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RUSVM Nutrition Summer17 > Small Ruminants > Flashcards

Small Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “doeling”?

A

A young female goat

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2
Q

What is a CM sheep OR goat called?

A

Wether

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3
Q

What are the functional characteristics of the South African Mutton Merino sheep breed?

A

Meat and Wool!

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4
Q

In sheep feeding, is amount or quality more important pertaining to protein?

A

AMOUNT

as opposed to chickens

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5
Q

What critical vitamins may need supplementation in the sheep?

A

A and D

Often in the winter and during confinement

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6
Q

T/F: Wool fiber is thinner than hair

A

TRUE

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7
Q

What is the largest single cost on sheep farms?

A

nutrition/feeding

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8
Q

Sheep production is controlled by the efficiency of converting _____ _______ into products (meat, milk, or wool)

A

Feed resources

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9
Q

What are two key components in the sheep diet?

A

Pasture and forage

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10
Q

Many sheep are raised under range conditions. What is the major cause of their high mortality rate?

A

Poor nutrition

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11
Q

What is one of the most important nutrients that sheep need, and typically will need to be brought to pasture for supply?

A

WATER

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12
Q

_____ limits the performance of sheep, especially in lactation and gestation

A

Energy

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13
Q

What will be noted in energy deficient sheep?

A

Reduced growth
Poor fertility
Decreased wool production

*generally pasture and hay are sufficient - but animals that are lactating/pregnant may need energy supplements

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14
Q

Lambs that are finished in feedlots require what kind of supplements?

A

Energy –> cereals

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15
Q

What type of pastures will provide sufficient protein for sheep?

A

Green pastures

*dried, matured pastures DO NOT

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16
Q

Do sheep require mineral supplementation?

A

YES - should be free choice

Trace minerals like Na, Cl, Co, Fe, Me and Zn

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17
Q

What is the BCS scale that is used in sheep?

A

1 - 5

Normal conditions Ewes will be between 2 - 4

BCS tends to be lower in older animals

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18
Q

What points on the body are used to assess BCS in sheep?

A

Spinous process

Muscle development or fat over transverse process

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19
Q

What two feeding systems are used on sheep farms?

A

Intensive feeding vs Range

*feeding systems vary with production stage, breed, size, occurrence of twins etc

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20
Q

What is flushing? When is it done?

A

It’s the process of increasing the nutrition of an ewe before breeding - to increase BCS, increase ovulation rate, and increase lambing rate (by 10-20%)

want to avoid over conditioning

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21
Q

How does the nutritional needs of a gestating ewe change?

A

Needs of the fetus will be much higher in the last two months - so nutrition of the ewe should be increased to supplement that (poor nutrition can result in lamb death)

  1. First 15 weeks: feeding under normal conditions
  2. Last 6 weeks: Critical period for fetus growth - will need to add energy supplement
  3. Parturition: good quality forage - supplementation at onset of lactation
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22
Q

How high are the needs in the lactating ewe (compared to maintenance)?

A

2-3 times maintenance

***especially when there are twin lambs

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23
Q

When does milk production peak in ewes?

A

3 weeks

They generally produce between 3- 6 lbs per day

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24
Q

What non animal factor will affect the lactation levels of sheep?

A

Season of lambing

Spring lambing: Ewes do well on pasture plus grain supplement

Fall lambing: Ewes do well on forage plus grain supplement

*lactating ewes should have mineral supplementation - mineral blocks

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25
Q

Lambs should nurse within ____ hours post birth

A

Within the first hour post birth

They need colostrum (passive immune transfer), then milk or milk replacer

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26
Q

Naturally fed lambs are weaned at ___ days

Artificially reared lambs are weaned as early as ___ days

A

natural - 60

Artificial - 30

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27
Q

To reduce nutritional stress in recently weaned lambs, they should get a _______

A

Supplement: 18-19% CP and high energy

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28
Q

T/F: Lambs can reach market weight while nursing

A

TRUE (southern Europe)

Not common in the US though

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29
Q

At what age to most lambs enter the feedlot for finishing?

A

5-6 months old

*hay supplemented with grain is the most effective diet for finishing and most cost effective on the feedlot

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30
Q

At what age do replacement ewes typically lamb for the first time?

A

1 or 2 yrs old

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31
Q

What are the advantages of 1 yr old lambing in replacement ewes?

A

Reduced maintenance costs
Shortens generation interval
Increases productive lifetime
Early selection

32
Q

Ewes that are bred at 7-8 months old, to lamb at one year of age, are typically ____ % of their final body weight at that time

How does this affect their nutritional needs

A

65-75%

  • these ewes will require a higher plane of nutrition to accelerate maturity
  • grain needs to be incorporated in the diet (half a pound per day)
33
Q

Why is nutrition not as critical when ewes are bred at 18 months and lamb at 2 years of age?

A

The animals are more mature - so they do well with range conditions (and supplements in the winter)

34
Q

T/F: Pasture is sufficient for immature rams

A

FALSE

They need to be supplemented with hay and cereal during the winter or if the pasture quality is poor

*Mature rams can be maintained on pasture - but they should be supplemented prior to breeding (30-45 days prior)

35
Q

What is the cause and result of pulpy kidney or overeating disease?

A

Enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens type D

Toxins cause enterocolitis, increase permeability of blood vessels - then enter the blood

Can cause swelling of the lungs and kidneys

*affects larger, fast gaining lambs

36
Q

What are common signs associated with enterotoxemia in sheep?

A

Sudden death
loss of appetite
Abdominal discomfort
Profuse dhr

*Glucosuria - is diagnostic

37
Q

How is enterotoxemia in sheep treated?

A

Administering C and D antitoxin
Admin thiamine (B1) IM
IV or SQ fluids

**prevention = vaccinate

38
Q

What is a common nutrition related problem seen in rams and wethers in the drylot?

A

Urinary calculi

*animals will be depressed, off feed, and show a “humped” appearance. Abdomen will be distended with bladder rupture. Swelling along the penis will be noted with urethral rupture

39
Q

How can urinary calculi in sheep be prevented?

A

Maintaining an ideal Ca:P ratio of 1:1
Having a continuous supply of water available
Salt blocks - to enhance drinking
Addition of ammonium chloride to the feed ration to acidify the urine

40
Q

What is rectal prolapse associated with in sheep?

A

Genetics
Feeding pelleted, high roughage rations
Dustiness within the ration - increase coughing and rectal prolapse
Short docked tails

tx = surgery = $$$$$$

41
Q

Where/when does cobalt deficiency occur in sheep?

A

In areas where soil is low in B12 concentrations

Can be complicated by parasitic infections

Commonly observed in weaned lambs at pasture during late summer/fall

42
Q

What are some signs associated with cobalt deficiency in sheep?

A

Lethargy
reduced appetite
poor quality wool with an open fleece
small size and poor body condition

Tx: IM B12 injection and drenching with up to 1mg/kg colbalt sulfate

43
Q

What are the conditions of pastures that result in copper deficiency after grazing?

A

Low in copper but high in iron

44
Q

What are clinical signs associated with cooper deficiency in sheep?

A

hind leg weakness, poor wool quality, anemia, poor bone mineralization

Tx: Copper heptonate injection or supplementation with copper oxide

45
Q

What is the etiology of what muscle disease?

A

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency

Selenium deficiency occurs in soils of certain geographic areas

Prevention: feed medication, periodic drenching, Selenium injection, free access to mineral licks

46
Q

What is a browser?

A

Feeds on grasses and bush

goats

47
Q

What should be the primary source of goats feed intake?

A

Fiber

*maintains healthy rumen function

48
Q

T/F: Goats have less nutritional problems when they are forage fed

A

TRUE

Minimum amount of roughage is half a pound per 100lb body weight

49
Q

In which goats is protein a dietary concern?

A

In dairy and high production (milk/fiber) goats

50
Q

What is more important when it comes to protein in a goats diet, quality or quantity?

A

Quantity

but if given in excess –> will cause obesity

51
Q

Selenium, ______, and _____ can be a particular problem in goats

A

Iodine and zinc

52
Q

What are sources of vitamins for goats?

A

Natural sources = pastures
vitamin packs
Mineral blocks/mixes

53
Q

What is a better health indicator in goats than weight?

A

body condition score

1-5 scale (half scores are commonly used)

54
Q

When is the most important time to evaluate BCS in goats?

A

During breeding (3), late gestation (3- 3.5), and weaning

55
Q

What is the majority of a meat goats diet?

A

Pasture and browse

want to get them fat cheaply

56
Q

How much grass hay or pasture should a goat take in during early and mid gestation?

A

3-4 pounds

*no grain at this time

57
Q

How much average quality hay should a goat take in during late gestation?

A

4 - 5 pounds

better hay (like alfalfa) should be fed in late gestation and lactation
*plus .5 - 1 pounds of grain per day (make sure to gradually add into the diet)

poor quality day can be fed in late lactation and after weaning

58
Q

How should goats be fed for the first three days post partum?

A

forage
then after one week start to introduce full feed

ad lib water

FIY - goats normally give birth early spring

59
Q

What are the feeding guidelines for a lactating goat?

A

Feed 4-5 lbs of the best quality hay plus 1 lb of grain for each offspring the female is nursing

Separate females into production groups - singles, twins, triplets

60
Q

When should pregnant dairy goats have an increased in their level of nutrition?

A

6 weeks prior to kidding

Good quality hat/pasture + concentrate –> continue after kidding

61
Q

When does lactation peak in dairy goats?

A

3-35 days into milking

*most critical phase - increase concentrate feeding at this stage

62
Q

When should diet changes be avoided in angora goats?

A

In the spring and autumn bc this is when they are sheared - want to decreased stress as much as possible

63
Q

What occurs in goats with an iodine deficiency?

A

Goiter - hyperplastic thyroid

64
Q

What is an alternative to iodized salt, to prevent goiter in goats?,

A

offer kelp (seaweed)

65
Q

What does zinc deficiency in goats lead to?

A 
Excessive salivation
deformed hooves
stiff joints
skin problems
small testicles and libido
66
Q

T/F: Alpacas are ruminants

A

False

they are not true ruminants - they have a 3 compartment stomach

67
Q

What kind of eaters are alpacas?

A

Strict grazers

they prefer bottomland vegetation of meadows and marshes - consume tall grasses in the wet season and short grasses in the dry season

68
Q

What is unique about the mouth of a alpaca?

A

Upper lip is split by a labial cleft - each side is independent of the other –> high selection

(the tongue does not participate in grabbing food)

69
Q

T/F: Alpacas should be supplemented with mineral blocks

A

FALSE

They do not lick themselves, their young, or mineral blocks

70
Q

By ___ weeks of age, the C1 of the alpaca stomach reaches adult proportions

A

8 weeks

71
Q

What percentage of the alpaca forestomach volume does C1 make up? Where is it located in the abdomen?

A

On the left side

Makes up 80% of the forestomach volume

72
Q

How much of the alpaca forestomach volume does C2 make up?

A

6%

C1 and C2 together contain about 10-15L of digesta
*there are also glandular saccules across the ventral surfaces of these compartments

73
Q

What is the function of the glandular saccules within C1 and C2?

A

nutrient absorption
Addition of mucus secretions, glycoproteins, mucus
Secrete bicarb ions –> buffering

74
Q

Alpacas can perform better than sheep when using poor quality roughage. Why?

A

They have a slower particulate passage time = more microbial action to breakdown roughage

They have a faster liquid passage time –> faster removal of microbial protein

75
Q

What are some feeding behaviors noted in alpacas?

A

Feed in groups - active at dawn and dusk
Eat for 5-6 hours per day
*avoid competitive feeding behaviors

76
Q

T/F: Normally, Alpacas can be maintained on pasture only

A

TRUE

  • supplementation needed for lactating animals
  • watch fiber animals closely for mineral deficiencies (will affect coat)

RUSVM Nutrition Summer17 (18 decks)

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