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Animal Breeding > Equine > Flashcards

Equine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the birth date of all foals?

A

1st January

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2
Q

How long is gestation?

A

11 months

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3
Q

Which months should covering take place in?

A

Feb-June/July

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4
Q

What kind of oestrus do horses show?

A

Seasonally polyoestrus (Spring-Autumn)

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5
Q

How long is the oestrus cycle?

A

21-23 days

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6
Q

How long is the oestrus period?

A

2-4 days

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7
Q

How long is the dioestrus period?

A

15-17 days

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8
Q

How does melatonin affect GnRH?

A

Antagonises

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9
Q

From when do you give the mare artificial light?

A

15th December

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10
Q

How long does light take to work in the mare?

A

6 weeks

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11
Q

Do you give dopamine or dopamine antagonists to induce breeding?

A

Antagonists

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12
Q

Why do you give progesterone during transitional oestrous?

A

May not involve ovulation so progesterone stops cycling then taking this away causes full oestrus

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13
Q

What can you give to mimic dioestrus?

A

PGs

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14
Q

Why might you use intrauterine glass marbles to mimic pregnancy and stop cycling?

A

Because can’t give drugs to a racehorse

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15
Q

Which vaccine can you give to working animals to stop cycling?

A

Porcine GnRH

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16
Q

Which three things does venereal disease screening look for?

A

Taylorella (CEM), Pseudomonas, Klebsiella

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17
Q

Which transport medium do you use for a clitoral swab?

A

Amies charcoal

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18
Q

When is the only time you can get an endometrial swab?

A

In oestrus because cervix is open here

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19
Q

How can mares wink clitoris?

A

Because have circular and longitudinal muscle

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20
Q

Which orientation should the anus and vulva be?

A

Vertical

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21
Q

What happens to the anus with age?

A

Sinks inwards

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22
Q

Which seals prevent infection entry?

A

Vulval and vaginal

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23
Q

Where should the pelvis shelf be?

A

At the top of the vulval opening

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24
Q

What do endometrial epithelial cells look like?

A

Long and large with a wispy cytoplasm

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25
Q

What do vaginal/cervical cells look like?

A

Keratinised

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26
Q

What does the ovary look like on ultrasound if in season?

A

Orange segment and ovulation fossa with one large follicle

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27
Q

What three things can you check for 48 hours after mating?

A

Ovulation, twin ovulation, fluid in uterus

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28
Q

What happens if inflammatory response has not resolved after 48 hours?

A

Mare is “susceptible” so cover only once here

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29
Q

Above what age is endometriosis normal?

A

9

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30
Q

What are three changes that occur with age?

A

Gland “nests”, fibrosis, excessive lymphatic lacunae

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31
Q

For how long is stallion sperm viable?

A

72 hours

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32
Q

How often should you examine for oestrus?

A

24-48 hr

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33
Q

Why do mares need boots?

A

To prevent kicking

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34
Q

Why do mares need a rubber ring?

A

For stallion biting

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35
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

The oviducts

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36
Q

How long does it take for the conceptus to enter the uterus?

A

4-6 days

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37
Q

What months have peak testosterone?

A

April to May

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38
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

56 days

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39
Q

What is one problem with testicle damage?

A

Causes 2 months infertility

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40
Q

What is the lead rope like in stallions?

A

Longer

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41
Q

Why are teaser stallions used?

A

To avoid actual stallion getting kicked

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42
Q

What is one problems with scrotal damage?

A

Anti-sperm antibodies

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43
Q

How many degrees can the testicle swing without injury?

A

90-180

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44
Q

What happens if the testicle twists too far?

A

Pampiniform plexus occludes

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45
Q

What correlates with the daily sperm output?

A

Size of testicle

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46
Q

What does daily sperm output determine?

A

Number of mares can breed with

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47
Q

What can cryptorchids produce large amounts of?

A

Androgens

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48
Q

Which breeds commonly get cryptorchid?

A

TB and Welsh Pony

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49
Q

What are the two types of cryptorchid?

A

Partial and complete

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50
Q

How can you tell if any testicular tissue has been left behind after castration?

A

Anti-mullerian hormone levels

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51
Q

Which accessory glands do horses have?

A

All four

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52
Q

How many thrusts does ejaculation take?

A

3-5 (up to 8)

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53
Q

Which places do you swab in the stallion?

A

Urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath

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54
Q

What is a high risk for sedation?

A

Acepromazine

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55
Q

What temperature should the artificial vagina be?

A

44-48 degrees

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56
Q

Where is the gel in the semen from?

A

The seminal vesciles

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57
Q

Why must you use a bottle warmers for the sperm?

A

To prevent cold shock and to keep dark

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58
Q

Why should you wash but not disinfect the stallion before collection?

A

Irritates and removes natural flora

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59
Q

Which kind of mares can you use for live mare collection?

A

Oestrus, PG, IM oestradiol, ovariectomised, dummy

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60
Q

Which side should handlers and collectors stand?

A

The same side

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61
Q

For how many days should you collect ejaculate?

A

5-7 days

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62
Q

What can you do instead of going every 5-7 days?

A

Collect two samples an hour apart and use the second one

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63
Q

What is the second sample like compared to the first?

A

50% less

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64
Q

How should you evaluate the semen and in what order?

A

Volume, colour, pH, motility, conc, morphology, cytology, bacteriology

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65
Q

What should semen volume be?

A

70ml

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66
Q

What should semen pH be?

A

7.2-7.6ml

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67
Q

Why should you test the pH quickly?

A

Metabolic activity of sperm increases it

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68
Q

What happens to motility over time?

A

Decreases

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69
Q

Why do you add extender to the semen?

A

Can clump

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70
Q

How many semen should be moving?

A

75-90%

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71
Q

How many semen should be moving straight?

A

55-80%

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72
Q

How many sperm should still be moving after 6 hours?

A

10%

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73
Q

How many should still be moving after 24 hours in extended semen?

A

10%

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74
Q

Which stain do you use to see the live/dead ratio?

A

Nigrosin/eosin

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75
Q

What % should be live?

A

80%

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76
Q

What % should be morphologically normal?

A

70%

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77
Q

How do you work out the TNM?

A

total number x % morphologically normal x % progressively motile

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78
Q

Where do primary sperm defects occur?

A

Within the testes e.g. extra heads, bent

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79
Q

Where do secondary defects occur?

A

Within the epididymis and efferent tracts e.g. retained droplet

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80
Q

What is success rate per cycle with chilled semen?

A

55-70%

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81
Q

What is success rate per cycle with frozen semen?

A

35-59%

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82
Q

After which time limit must you remove gel and use extender?

A

If not using semen after 10 mins

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83
Q

After which time limit must you remove seminal plasma and use light and air proof container?

A

If storing for 2-6 hours

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84
Q

Why do you remove seminal plasma?

A

To decrease capacitation

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85
Q

What do you use if chilling for use in the next couple of days?

A

An equitainer

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86
Q

How quickly does an equitainer cool the semen?

A

0.3 degrees per minute

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87
Q

What temperature does an equitainer keep semen at?

A

4-6 degrees for 3 days

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88
Q

What is an example of a cryoprotectant?

A

Glycerol

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89
Q

What temperature is semen frozen at?

A

-196

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90
Q

Why must straws all freeze at the same time?

A

To avoid cellular damage

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91
Q

What is the volume of a straw?

A

0.5ml

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92
Q

What do larger straws have in the middle?

A

A hole

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93
Q

What must the motility be in frozen semen?

A

30%

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94
Q

Which mares are the hardest to breed from?

A

Old, competing

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95
Q

When should you inseminate fresh semen?

A

Up to 48 hours before ovulation

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96
Q

When should you inseminate chilled semen?

A

Up to 24 hours before ovulation

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97
Q

When should you inseminate frozen semen?

A

From 6 hours before to 6 hours after ovulation (usually before)

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98
Q

What must dummy mares have at the front?

A

A head

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99
Q

Why don’t some stallions like dummy mares?

A

Rubs their knees

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100
Q

What do you use to wash the mare before covering?

A

Water only

101
Q

Why can’t you use a normal syringe for insemination?

A

Rubber is spermicidal

102
Q

What is horse cervix like?

A

Short, simple

103
Q

Where do stallions ejaculate?

A

Into the uterus because the cervix dilates

104
Q

How many sperm are in one AI dose?

A

500 million

105
Q

How do you synchronise donor and recipient during embryo transfer?

A

Progestagen and PGF2a

106
Q

What day do you flush during embryo transfer?

A

7-8

107
Q

Why do you flush earlier if embryo splitting?

A

ICM will have formed

108
Q

What does the Wilsher method do?

A

Sucks cervix back towards the vulva so can see clearly and introduce less infection

109
Q

Why can’t you give drugs to induce superovulation in horses?

A

They can only exit by ovulation fossa

110
Q

What happens if you mate a large stallion with a small mare?

A

Runty foal

111
Q

From which day does the embryo secrete PGE2 to relax the oviduct sphincter?

A

4-5

112
Q

Until which day does the conceptus remain spherical and mobile?

A

16

113
Q

Between which days does the conceptus have a glycoprotein capsule for physical protection and anti-adhesive?

A

6.5-23

114
Q

From which day does the blastocyst produce oestrogen?

A

10

115
Q

At what day does the chorionic girdle invade the endometrium to form the cups?

A

28

116
Q

Are the cups fetal or maternal in origin?

A

Fetal

117
Q

From what day is eCG produced?

A

35-40

118
Q

What produce progesterone until the placenta takes over?

A

Accessory CLs

119
Q

After which day can pseudopregnancy occur?

A

Day 40 - fetus dies but cups still there

120
Q

What are equilin and equilenin?

A

Oestrogen-type products

121
Q

Which part of the uterus contracts?

A

At the base of a horn

122
Q

Which horn contracts compared the last year?

A

The opposite

123
Q

What happens to the embryo when the uterus contracts?

A

Doesn’t implant but stops moving

124
Q

By which day does the placenta form microvilli?

A

40

125
Q

How many layers does the horse placenta have?

A

6

126
Q

Where does the placenta spread?

A

Down the fallopian tubes

127
Q

Why is colostrum compulsory in the horse?

A

Thick placenta so large molecules can’t cross

128
Q

After what day can you feel pregnancy by palpation?

A

Day 20

129
Q

At what day do you do the first scan to check for no twins?

A

16 days

130
Q

At what day do you do the second scan to check yolk scan and see heart?

A

28-30 days

131
Q

At what day do you do the third scan?

A

40 days

132
Q

After what day are they unlikely to abort?

A

40 days

133
Q

At what day is the last scan for sexing?

A

60 days

134
Q

If economic constraints, when should you do the one scan?

A

26-30 days to see asynchronous twins

135
Q

What do you test for in a blood test for pregnancy?

A

eCG from day 40-120

136
Q

Why does eCG not guarantee she is in foal?

A

May just have cups

137
Q

What % of twins pregnancies will abort both?

A

70%

138
Q

If it is too late to pop a twin and they have fallen over pelvic brim, what can you do?

A

Inject KCl into heart through abdomen

139
Q

What is chance of one going to term if using KCl?

A

40%

140
Q

How do you determine sex?

A

Genital tubercle location - tail bail is filly, behind umbilicus is colt

141
Q

At what gestation is fetal activity greatest?

A

3-4 months

142
Q

Where do you see fetal movement on the mare?

A

Lower flank

143
Q

What does presentation mean?

A

Where head is relative to exit eg cranial, caudal

144
Q

What does position mean?

A

Where backbone is relative to the mare

145
Q

What does posture mean?

A

What extremities are doing

146
Q

Why will taking milk samples not predispose to running milk?

A

Because this is caused by muscular sphincter

147
Q

What can you measure in the milk within 24/48 hours of birth?

A

Calcium increase and Na/K cross

148
Q

What is progesterone like in mid-gestation?

A

Low - will abort if high

149
Q

What does oestrone sulphate show?

A

A live foal, but it may not be normal

150
Q

What produces oestrone sulphate?

A

Fetal gonads

151
Q

Where can you measure oestrone sulphate?

A

Urine- cheaper

152
Q

How long before term should you use to foaling premises?

A

6 weeks

153
Q

Why should you move to foaling premises early?

A

To build up antibodies

154
Q

How long before term should you flu and tet?

A

4 weeks

155
Q

What should nursery paddocks be like?

A

Small with rounded corners

156
Q

How long should foaling box be?

A

Double the length of the mare

157
Q

What kind of straw should you use in foaling units?

A

Wheat - no spiky bits

158
Q

Why do you need a sitting up room?

A

Can put mare off

159
Q

What are four types of foaling alarms?

A

Position, heat, sweat, vulval

160
Q

Where do sweat alarms go?

A

Across the chest

161
Q

Where do position alarms go?

A

On the head collar

162
Q

Why aren’t position alarms reliable?

A

Go off when the mare lies down

163
Q

What’s the problem with vulval monitoring systems?

A

Expensive

164
Q

How do vulval monitoring systems work?

A

Stitched in and go off when vulval lips separate

165
Q

When should you call the vet during parturition?

A

If colic signs become permanent with no rest period, or if they best exaggerated with no progress

166
Q

What is happening during first stage labour?

A

Myometrial contractions

167
Q

What is happening during second stage labour?

A

Abdominal muscle contractions

168
Q

Why do you see allantoic fluid burst?

A

Placenta bursts at cervix

169
Q

What shows the start of second stage labour?

A

Allantoic fluid burst

170
Q

How long does second stage labour last?

A

20 minutes

171
Q

What does allantoic fluid contain?

A

Urine but not faeces

172
Q

When should client remove Caslicks?

A

After fluids have burst as mare is usually lying down

173
Q

If clients can’t how early can vets remove Caslicks?

A

No more than 1 week

174
Q

How soon should you see a foot after fluids burst?

A

5 minutes

175
Q

How many feet should you see first?

A

1

176
Q

Why should you not pull the foal out?

A

So allantoic fluid can be squeezed from lungs

177
Q

How quickly should foal become sternal?

A

2-3 mins

178
Q

Why does foal go sternal?

A

Easier to breathe

179
Q

How long can the cord take to break naturally?

A

20 minutes

180
Q

What are two common injuries if mare foals standing up?

A

Broken ribs or umbilical hernia

181
Q

How long can third stage labour take?

A

Two hours or longer

182
Q

Why should you tie the placenta up?

A

To avoid mare treading on it so you can examine the whole thing

183
Q

Which part of placenta should be on the outside?

A

Smooth, shiny

184
Q

What has happened if the red side of the placenta is outside?

A

Must have detached from foal before birth

185
Q

What is surface area of foal linked to?

A

Morbidity/mortality

186
Q

What % of foals weight should placenta be?

A

10-12%

187
Q

Which part of placenta is usually left behind?

A

Tip of non pregnant horn

188
Q

What does tip of non pregnant horn look like?

A

Wrinkled, narrower, thinner

189
Q

What does tip of pregnant horn look like?

A

Smooth, oedematous

190
Q

Which part of horn does foetus implant?

A

Base

191
Q

What do yolk sac remnants look like?

A

Hard, yellow

192
Q

Where are hippomanes found?

A

Allantoic sac

193
Q

Where are there no microvilli?

A

Cervix

194
Q

Where can you see endometrial cup remnants?

A

Base of pregnant horn

195
Q

What usually causes placentitis?

A

Haematogenous

196
Q

What can happen to the foal if placentitis?

A

Hypoxic

197
Q

Is placentitis usually recurring?

A

No

198
Q

What happens to the foal in vaginal infection?

A

May become infected

199
Q

Where does vaginal infection come from?

A

Stallion

200
Q

How old is a full term foal?

A

Over 320 days

201
Q

How old is a dysmature foal?

A

After 320 days but with signs of prematurity

202
Q

How old is an aborted foal?

A

Before 300 days

203
Q

How old is a premature foal?

A

300-320 days

204
Q

What are three signs of a premature foal?

A

Small, domed forehead, lax legs

205
Q

What three things should foals be doing by 5 mins?

A

Lift head, onto brisket, suck reflex

206
Q

Why can it be hard to see resp rate in very young foals?

A

Shivering

207
Q

What should foal be doing after 15 mins?

A

Onto brisket, attempt to stand

208
Q

When should the foal stand by?

A

30-90 mins

209
Q

What should you treat navel with?

A

0.5% chlorhexidine

210
Q

Why do some owners want enemas?

A

To prevent meconium retention

211
Q

Which kind of foals normally get meconium retention?

A

Overdue colts

212
Q

What should you use for an enema?

A

Phosphate buffer

213
Q

What are 5 prenatal “at risk” factors?

A

Mare history, mare health, gestation length, lactation, vaccination status

214
Q

What are two neonatal at risk factors?

A

Low birthweight, dysmature/premature

215
Q

On which days should vet examine foal?

A

1,2,3

216
Q

Where should the foal run when vet enters?

A

To its mother

217
Q

Where should you hold a foal?

A

Base of tail, around head

218
Q

What happens if you hold a foal too long?

A

Plays dead

219
Q

Why should you check mucous membranes on day 1?

A

Haemolytic diseases

220
Q

Which vaccination is given to foals?

A

Tetanus anti toxin

221
Q

Why is tetanus antitoxin not always necessary?

A

Colostral immunity usually enough

222
Q

Which foals get prophylactic antibiotics?

A

High risk

223
Q

Which blood samples do you take on day 2?

A

Routine haematology and serum protein

224
Q

What blood level must be checked for insurance?

A

IgG level

225
Q

How much IgG transfer is through the placenta?

A

None

226
Q

What do you do if not enough IgG?

A

Give serum sample

227
Q

What does high MCV suggest?

A

Dysmaturity

228
Q

What should neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio be?

A

2:1

229
Q

What does neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio other than 1 suggest?

A

Dysmature

230
Q

What do plasma fibrinogen and serum amyloid A show?

A

Inflammation

231
Q

Why is serum amyloid A better to show inflammation?

A

Fibrinogen is slower to rise

232
Q

From what age are autogenous IgG produced?

A

2 weeks

233
Q

When in gestation is colostrum produced?

A

Last 2-4 weeks gestation

234
Q

What influences colostrum production?

A

Hormones

235
Q

How much colostrum does a mare produce?

A

1.5-2 litres

236
Q

What Igs are in colostrum?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM

237
Q

What other 3 substances does colostrum contain?

A

Local protective substances, complement, lactoferrin

238
Q

How does sucking affect IgG uptake?

A

Increases

239
Q

By what mechanism is colostrum absorbed?

A

Pinocytosis

240
Q

At what time is colostrum uptake maximal?

A

8 hours

241
Q

When does colostral uptake end?

A

36 hours

242
Q

At what age does serum IgG levels peak?

A

18 hours

243
Q

What serum level is partial FPT?

A

2-4g/L

244
Q

What level is total FPT?

A

Less than 2g/L

245
Q

What is FPT prevalence?

A

3-25%

246
Q

Why should you only use equine colostrum?

A

Avoid anaphylaxis

247
Q

What can you insure for on day 3?

A

Mortality

248
Q

Which kind of plasma is best?

A

Fresh

249
Q

What three characteristics should a plasma donor have?

A

No disease history eg neonatal isoerythrolysis, negative for RBC isoantibodies, vaccinated 4 weeks previously

Animal Breeding (6 decks)

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