Smallies Flashcards
1
Q
Which direction does the vagina in the dog go?
A
Dorsally first, then horizontal
2
Q
What two structures must you avoid when inserting catheter into dog vagina?
A
Fornix and clitoral fossa
3
Q
What do dog ovaries look like on ultrasound during oestrus?
A
Hypoechoic with multiple anechoic follicles
4
Q
When can you see the corpus luteum on a dog ultrasound?
A
During metoestrus
5
Q
Why do dogs have multiple CLs?
A
Multiple ovulations
6
Q
What causes tight copulation lock in the male dog?
A
Enlarged bulbus glandis
7
Q
What direction is the vagina in the cat?
A
Horizontal
8
Q
What do epithelial spikes on the male cat penis do?
A
Stimulate ovulation
9
Q
What stimulates the presence of epithelial spikes in the male cat?
A
Testosterone
10
Q
What time is first heat in small-medium dogs?
A
6-8 months
11
Q
What time is first heat in giant breeds?
A
18-20 months
12
Q
What time is first heat in large greyhounds?
A
20-24 months
13
Q
Where are dog testicles at birth?
A
Intra-abdominal
14
Q
How soon do dog testicles pass through inguinal canal?
A
3-4 days
15
Q
How soon do dog testicles descend?
A
14 days, up to 35 days at latest
16
Q
What age is puberty in male dogs?
A
6 months
17
Q
What age is puberty in larger male dogs?
A
Up to 12 months
18
Q
By what age do spermatozoa appear in male dogs?
A
7-9 months
19
Q
By what age does testosterone increase in the male dog?
A
24 weeks
20
Q
By what age does testosterone reach its adult level in the male dog?
A
32 weeks
21
Q
At what age do female cats reach puberty?
A
2.3-2.5kg (6-9 months)
22
Q
What influences puberty in female cats?
A
Photoperiod
23
Q
What age do male cats reach puberty?
A
2.5kg (8-10 months)
24
Q
Which kind of cat breeds reach puberty earlier?
A
Oriental
25
Which kind of cat breeds reach puberty later?
Long haired and Manx
26
What kind of oestrus do bitches have?
Non-seasonally monoestrous
27
What is average inter-oestrous interval in dogs?
6-7 months
28
What is inter-oestrous interval like in GSDs and Rottweilers?
Very short (4-5 months)
29
What is inter-oestrous interval like in Tibetan Mastiff?
Very long (every 12 months)
30
What is behaviour like during pro-oestrus?
Visible vaginal discharge, enlarged vulva, but doesn't allow mating
31
What changes are there 9 days after pro-oestrus?
Discharge becomes straw-coloured and becomes more interested in mating
32
Which dog breeds have abundant discharge?
Large - Rottweilers, Boxers, Mastiffs
33
Which dog breeds have limited pro-oestrus discharge?
Maltese and Lhasa Apso
34
What causes excessive discharge (dripping)?
Hyper-oestrogenisation
35
How do you treat hyper-oestrogenisation?
hCG to induce ovulation
36
What is the maximum vulval swelling should be?
2-3x the normal size
37
Which breeds commonly have excessive swelling?
Large breeds
38
Which kind of dogs have more visible vulval swelling?
Short haired dogs
39
How can you identify ovulation?
Preovulatory luteinisation - detectable progesterone just before ovulation
40
What phase is the canine oocyte ovulated in?
M2 phase
41
How long after ovulation is fertilisation complete in the dog?
48-72 hours
42
Why can you not use P4 (progesterone) as a pregnancy test?
Profiles in pregnant and non-pregnant are the same
43
What are indicator cells for cytology in pro-oestrus?
RBCs and non-cornified epithelial cells (anuclear squames)
44
What are indicator cells for cytology in met-oestrus?
Neutrophiles (nucleus like string of sausages)
45
What is the best diagnostic approach for oestrus?
Vaginoscopy
46
What does vagina look like in early pro-oestrus?
Pink, cobwebs
47
What does vagina look like in pro-oestrus?
Cobwebs become more folded and paler
48
What does vagina look like in oestrus?
Cobwebs become harder and pale
49
What does vagina look like in dioestrus?
A twisted funnel with stripes
50
How long after owners notice blood should you start progesterone measurements?
Day 5-7 and do every 24 hours
51
How long after the sudden progesterone rise (ovulation) should you breed?
2 days
52
What is another blood test you can do to detect oestrus?
LH surge from 4th-5th day of pro-oestrus
53
How long does dog sperm survive?
5 days
54
On which three days of the cycle should you breed dogs?
9th, 11th and 13th
55
How long can dogs spend playing before mating?
30 mins
56
How long do dogs remain tied?
20 minutes
57
What kind of oestrous cycle do queens show?
Seasonally poly-oestrous
58
What initiated oestrus in queens?
Increasing daylight
59
What three things can induce ovulation (LH surge) in the queen?
Copulation, mechanical stimulation of the vagina, hCG/eCG
60
What happens to queens that ovulate but don't conceive?
Pseudopregnancy
61
What happens to queens in pseudopregnancy?
No signs and should come into oestrus again 40 days later
62
How long is pregnancy in the dog?
57-72 days after breeding (65 days after LH surge)
63
Why does pregnancy vary in dogs?
Longevity of sperm, duration of proestrus
64
How long is pregnancy in cats?
68 days from observed mating
65
Why does pregnancy vary in cats?
Multiple matings to induce ovulation, don't know which mating, induced ovulation
66
What influences pregnancy length in dogs?
Number of foetuses and body length
67
What is pregnancy length like in a single pup?
Long
68
What is placenta like in dogs and cats?
Zonary/discoid endotheliochorial placenta
69
What colour is the dog/cat placenta?
Green/brown
70
How much IgG can pass through the dog/cat placenta?
A small amount - so need colostrum
71
What is the only source of progesterone throughout pregnancy?
Ovaries
72
How long after mating can you do abdominal palpation?
27-28 days
73
From what day can you use ultrasound scanning?
Day 20
74
What position should you ultrasound large bitches in?
Standing
75
What position should you ultrasound small bitches in?
On back
76
After what day can you do radiography?
Day 45 - after mineralisation
77
What is it easy to confuse pregnancy with on palpation in cats?
Pyometra
78
How often are pups normally born?
Every 30 mins - 1 hour
79
Where does the allantochorion break?
In the birth canal
80
What breaks the allantoamnion?
The bitch
81
What precedes the first pup?
Greenish-black lochia
82
What can happen if bitches eat too much placenta?
Diarrhoea
83
When does the placenta usually come?
After each pup - but can come in batches or all at once
84
How long can stage 2 labour take in cats?
Up to 36-40 hours
85
What colours are placental haematomas?
Brown, not green
86
By what day should you assist if not in labour?
Day 68-70
87
If a pup has not appeared but there is straining, within how long should you intervene?
30 minutes
88
If a pup has not appeared, within how long should you intervene?
More than 2 hours
89
Within how long should you intervene if there is greenish discharge but no pup?
Within 30 minutes
90
What is the best way to remove mucus?
Rubber ball
91
What length should you ligate the umbilical cord at?
2-3cm
92
How can you stimulate breathing in pups?
Massage back of head
93
How quickly after birth should pups suckle dam?
ASAP
94
What can you use to stimulate weak but present respiratory action?
Dopram
95
What happens if Dopram overdose?
Hyperventilation and 2ry cerebral hypoxia
96
After how long do uterine horns return to normal in dogs?
4-5 weeks
97
What should lochia be like following birth?
Odourless and decrease
98
In queens, how long does it take before involution is complete?
4 weeks
99
What is post-partum lochia like in cats?
Limited
100
At what age do eyelids and ear canal open in pups?
2 weeks
101
At what age do eyelids open in kittens?
8 days
102
At what age do ear canals open in kittens?
9-10 days
103
How long after birth is colostrum produced for?
24-72 hours
104
What age is kitten weaning?
3-6 weeks
105
What age is pup weaning?
Whenever owner wants
106
How does progestagens work as a contraceptive?
act as an artificial corpus luteum
107
What situations are progestagens used in?
Emergency/convienience or long-term suppression
108
How often do you administer long-acting progestagens?
Saturation dose then every 4-6 months
109
What stages of oestrus should you use long acting progestagens in?
Anoestrus
110
How should you change long-acting progestagen dose if comes to heat more quickly?
More frequently, NOT a larger dose
111
What are two advantages of a short-acting progestagen over long-acting?
Safer for pro-oestrus, return to cyclicity more reliable
112
What should you do for contraception in a diabetic bitch?
Spay ASAP
113
Why should you not give long-acting progestagens in pregnancy?
Because labour will not start - must do C section
114
What are the most common side effects of progestagens?
Skin reaction, more docile behaviour, increased appetite
115
Which underlying conditions can result in more side effects to progestagens?
Mammary tumours, pyometra, acromegaly, diabetes, Cushings
116
How long do long-acting injectables take to work?
A few days
117
What are two risks of a C section?
Higher risk of endometriosis/pyometra
118
When should you only do an ovariectomy?
Female not pregnant, uterus healthy
119
What is an advantage of the Viennese approach in queens?
Very fast
120
Why should you not spay in oestrus?
Hyperaemia
121
Why should you not spay in dioestrus/metoestrus?
Progesterone drop can cause pseudopregnancy
122
Why is closed castration not good for very large dogs?
Need sutures
123
From what age can you castrate in dogs?
7 months
124
From what age can you castrate in cats?
7-14 weeks
125
What is the only licensed GnRH depot for male dogs?
Suprelorin - SC implant
126
How does GnRH as male contraceptive work?
Desensitises pituitary so decreased testosterone secretion
127
How long does Suprelorin take to work and how long does it last?
8 weeks and lasts 12 months
128
How does Suprelorin cost compare to castration?
Not much cheaper long-term
129
Which species has a GnRH vaccine been developed for?
Deer, wild horse, elephant
130
Which species has a zona pellucida vaccine been developed for?
Female wild horses
131
What's the problem with a zona pellucida vaccine?
Takes several administrations
132
Why are small litters at higher risk for inertia?
May not provide enough signal to induce labour
