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Animal Breeding > Cattle > Flashcards

Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What has happened to fertility as milk yield has risen?

A

Decreased

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2
Q

How many days is the window to get a cow pregnant? How many services can you fit in this time?

A

45-85 days post calving - 3 services

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3
Q

What is the submission rate?

A

% who get pregnant in the 2-month window

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4
Q

In what kind of calving does submission rate not matter?

A

Year-round

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5
Q

What % should oestrus detection be?

A

80%

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6
Q

What % is oestrus detection actually?

A

50%

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7
Q

At what age is first puberty?

A

10-12 months (5-20 months)

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8
Q

At what % adult weight is first puberty?

A

50% beef, 35-45% dairy

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9
Q

Which breeds have early puberty?

A

Dairy

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10
Q

At what age should you first serve a cow?

A

15 months

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11
Q

At what % adult weight should you first serve a cow?

A

60%

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12
Q

What % of adult weight should a cow be when she first calves?

A

100%

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13
Q

What are freemartins?

A

XX/XY chimaeras

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14
Q

What is fertility like in male and female freemartins?

A

Heifers infertile, bulls subfertile

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15
Q

How can you identify a freemartin?

A

Palpation, ultrasound, genetic test

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16
Q

What is the clitoris like in a freemartin?

A

Enlarged, hairy

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17
Q

What is the cycle length in a cow?

A

21 days

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18
Q

What are days 16-17 like in the cow cycle?

A

Luteal with high progesterone

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19
Q

What are the 4-5 days after luteolysis like in the cow?

A

Follicular

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20
Q

Which are the only follicular waves which ovulate in response to oestrogen?

A

The dominant ones

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21
Q

Which two substances are exchanged between the ovarian/uterine vein and artery?

A

Oxytocin and PGF2a

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22
Q

What % of pregnant cows will still show signs of oestrus?

A

50%

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23
Q

What does a normal, active ovary resemble?

A

Walnut in shell, knobbly

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24
Q

What does a less active ovary resemble?

A

Hazelnut

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25
Q

What does an ovary in anoestrus resemble?

A

Small, smooth, hard pea

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26
Q

What can you feel before the corpus luteum fills in?

A

Ovulation fossa

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27
Q

How many days does the corpus luteum last for?

A

17

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28
Q

What is mature follicle like on ultrasound?

A

Anechoic (black)

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29
Q

Between what days is a CL sensitive to PGs?

A

4-16 days

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30
Q

What does a CL look like on ultrasound?

A

Solid

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31
Q

What do the ovaries feel like at oestrus?

A

Feel longer (uncurl) and have increased tone and pulled towards uterus

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32
Q

Where might you see the clear mucus bulling string?

A

After rectal exam or crusted on the tail

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33
Q

What has happened if there is blood in the bulling string?

A

Follicle has ruptured so missed oestrus, now in metoestrus

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34
Q

For how many hours does a cow come bulling?

A

6-24 hours

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35
Q

For how many hours does mounting take place?

A

15 hours but range is 2-30 hours

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36
Q

What time of day does mounting occur?

A

Late evening

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37
Q

How many hours after oestrus does ovulation occur?

A

12 hours

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38
Q

How many hours do sperm take to mature/reach target?

A

12 hours

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39
Q

How many hours after oestrus do you do AI?

A

12 hours

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40
Q

At what part of oestrus is peak fertility?

A

The end

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41
Q

In which direction do you aim the AI gun?

A

Pull cervix cranially to straighten things out, wiggle gun through cervical rings and aim dorsally

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42
Q

What are three strategies to manipulate the oestrus cycle?

A

Lyse CL with PGs/oestrogen, provide exogenous CL with progesterone, support follicle/CL with GnRH/GH

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43
Q

In the “estrumate” method, how far apart are the two injections?

A

11-14 days

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44
Q

How long after the injections is oestrus in the estrumate method?

A

2-5 days

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45
Q

What is the active ingredient of estrumate?

A

PGF2a for luteolysis

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46
Q

On which cows does estrumate not work?

A

Early/late CLs, anoestrus cows

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47
Q

On which cows should you use estrumate?

A

Heifers

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48
Q

What two things do progesterone implants deliver?

A

Progesterone and a luteolytic agent

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49
Q

How long after progesterone implant removal does oestrus occur?

A

2-3 days

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50
Q

In which cows does progesterone implants work?

A

Anoestrus

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51
Q

What is a PRID?

A

Progesterone-releasing intravaginal device

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52
Q

Why should you not use a PRID over 12 days?

A

Suppresses fertility

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53
Q

Why is a PRID combined with a luteolytic?

A

Because CL could naturally survive for 16 days

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54
Q

What are the two components of a PRID?

A

Progestagen coil and oestrogen tablet

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55
Q

What is an occasional problem with a PRID?

A

Vaginitis

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56
Q

What is a CIDR?

A

Controlled intravaginal drug releasing device

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57
Q

What is a Crestar?

A

A gun and ear implant

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58
Q

Which kind of cow is a Crestar for?

A

Suckler

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59
Q

WHat are the two ways GnRH/LH work?

A

Either support the follicle for ovulation OR support the CL for increased progesterone to increase implantation success

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60
Q

How many doses of GnRH/LH must you give?

A

Repeat

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61
Q

WHat happens to a cow given GnRH/LH if not pregnant?

A

Reverts to anoestrus

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62
Q

WHat is the active ingredient of Receptal/Busurelin?

A

GnRH

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63
Q

What is the active ingredient of Ovsynch?

A

GnRH

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64
Q

How many doses of Ovsynch do you give?

A

Two doses 10 days apart with/without PGF2a on day 7

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65
Q

What should you not synchronise freemartins with?

A

Prostaglandins

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66
Q

What body fluids can you use for a progesterone assay?

A

Milk, blood, urine

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67
Q

Why is a progesterone assay 100% accurate for negatives?

A

If low progesterone can’t be pregnant

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68
Q

What can cause false positive on a progesterone assay?

A

Pathology or missed oestrus

69
Q

Which mode is rectal ultrasound?

A

B

70
Q

At what age are ovaries lost to rectal?

A

4.5 months

71
Q

Which side is the CL compared to the foetus?

A

Ipsilateral

72
Q

Is uterus consistency or size a better indicator of pregnancy?

A

Consistency

73
Q

How many cotyledons does a cow have?

A

About 80

74
Q

How long does stage 1 parturition take?

A

4-24 hours

75
Q

How long does stage 2 parturition take?

A

30 mins - 3 hours

76
Q

How long does stage 3 parturition take?

A

12 hours

77
Q

What initiates the endocrine changes before parturition?

A

Fetal cortisol

78
Q

What happens to the P:O ratio before parturition?

A

Falls

79
Q

What are the two functions of PGF2a during parturition?

A

Lyses CL and initiates myometrial contraction

80
Q

Where are oxytocin receptors expressed?

A

The uterus

81
Q

Why does tail head rise before parturition?

A

Pelvic ligaments relax (sacrosciatic ligament)

82
Q

Why are calves already in birth orientation in the first stage?

A

They are there throughout gestation

83
Q

Which is the first water bag?

A

Chorioallantois

84
Q

What colour is the chorioallantois?

A

Blue, vascular

85
Q

What are the three Ps of fetal orientation?

A

Presentation, position, posture

86
Q

What are possible presentations?

A

Ant/post longitudinal, transverse, vertical

87
Q

What are the three options for position?

A

Dorsal, ventral, lateral

88
Q

What % is dystocia incidence?

A

3-10%

89
Q

What can cause uterine inertia?

A

Low Ca, torsion

90
Q

If feto-pelvic disproportion, what is the maximum time before term you can induce?

A

7 days

91
Q

How much weight does the fetus gain per day before term?

A

1kg

92
Q

Why should you avoid overfeeding the cow?

A

Reduces birth canal width

93
Q

What BCS should the cow be at calving?

A

3-3.5

94
Q

What angle is the widest part of the pelvis at?

A

45 degrees

95
Q

How do you delay parturition to correct presentation?

A

B2 agonist and epidural

96
Q

What % of cows get failure to dilate?

A

10%

97
Q

Which kind of cows fail to dilate usually?

A

Heifers

98
Q

What is hydrops?

A

Excess fetal fluid (amnion or allantois)

99
Q

In which direction is uterine torsion usually?

A

Toward the non-gravid horn

100
Q

Which horn is pregnancy usually?

A

R

101
Q

What is Schistosomus reflexus?

A

Exterior intestines

102
Q

What is anasarcus?

A

General oedema

103
Q

Which breed gets inherited anasarcus?

A

Ayrshires

104
Q

What are two methods of inducing parturition?

A

Lyse CL with prostaglandins (first 250 or last 50 days) or corticosteroids between these

105
Q

What risk increases if inducing?

A

Retained membrane

106
Q

For how long after parturition does body weight decrease?

A

50-100 days

107
Q

What should BCS be at first service?

A

2.5

108
Q

Why is manual retained membrane removal not recommended?

A

Reduces fertility

109
Q

How do you treat cystic ovarian disease?

A

GnRH (follicular) or PGF2a (luteal)

110
Q

How large are luteal cysts and what is a symptom?

A

3mm, doesn’t come bulling

111
Q

How large are follicular cysts and what is a symptom?

A

2.5cm, too much oestrogen so persistent bulling

112
Q

What are the two types of cyst in cystic ovarian disease?

A

Follicular or luteal

113
Q

What % of cows become pregnant in 3 cycles?

A

90%

114
Q

What % of bulls are sub-fertile?

A

20-35%

115
Q

What happens to the frenulum at puberty?

A

Breaks down

116
Q

What is the scrotal circumference at puberty?

A

28cm

117
Q

What is the peak scrotal circumference and at what age is this?

A

34cm at 3 years

118
Q

What is the minimum sperm motility at puberty?

A

10%

119
Q

How many sperm are there at puberty?

A

50 million

120
Q

Which cells produce testosterone?

A

Leydig

121
Q

How many sigmoid flexures does the penis have?

A

2

122
Q

What are the four accessory sex glands?

A

Cowper’s, prostate, ampullae, vesicular

123
Q

How long does intromission last?

A

1-3 seconds

124
Q

How many times per week do AI centres collect?

A

2

125
Q

What is the maximum number of times per week for natural service?

A

4 (2-3 if under 14 months)

126
Q

How many calves per bull in seasonal calving?

A

30

127
Q

How many cows per bull for all-year calving?

A

60

128
Q

Which herds have sweeper bulls?

A

Large AI dairy herds

129
Q

What causes penile vibriosis?

A

Campylobacter (C fetus venerealis)

130
Q

What should the angle between the penis and abdomen be?

A

Less than 45 degrees

131
Q

What has happened if the angle between the penis and abdomen is too high?

A

Dorsal ligament is damaged

132
Q

Which direction is the usual penis deviation?

A

Right

133
Q

What is balanoposthitis?

A

Penis infection

134
Q

What is hypospadia?

A

Urethral fistula, gives urine burns

135
Q

How much does a 35cm testicle weigh?

A

450g

136
Q

How much weight does each 1cm of a testicle add?

A

37g

137
Q

What is wrong if the epididymis is hard?

A

Chonic infection

138
Q

What do testicles look like on ultrasound?

A

Homogeneous

139
Q

What does an epididymis look like on ultrasound?

A

Moth-eaten/lace

140
Q

What causes a testicular granuloma?

A

Reaction to sperm

141
Q

What happens if you stroke vesicular glands?

A

Reflex extrusion

142
Q

What five structures can you feel on bull rectal?

A

Ampullae, vesicles, prostate, urethra, inguinal rings

143
Q

Which side do you stand during a serving ability test?

A

Right

144
Q

How many services should you do in a serving ability test?

A

Two in 20 mins

145
Q

What is the best way to collect semen?

A

Artificial vagina

146
Q

What is the next best way to collect semen?

A

Electroejaculation

147
Q

Which volume of semen must you collect?

A

5ml

148
Q

How many sperm do you need for a straw?

A

20 million

149
Q

What % motility do you need in a semen sample?

A

70%

150
Q

What is sperm pH if sterile?

A

Neutral

151
Q

What happens to cytoplasmic droplets as sperm matures?

A

Lost

152
Q

What should % weight be at first service?

A

60%

153
Q

What should % weight be at first calving?

A

85-90%

154
Q

How long after calving do you do the pre-breeding exam?

A

21 days

155
Q

How soon after calving should a cow so oestrus?

A

Within 45 days

156
Q

How long is the voluntary waiting period after calving?

A

6 weeks

157
Q

How long after calving is the first ovulation?

A

7-10 days

158
Q

Within how many days after calving should a cow be serviced?

A

70 days

159
Q

At what time points should you PD?

A

From 30 days after service, then 10 weeks, then at drying off

160
Q

What information is it a legal requirement for the farm to hold?

A

Cow ID, last calving date

161
Q

What information is it a legal requirement for the AI company to hold?

A

Dates of insemination

162
Q

Which value is more accurate than calving interval?

A

Calving to conception + gestation

163
Q

Which cows are NOT included in the calving interval data?

A

Those culled for failure to conceive - only successes are counted

164
Q

Which two values make up the calving to conception value?

A

Voluntary wait + breeding to conception

165
Q

When are the inter-service intervals?

A

18-24 and 36-48 days

166
Q

How can you check the accuracy of oestrus detection?

A

By milk progesterone testing (should be none)

167
Q

What age is male puberty?

A

9-10 months

168
Q

By what age should a bull be working?

A

2 years

Animal Breeding (6 decks)

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