Intro & Feedstuffs Flashcards
Which of the following feedstuffs has the highest protein content (%)?
Corn silage
Wheat
Timothy hay
Soybean meal
Soybean meal
Select the most used cereal in poultry feeding:
Wheat, Maize/corn, Barley, Oats, Millet
Maize/Corn
What is the essential Amino acid for cats?
Taurine
Which of the following is the NON-essential amino acid?
Arginine Histidine Tryptophan Valine None of the above
NONE OF THE ABOVE
All are essential AA
Which of the following is the saturated fatty acid?
Acetic, Oleic, Linoleic
Acetic
What is the mineral in higher content in beef cattle ash?
K, P, Mo, Zn, Ca
Ca - Calcium
What is the primary nutrient component in livestock feeds?
Carbohydrates
Composed of: C, H, O
What is a monosaccharide? What are two important monosaccharides we often refer to?
1 sugar molecule
**Fructose and Glucose
(these are hexose monosaccharides)
Fructose and glucose together make Sucrose
What is a disaccharide? Some examples?
2 sugar molecules
Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose
What is a polysaccharide and some examples?
Multiple sugar molecules
Cellulose, glycogen, starch, gums, hemicellulose
Where is protein found in the highest concentration?
In all living organisms (after water)
What are some functions of proteins?
Protecting the body (hair, skin) Food digestion (enzymes) Stimulating growth (hormones) Immune reactions (immunoglobulins)
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Protein = a long chain of amino acids
What are the essential amino acids?
Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Taurine (cats)
What amino acids are low in cereals and thus more likely for those animals eating them to be deficient in?
Lysine
Methionine
Tryptophan
T/F: If an AA is required to synthesize a protein is not available, that protein will not be synthesized
TRUE
Organic compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent, are _________
lipids
Found in plants and animals
What is the main role of lipids?
Concentrated form of stored energy
What constitutes a saturated fatty acid?
When all bonds in the carbon are taken up by hydrogen (all the carbons are saturated)
What are five common unsaturated fatty acids?
Palmitoleic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidonic
What are essential fatty acids?
FA that animals require but are NOT able to synthesize
Ex: linoleic and linolenic
What percent of the monogastric animals diet is composed of essential fatty acids?
1%
These are imporant to the lipid protein structure of the cell membrane and prostaglandin
Scaly skin, necrosis of the tail, and poor feathering are all examples of what nutrient deficiency?
Lipids/Essential fatty acids
More frequent in poultry
Macro minerals are the major minerals found in concentrations above ______
Micro minerals (trace minerals) are found in concentrations less than ___________
100 ppm
What are some important macro minerals?
Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, S
Most minerals found in the animal body are part of the _________
Skeleton
*ash content = mineral content (non specific)
What are some mineral deficiencies seen in sheep, piglets, pigs, goats and chickens?
Cobalt in sheep
Iron in piglets
Seleium in pigs
Zinc in goats and chickens
What animals can not synthesize Vitamin C?
humans, guinea-pigs, monkeys
What vitamins are water soluble?
What vitamins are fat soluble?
Water = C, B1, B2, B6, B12
Fat = A, D, E, K
Where are most vitamins stored in the body?
Liver
smaller amts are stored in the kidneys and spleen
Anorexia, Reduced growth, dermatitis, muscular incoordination, and weakness are all signs of what nutrient deficiency?
Vitamin deficiency
What specific vitamin deficiencies cause blindness, rickets, and tissue hemorrhage?
Blindness = vitamin A Rickets = vitamin D Hemorrhage = vitamin K
What is the difference between digestible energy (DE) and Metabolisable energy (ME)?
DE = Gross energy feed - GE feces
ME = DE - Gross energy (urine and gasses)
T/F: 1 Calorie = 1kcal
TRUE
calorie (cal) Gross energy = amt of energy needed to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius
Nutrition use of calorie (Cal) = amt of energy needed to raise the temp of one kilogram of water by one degree celsius
What are sources of water that animals use?
Drinking water Free water (included in feedstuffs) Metabolic water = released when nutrients and body tissues are broken down
T/F: Animals in arid environments obtain a lower percentage of water from sources other than drinking
FALSE
Higher percentage (bc they have less access to drinking water)
Water can be lost via what organs, or secretions?
urine, feces, lungs, skin surface, milk
Good quality water contains less than ______ % dissolvent solids
0.25%
What are commonly found minerals in water?
Chloride sodium magnesium calcium sulphates and bicarbonates
What is the most common analysis for used for feed samples?
Proximate analysis
Estimates : dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, nitrogen free extract
What does the Kjeldahl method measure?
Crude protein
Inorganic minerals are determined by their _____ content
Ash
**specific mineral content is not determined
What is an oxygen bomb calorimeter used to measure?
Energy
T/F: Low NDF values are desired in quality feed
TRUE (NDF increases as forages mature)
Neutral detergent fiber = structural components of the plant, specifically the cell wall
provides bulk or fill
What is the acid detergent fiber or ADF? Is it desirable in feedstuffs?
ADF= the least digestible plant components, including cellulose and lignin
The lower the ADF the more nutritious the feed
Plant materials (roughages or forages) primarily provide dietary ________
Carbohydrates
______ may be defined as dietary components that are high in fiber (cellulose)
Roughage
_____ may be defined as the total plant material to be consumed by the animal
Forage
_______ may be defined as plant material not including seeds or roots
Herbage
**primarily used for wildlife
T/F: Monogastric animals perform well on roughages
FALSE
Ruminants do well on roughages bc they require the action of microbial digestion –> therefore they are usually low on readily available carbs compared to other feeds
What are the four categories of herbage?
Grasses, Legumes, Forbs, Browse
What herbage has the ability to convert atmosphere Nitrogen into crude protein?
Legumes
T/F: C3 grasses typically have lower protein content that C4 grasses
False
C4 grasses have lower protein content than C3
C4 type = tropical and sub tropical
C3 = majority in temperate countries
This is a grass that is found in the southern USA, in lawns, pastures, and hays, it has a dense root mass and can become fibrous when over mature. What grass was described?
Bermuda grass
protein 15%
This grass is perennial and is higher quality in the cool season. Protein content ranges from 12-16%. What grass is being described?
Ryegrass
This grass is a very common in cold season grass that is relatively hardy in the winter. It is present in the US and Canada and has a crude protein of 12%. What grass is being described?
Brome grass
good for beef cattle
This grass is common on lawns and pastures. It is drought tolerant and can grow in warm to cold climates. It is often contaminated with endophyte fungus which can cause many medical problems in horses and cattle. What grass is being described?
Fescue grass
What complications can occur with fescue?
Produces ergot type alkaloids, fescue foot in cattle (gangrene)
What is a favorite grass for horses, that is cold adapted, and can be cubed?
Timothy
cubed for rabbits and horses
What are some characteristics of orchard grass?
very common and quality grass hay
Grows in cool weather
very productive
Cp should be around 14-17% but in early growing grass is 25%, and hay 12%
what are four native grasses?
Little bluestem
Big bluestem
Indian grass
Switch grass
What are some examples of legumes?
Alfalfa, clovers, soybeans, green beans, peas and lentils
Is alfalfa drought tolerant?
Yes - bc it is deeply rooted
It is also, highly palatable, and an excellent source of protein, calcium, carotene, tocopherol, and water soluble vitamins
What are some alfalfa associated problems?
Bloat in cattle (if grazed)
Blister beetle toxicity in horses: Epicauta spp of beetle - contains cantharidin –> GI irritant (oral ulcers, colic) to death in horses
T/F: Alfalfa hay must be cut after the bloom stage to prevent adverse effects
False. Must be cut before the bloom stage to prevent blister beetles
What are some problems associated with feeding sweet clover?
High in coumarin which is converted by molds to dicoumarol –> anti vitamin K
*may cause bleeding problems (death is rare) Cattle are more affected that sheep/horses - neonates are affected the most
What legume has a tendency to accumulate mycotoxins and causes salivary syndrome in horses?
What problems does it cause in cattle?
Red clover (has characteristic red flower)
Cause bloat, dhr, frequent urination in cattle
What problem can alsike clover cause in horses? How can this be prevented?
Photosenstization
Alsike clover should not be fed to horses in greater than 5% of the feed
What legume is common in pastures and laws all over the world, originating from Europe? It has high CP ~ 17-33%
White clover aka Dutch clover
Any low growing broad leaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants is referred to as _______
______ are very good at using these as a food source
Forbs
Goats
T/F: Browse and woody plants are a last resort plant material
TRUE
some goat breeds and wild animals like deer and bison can digest these
T/F: Forages/Pastures are most nutritious if harvested and or eaten as a mature plant
FALSE
YOUNGER is better!
(less nutritious once flowering)
What is green chop?
Forage harvested and chopped daily
moisture content and nutritional value change through out the year
What are some advantages of feeding green chop to cattle?
Less nutrient loss
May reduce bloat
How is hay preserved?
By drying. It is foraged, dried, then baled at a low water content
How is silage preserved? What is the most commonly used form of silage?
Anaerobic preservation (form of controlled fermentation) - then stored in a tower, bunker, or bag
Corn is the most commonly used silage
What are 2 examples of carbonaceous silage and 2 exampled of proteinaceous silages?
Carbonaceous - corn and grass
Proteinaceous - alfalfa and clover
Corn silage is made when kernels have reached the ______ stage
dent
Straw is the non-grain part of crops such as _____ or _____
Wheat or oats
It is low in energy, protein, minerals, vitamins –> little nutritional value
Cereal grains are grains produced by plants of the ________ family
grass
Ex: corn, rice, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum
What is the number one US grain?
CORN
it is very productive, highly palatable, HIGH ENERGY, low fiber. low protein and several AA
What animals can be fed corn and cob meal?
Ruminants
when the cob is included there is more fiber, it is less digestible, and there is a lower CP than corn grain
Fill in the blank (high or low)
Wheat cereal is ____ energy, _____ CP, and ______ fiber
high energy
high CP
Low fiber
Can barley be fed while it’s green?
NO!
Barley is cold tolerant, is a hard kernel that must be rolled, ground, or flaked
*more drought tolerant than wheat
T/F: Oats are lower in fiber and have less energy than other grains
TRUE
T/F: Bran has more fiber and less energy than whole grain
TRUE
Bran is the outer covering of the grain seed. It is removed when white flour is made
Which cereal product has the greatest CP?
barley corn wheat sorghum wheat bran
Wheat
Molasses is the ________ of sugar.
It is ______ on energy, and _______ on protein.
by product
high on energy
low on protein
*used to increase palatability and help dusty foods stick together
What are three energy feed stuffs used to increase palatability?
Molasses
Sugar beet pulp
Citrus pulp
Why must animal fats with protein be avoided in cattle?
To avoid mad cow dz or other prion dz
What animals is protein especially critical for?
Young, rapidly growing animals and high performance dairy cows
What must soybeans be heat treated before feeding?
They contain trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutins, urease, saponins
***soybean meal is the most important protein supplement
What seed meal contains gossypol and should be avoided in monogastric animals?
Cottonseed meal
What seed meal is deficient in lysine?
sunflower seed meal
it is high in protein and high in fiber (not good for monogastric animals)
What is a tropical crop that can be used to produce a meal that is low on lysine and has low digestibility?
Peanuts
What meal contains toxic goitrogenic compounds that can disrupt thyroid metabolism?
Canola or rapeseed
less lysine than soybean meal and higher in methionine
What is the function of corn gluten meal in feedstuffs?
Protein suplement
40 - 60% crude protein content
Bone meal, meat meal, shrimp meal, and fish meal are all examples of what?
animal by-product protein supplements
Other than a protein supplement, what can be used for boosting protein levels in ruminant rations?
Non-protein nitrogen
**this has a bitter taste and must be mixed with other foods to be consumed by ruminants
What is the most common way cattle are supplemented for NaCl?
Salt licks
This is the most common mineral supplement added to diets
*especially important for lactating animals
Why might mineral supplements be important for poultry? What are some examples?
To help with egg shell production
Oyster shell, limestone, Dicalcium phosphate, Calcium carbonate
What are common sources of each of the following vitamins?
A, D, E, K, B
A- fish liver oil (cod/shark)
D- sun cured forages, fish oil, synthetic
E- germ or germ oil of plants, green plants or hays,
K- green plant material
B complex - animal and fish by-products, dairy products
What vitamin can not be obtained from a plant source?
Vitamin A