeds have abundant discharge?

A

Large - Rottweilers, Boxers, Mastiffs

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33
Q

Which dog breeds have limited pro-oestrus discharge?

A

Maltese and Lhasa Apso

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34
Q

What causes excessive discharge (dripping)?

A

Hyper-oestrogenisation

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35
Q

How do you treat hyper-oestrogenisation?

A

hCG to induce ovulation

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36
Q

What is the maximum vulval swelling should be?

A

2-3x the normal size

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37
Q

Which breeds commonly have excessive swelling?

A

Large breeds

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38
Q

Which kind of dogs have more visible vulval swelling?

A

Short haired dogs

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39
Q

How can you identify ovulation?

A

Preovulatory luteinisation - detectable progesterone just before ovulation

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40
Q

What phase is the canine oocyte ovulated in?

A

M2 phase

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41
Q

How long after ovulation is fertilisation complete in the dog?

A

48-72 hours

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42
Q

Why can you not use P4 (progesterone) as a pregnancy test?

A

Profiles in pregnant and non-pregnant are the same

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43
Q

What are indicator cells for cytology in pro-oestrus?

A

RBCs and non-cornified epithelial cells (anuclear squames)

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44
Q

What are indicator cells for cytology in met-oestrus?

A

Neutrophiles (nucleus like string of sausages)

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45
Q

What is the best diagnostic approach for oestrus?

A

Vaginoscopy

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46
Q

What does vagina look like in early pro-oestrus?

A

Pink, cobwebs

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47
Q

What does vagina look like in pro-oestrus?

A

Cobwebs become more folded and paler

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48
Q

What does vagina look like in oestrus?

A

Cobwebs become harder and pale

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49
Q

What does vagina look like in dioestrus?

A

A twisted funnel with stripes

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50
Q

How long after owners notice blood should you start progesterone measurements?

A

Day 5-7 and do every 24 hours

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51
Q

How long after the sudden progesterone rise (ovulation) should you breed?

A

2 days

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52
Q

What is another blood test you can do to detect oestrus?

A

LH surge from 4th-5th day of pro-oestrus

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53
Q

How long does dog sperm survive?

A

5 days

54
Q

On which three days of the cycle should you breed dogs?

A

9th, 11th and 13th

55
Q

How long can dogs spend playing before mating?

A

30 mins

56
Q

How long do dogs remain tied?

A

20 minutes

57
Q

What kind of oestrous cycle do queens show?

A

Seasonally poly-oestrous

58
Q

What initiated oestrus in queens?

A

Increasing daylight

59
Q

What three things can induce ovulation (LH surge) in the queen?

A

Copulation, mechanical stimulation of the vagina, hCG/eCG

60
Q

What happens to queens that ovulate but don’t conceive?

A

Pseudopregnancy

61
Q

What happens to queens in pseudopregnancy?

A

No signs and should come into oestrus again 40 days later

62
Q

How long is pregnancy in the dog?

A

57-72 days after breeding (65 days after LH surge)

63
Q

Why does pregnancy vary in dogs?

A

Longevity of sperm, duration of proestrus

64
Q

How long is pregnancy in cats?

A

68 days from observed mating

65
Q

Why does pregnancy vary in cats?

A

Multiple matings to induce ovulation, don’t know which mating, induced ovulation

66
Q

What influences pregnancy length in dogs?

A

Number of foetuses and body length

67
Q

What is pregnancy length like in a single pup?

A

Long

68
Q

What is placenta like in dogs and cats?

A

Zonary/discoid endotheliochorial placenta

69
Q

What colour is the dog/cat placenta?

A

Green/brown

70
Q

How much IgG can pass through the dog/cat placenta?

A

A small amount - so need colostrum

71
Q

What is the only source of progesterone throughout pregnancy?

A

Ovaries

72
Q

How long after mating can you do abdominal palpation?

A

27-28 days

73
Q

From what day can you use ultrasound scanning?

A

Day 20

74
Q

What position should you ultrasound large bitches in?

A

Standing

75
Q

What position should you ultrasound small bitches in?

A

On back

76
Q

After what day can you do radiography?

A

Day 45 - after mineralisation

77
Q

What is it easy to confuse pregnancy with on palpation in cats?

A

Pyometra

78
Q

How often are pups normally born?

A

Every 30 mins - 1 hour

79
Q

Where does the allantochorion break?

A

In the birth canal

80
Q

What breaks the allantoamnion?

A

The bitch

81
Q

What precedes the first pup?

A

Greenish-black lochia

82
Q

What can happen if bitches eat too much placenta?

A

Diarrhoea

83
Q

When does the placenta usually come?

A

After each pup - but can come in batches or all at once

84
Q

How long can stage 2 labour take in cats?

A

Up to 36-40 hours

85
Q

What colours are placental haematomas?

A

Brown, not green

86
Q

By what day should you assist if not in labour?

A

Day 68-70

87
Q

If a pup has not appeared but there is straining, within how long should you intervene?

A

30 minutes

88
Q

If a pup has not appeared, within how long should you intervene?

A

More than 2 hours

89
Q

Within how long should you intervene if there is greenish discharge but no pup?

A

Within 30 minutes

90
Q

What is the best way to remove mucus?

A

Rubber ball

91
Q

What length should you ligate the umbilical cord at?

A

2-3cm

92
Q

How can you stimulate breathing in pups?

A

Massage back of head

93
Q

How quickly after birth should pups suckle dam?

A

ASAP

94
Q

What can you use to stimulate weak but present respiratory action?

A

Dopram

95
Q

What happens if Dopram overdose?

A

Hyperventilation and 2ry cerebral hypoxia

96
Q

After how long do uterine horns return to normal in dogs?

A

4-5 weeks

97
Q

What should lochia be like following birth?

A

Odourless and decrease

98
Q

In queens, how long does it take before involution is complete?

A

4 weeks

99
Q

What is post-partum lochia like in cats?

A

Limited

100
Q

At what age do eyelids and ear canal open in pups?

A

2 weeks

101
Q

At what age do eyelids open in kittens?

A

8 days

102
Q

At what age do ear canals open in kittens?

A

9-10 days

103
Q

How long after birth is colostrum produced for?

A

24-72 hours

104
Q

What age is kitten weaning?

A

3-6 weeks

105
Q

What age is pup weaning?

A

Whenever owner wants

106
Q

How does progestagens work as a contraceptive?

A

act as an artificial corpus luteum

107
Q

What situations are progestagens used in?

A

Emergency/convienience or long-term suppression

108
Q

How often do you administer long-acting progestagens?

A

Saturation dose then every 4-6 months

109
Q

What stages of oestrus should you use long acting progestagens in?

A

Anoestrus

110
Q

How should you change long-acting progestagen dose if comes to heat more quickly?

A

More frequently, NOT a larger dose

111
Q

What are two advantages of a short-acting progestagen over long-acting?

A

Safer for pro-oestrus, return to cyclicity more reliable

112
Q

What should you do for contraception in a diabetic bitch?

A

Spay ASAP

113
Q

Why should you not give long-acting progestagens in pregnancy?

A

Because labour will not start - must do C section

114
Q

What are the most common side effects of progestagens?

A

Skin reaction, more docile behaviour, increased appetite

115
Q

Which underlying conditions can result in more side effects to progestagens?

A

Mammary tumours, pyometra, acromegaly, diabetes, Cushings

116
Q

How long do long-acting injectables take to work?

A

A few days

117
Q

What are two risks of a C section?

A

Higher risk of endometriosis/pyometra

118
Q

When should you only do an ovariectomy?

A

Female not pregnant, uterus healthy

119
Q

What is an advantage of the Viennese approach in queens?

A

Very fast

120
Q

Why should you not spay in oestrus?

A

Hyperaemia

121
Q

Why should you not spay in dioestrus/metoestrus?

A

Progesterone drop can cause pseudopregnancy

122
Q

Why is closed castration not good for very large dogs?

A

Need sutures

123
Q

From what age can you castrate in dogs?

A

7 months

124
Q

From what age can you castrate in cats?

A

7-14 weeks

125
Q

What is the only licensed GnRH depot for male dogs?

A

Suprelorin - SC implant

126
Q

How does GnRH as male contraceptive work?

A

Desensitises pituitary so decreased testosterone secretion

127
Q

How long does Suprelorin take to work and how long does it last?

A

8 weeks and lasts 12 months

128
Q

How does Suprelorin cost compare to castration?

A

Not much cheaper long-term

129
Q

Which species has a GnRH vaccine been developed for?

A

Deer, wild horse, elephant

130
Q

Which species has a zona pellucida vaccine been developed for?

A

Female wild horses

131
Q

What’s the problem with a zona pellucida vaccine?

A

Takes several administrations

132
Q

Why are small litters at higher risk for inertia?

A

May not provide enough signal to induce labour

Animal Breeding (6 decks)

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