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RUSVM Nutrition Summer17 > Dairy Cattle > Flashcards

Dairy Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

In dairy cattle, when does milking begin?

A

At calving

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2
Q

How long is the lactation period of a dairy cow (per year)?

A

305 days

followed by a dry period (60 days)

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3
Q

How soon after calving is a dairy cow inseminated?

A

85 days post parturition

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4
Q

When does peak milk production occur in dairy cattle?

A

5 weeks after calving

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5
Q

Female calves are kept on artificial milk, weaned at ____ days and reared for another ___ days

A

Weaned: 35–45 days

Reared: additional 420 days

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6
Q

T/F: Dairy farms have births year round

A

True

This is different than beef cattle cow-calf operations

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7
Q

For how many lactations are dairy cattle typically profitable for?

A

3-5 lactations

Then usually culled
Issues include: lameness, mastitis, infertility
*lifespan is 20 years

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8
Q

Fat and protein content in milk will ____ until week 10, then stabilizes

A

Decrease

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9
Q

What must increase in dairy cattle as lactation increases?

A

DMI - dry matter intake

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10
Q

When is peak lactation in dairy cattle?

A

weeks 4-10 (5 is a good reference)

this is followed by a continually decrease until drying off

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11
Q

What percentage of dairy operation costs are feed costs?

A

40-50%

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12
Q

Milk production is always limited by ______ (25%) and __________ (75%) components

A

Genetic/heredity - 25%

Environmental - 75%
happy cows produce more milk

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13
Q

A cow in lactation that is feed correctly, will use what portion of feed for maintenance and what portion of feed for milk production?

A

Half for each

*Said this would be on the exam

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14
Q

What occurs when a cow in lactation is inadequately fed?

A

It will draw body reserves for maintenance needs and milk production will drop

**said this will be on the exam

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15
Q

In a dairy cow on the first 5 weeks of lactation, the fat content of milk ______, unlike milk _______

A

Fat content will decrease

unlike milk volume - which will increase (this is peak lactation)

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16
Q

What is the basis of most feed rations on dairy farms?

A

Roughages (pasture, hay, silage)

They are the cheapest source of nutrients

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17
Q

T/F: Dairy cattle can do well on high quality roughages alone

A

FALSE

Because milk production is very demanding, dairy cattle have to be supplemented (concentrate feeding/grains)

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18
Q

In cattle, what percentage of the dry matter intake should come from roughages?

A

60-80%

The rest will come from concentrates and or grain

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19
Q

What is the ideal time to produce good quality hay?

A

Spring

*20% or less moisture content when baled

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20
Q

T/F: As a crop matures, cows will eat more of the green chop = more energy intake

A

FALSE

They will eat LESS of the green chop which results in LESS energy intake

**said this would be on the exam

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21
Q

How are silages preserved? What is their moisture content like?

A

Anaerobic preservation (low O2) - stored in towers, bunkers, bags

Silages have a higher moisture content than dry roughages

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22
Q

What is one of the most popular roughages for dairy cattle?

A

Corn silage

  • highly palatable
  • made when kernels reach the “dent” stage
  • easily stored and handled
  • less labor to harvest and feed
  • 8% DM is protein - low on minerals so supplementation is required
  • 50% grain on a DM basis
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23
Q

Who is straw fed to on dairy farms?

A

Cheap alternative for feeding dry cows and older heifers

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24
Q

Who is pasture ideal for on dairy farms?

A

Dry cows and old heifers

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25
Q

When lactating cows are fed on pasture, what negative side effects may be seen?

A 
Drop in milk production
Drop in milk fat
Bloating
Reduced grain intake
Watery feces
Difficulty getting cows into milk parlor
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26
Q

What can be done to limit problems with lactating cows that have pasture as a source of nutrition?

A

Limit grazing to 1-2 hours a day
Feed dry forage before allowing cows on pastures
Bring cows to barn several hours before feeding (feed silage/hay at that time)

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27
Q

Why are grains included in dairy rations?

A

For energy content

energy content is a limiting factor in milk production

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28
Q

What issues occur if grain is too finely ground?

A

lower digestibility and lower % milk fat

Acidosis

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29
Q

What is the most commonly used grain in dairy cattle rations?

A

Corn

high energy
high palatability

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30
Q

Compared to corn cereal, what is the energy and protein content of oats?

A

Lower energy content than corn

Higher protein content than corn

(lower digestibility than corn)

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31
Q

Oats should not replace more than ____ of the corn in the ration

A

should not replace more than half

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32
Q

What cereals should NOT be more than half of the grain ration in dairy cattle?

A

oats
barley (higher protein than corn)
wheat (not commonly used due to high costs)

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33
Q

(Quality/Quantity)

________ of the protein is more important than the _______ of the protein

A

Quantity is more important than quality

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34
Q

What are some protein supplements that may be used in dairy cattle?

A
  1. Corn gluten meal (low palatability)
  2. Distillers’ grain
  3. soybean meal (high palatability)
  4. Sunflower meal (protein and phosphorus)
  5. Linseed meal (adds shine to hair coat/palatable but laxative)
  6. Cottonseed meal (palatable but may cause constipation)
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35
Q

What is a non by product meal used to supplement and boost protein levels in ruminant rations?

A

Nitrogen supplement: Feed-grade urea

**high protein equivalent

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36
Q

What protein supplements are NOT recommended for dairy cattle?

A

Fish, meat, blood meal

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37
Q

What other by-products of the food industry can be used to supplement cattle rations?

A
  1. alfalfa meal
  2. beet pulp - energy
  3. Citrus/tomato pulp - energy
  4. whole cottonseed - high in fat, fiber, energy
  5. Molasses - energy/palatability
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38
Q

What are some adequate sources for calcium supplementation in dairy cattle?

A

Limestone, Dicalcium phosphate

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39
Q

Dairy cows suffer more from lack of ____ than lack of any other nutrient

A

WATER

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40
Q

What is the purpose of placing a rumen cannula fistula?

A

These are generally placed in a mellow, easy to handle, non-milking cow

It allows you to removed rumen liquor and supplement/supply cows with poor rumen function

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41
Q

What are the four basic groups of microorganisms within the rumen?

A

Bacteria
protozoa
Fungi
viruses

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42
Q

What is the normal pH of a healthy rumen?

A

nearly neutral ~ pH 6.5

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43
Q

What is the major product produced by rumen digestion?

A

Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

**acetate, proprionate, butyrate

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44
Q

T/F: Ruminants are always lacking B vitamins

A

TRUE

they have a portion of the rumen that is making B vitamins (use of microorganisms) and a portion that needs the B vitamins

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45
Q

When cattle diets include large quantities of starch, what VFAs will be produced in greater amounts?

A

Proprionate and lactate

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46
Q

When cattle diets are high in fiber, what VFAs will be produced in greater amounts?

A

Acetate and butyrate

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47
Q

What can be added to a cows diet to enhance the function of the bacteria within the rumen and increase the production of proprionate?

A

Yeast culture

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48
Q

In early lactation, dairy cows should be fed no more than _____% crude protein (dry matter basis)

A

18-19%

gradually reduce to 13% CP in mid-late lactation

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49
Q

How much forage (dry matter) should be fed to dairy cows per 100 pounds body weight?

A

1.5 - 2.8 pounds of forage per 100 pounds body weight

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50
Q

T/F: Fiber in the ration of a dairy cow is required to maintain milkfat

A

TRUE

Minimum of 15% crude fiber in the diet

Early lactation: increase to 18%
Late lactation: increase to 21%

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51
Q

What would the most adequate (high quality) forage for high-yield lactation dairy cows be?

  1. straw
  2. prairie grass hay
  3. prairie grass silage
  4. corn silage
  5. pasture
A

corn silage

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52
Q

What would be the consequence of feeding a dairy cow a diet with a high level of soluble carbohydrates?

A

Acidosis and low milk fat

soluble carbs are recommended at a level of 30-35%

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53
Q

What are the most expensive parts of feed rations in dairy cows?

A

Grains and protein supplements

*home grown grains will lower costs

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54
Q

Describe the four feeding phases of dairy cows

A

Phase 1. critical occurs during the first 70 days of lactation – highest milk production. Increased grain, protein, fiber above 15%

Phase 2: 70-140 days after calving. Decreasing milk production. Highest dry matter intake

Phase 3: 140-305 days post calving. Continual decreased milk production

Phase 4: 60 day dry period

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55
Q

By how much should grains be increased in dairy cows during Phase 1?

A

increased by 1 - 1.5 pounds per day

Also increase CP supplementation

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56
Q

How much fat needs to be added to the diet of a dairy cow in phase 1 to avoid weight loss?

A

1 - 1.5 pounds of fat daily

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57
Q

During what phases does peak production occur in dairy cows?

A

Phase 1

58
Q

During what phase does a dairy cow require the highest amount of dry matter intake?

A

Phase 2

59
Q

During which phase does a dairy cow have the highest nutrient requirements?

A

Phase 1

60
Q

Younger cows need extra amounts of nutrients for growth to reach their full potential.

A two year old requires ___% more nutrients

A three year old requires ____% more nutrients

A

Two = 20%

three = 10%

61
Q

What should be done at the end of the dry period to prepare the animal for calving and lactation?

A

Gradual increase in grain

62
Q

What are four methods of feeding dairy cows?

A

Traditional
Challenge or Lead feeding
Total Mixed Rations (TMR)
Automatic concentrate feeders

63
Q

Is traditional feeding efficient for a large dairy farm?

A

No

*you need the same person to be feeding every meal to have consistency

This is most commonly done on older, smaller farms

64
Q

What kind of feeding is described?

Roughages and concentrates are fed ad lib, but separately.

Concentrates may be fed to cows individually according to milk production

A

Traditional

65
Q

What are some PROs and CONs to traditional feeding?

A

PROS: less specialized equipment, in theory - each cow is fed upon her individual needs, allows individual feeding to each cow

CONS: low producing cows are overfed, high producing cows are underfed, hygiene issues when feeding in the milking parlor and extra time cleaning, delayed milking due to slow eaters, less control over total feeding

**more cons to this method

66
Q

What is challenge or lead feeding?

A

Variation of traditional: practice of feeding higher levels of concentrate to challenge the cow to reach max milk potential

Provides more concentrates to cows early in the lactation period - less later

67
Q

What are some factors that go into challenge feeding? What farms use this method?

A

Used in very small operations and high producing dairy farms

Labor intensive, time intensive, requires good record keeping, requires daily milk weighing, *cows that do not respond to challenge should be culled :(

68
Q

What is the most common feeding method used on dairy farms?

A

Total mixed rations

69
Q

How does TMR work?

A

All or almost all of the ingredients are blended together. The ration is then fed free choice to all the cows in a large group.

Large herds may be split into multiple feeding groups

70
Q

When using TMR - does any feeding occur in the milk parlor?

A

NO

This is a major benefit compared to other methods that may feed concentrates in the feeding parlor

71
Q

What does TMR contain?

A

Roughages and concentrates combined to meet the energy, protein, mineral, vitamin, and crude fiber needs of all the animals

72
Q

What are some benefits to feeding TMR?

A

each cow will receive a balanced diet that will challenge them to produce to their maximum genetic potential

Feeds more efficiently, fewer cows have GI issues or go off feed, less labor during feeding, not necessary for separate feedings of minerals etc etc etc

73
Q

What feeding method is best for the hygiene and maintenance of the milking parlor?

A

TMR

This method eliminates any feeding in the milk parlor - less dust, less manure, less time in the parlor

74
Q

What are some disadvantages to TMR method of feeding on a dairy farm?

A

Special equipment for weighing and mixing
Cows may not want to enter milk parlor if there is no food
Hay is hard to include in TMR (so if fed separate, it may be unbalanced for some cows)
Works best with silage
Low producing cows may get too fat
More complex management

75
Q

What equipment is necessary for TMR feeding?

A

Mixer blender unit
(many variations)

Weighing device

76
Q

How should feeding groups be established within large herds for TMR feeding?

A

It is important to divide the herd into homogenous groups with similar production and nutrition needs

Ex: if a low producing cow is fed with high producing cows - she will get fat. This should be avoided

77
Q

What are the three types of automatic concentrate feeders and what is their purpose?

A

Magnetic, electronic, transponder

They are systems that control access to concentrate feeding by individual dairy cows
*a device is attached to each individual allowing them access = $$$$

78
Q

What does TMR stand for?

A

Total mixed ration

79
Q

T/F: When using TMR it is not important to weigh the amount of hay

A

FALSE

80
Q

When using TMR, it is important to know the protein and moisture content of roughage such as corn.

  1. Yes, but only for moisture
  2. Yes, but only for protein
  3. Yes for both
  4. No, not necessary when using TMR
A

Yes for both

81
Q

What is the feeding schedule of a calf from birth to rearing?

A

Colostrum first
Then replacement milk
Weaning diet
(weaned at 35-45 days)

Then reared for ~420 days —> roughage

82
Q

What are some benefits of calf hutches?

A

Keeps the calves separate to prevent injury to one another (suckling), less feces exposure, practical and cost effective

83
Q

Colostrum is the first course of nutrition in neonate ruminants. It promotes ______ transfer from the dam to newborn

A

Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG)

protection against infections in the newborn Essential for survival

84
Q

Colostrum is a mixture of what nutritional components?

A

Fat, lactose, vitamins, minerals, complex mixture of proteins

**colostrum proteins actively participate in the protection of the neonate against pathogens and environment

85
Q

What kind of placenta do cows have? Why is this important for the neonate ruminant?

A

Epitheliochorial

There is not an adequate transfer of immunoglobulins during gestation –> making colostrum extremely important for survival

86
Q

Besides immunoglobulins, what other important agents does colostrum contain to support the health of the neonate?

A

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents

Growth factors

Cytokines, enzymes, peptides

87
Q

What form of immune transfer is colostrum to the neonate?

A

Passive immune transfer

88
Q

Which animal would have the colostrum with a higher variety of immunoglobulins?

  1. Cow at first lactation
  2. Cow at second lactation
  3. Cow at third lactation
A

Cow at third lactation

89
Q

Why is it so important that neonates get colostrum within the first 24 hours post parturition?

A

Their GI tract is permeable to antibodies at birth - but that closes down by 24 hours

The less than 48 hr old GI tract of neonates is also low in proteolytic activity - which favors uptake of antibodies

90
Q

Colostrum composition is regulated by _______ during colostrogenesis

A

hormones

estrodiol and progesterone

91
Q

What factors affect colostrogenesis?

A

Species, breed, age, nutrition status, litter size, length of dry period, health status

92
Q

How much colostrum does a dairy calf need?

A

*** 1 gallon within 12 hours of birth
(2 quarts within the first hour of birth – then 2 more by 12 hours later)

**absolutely essential to avoid failure of passive transfer

(said this would be on the exam)

93
Q

How do you feed an orphan calf?

A

use colostrum from other dairy cows (directly from mother or milked from mother and fed to calf)

*colostrum can be frozen and saved

94
Q

T/F: Artificial colostrum is equivalent to natural colostrum and can be used for orphan calves?

A

FALSE

This is nutritionally equivalent but does not have the immunoglobulins the calf would get from it’s mother

Only used as a last resort, emergency situation

95
Q

If a calf is not suckling after birth, how do you get the colostrum in them?

A

Colostrum tube feeding

Tube placement is crucial! Don’t want the tube to enter the rumen, need to place the tube in the distal esophagus before the forestomach so it can go down the esophageal groove and straight into the abomasum

***this process needs to be done as gently and cleanly as possible

96
Q

What clinical signs might you see in a calf that has had failure of passive transfer?

A

Discharge from the eyes and nose
Polyarthritis - stiff or swollen joints, stiff stance
Depressed attitude
Scours - dhr on rear and back of the legs

97
Q

What is fed to calves after colostrum?

A

Replacement/artificial milk

purchased in powder form - mixed with water in the farm and fed to calves collectively or individually

98
Q

What nutritional qualities are essential for good milk replacer?

A

Fat: 10-20% (higher during cold weather)
Protein: greater thans 20% (must have milk origin- usually whey)
Fiber: less than .15%

99
Q

What else can calves be fed (besides replacement milk)?

A

WASTE MILK

needs to be pasteurized to avoid toxins/illness

  • 2nd and 3rd day postpartum milk
  • Residue milk (antibiotics)
  • mastitic milk
100
Q

When does weaning from artificial milk begin for dairy calves?

A

at 6-8 weeks of age

Palatable pellets should be gradually introduced from week one (roughages are not digestible at this age, but it helps develop the rumen)

Second week of age –> clean, palatable, dry straw or hay should be offered

101
Q

Weaning should take place abruptly when calves are eating ____ - ____ kg/head/day of an early weaning compound for three consecutive days

A
  1. 75 - 1 kg/head/day
    * this is easier to keep track of, if using calf hutches
    * this is commonly around 5-6 weeks of age
102
Q

What should the diet of a growing heifer consist of?

A

Good quality forage, some grain/concentrate is needed for growth and development (should be increased in late gestation)

*want to feed them enough to grow, but cheaply since they are not yet producing

103
Q

T/F: Corn silage is a good choice for breeding age heifers

A

FALSE

Results in poor growth and fat, short, dumpy heifers –> dystocia

Too much energy and too little protein

*if corn silage is used - must supplement protein to meet the needs

104
Q

If milk fat is consistently below the average for the breed of dairy cow, you likely have a _____ problem

A

Nutritional

105
Q

What is one of the most important characteristics of milk?

A

Milk fat

106
Q

What non-nutritional factors affect milk fat?

A

Season of the year (highest in spring/summer)
Stage of lactation (lowest at peak lactation)
Genetics and breed selection
High somatic cells counts (Mastitis)
Milking equipment problems
Improper handling of samples (over 40F)

107
Q

How do you evaluate the particle size distribution if feeding TMR?

A

Penn State Shaker Box

8 strong shakes in each box, then weigh the material in each, add the quantities of each box up to figure out the % of material in each

108
Q

What is the % of total weight that should be found in each sieve of the Penn State Shaker Box? (upper, middle, lower, bottom pan)

A

upper sieve: 2-8%
Middle: 30-50%
Lower: 10-20%
Bottom pan: 30-40%

said this would be on the exam

109
Q

How is body condition score evaluated on dairy cows?

A

Done by observing the amount of depression around the tail head, amount of fat covering the pin and pelvic bones, and fat around the loin area

110
Q

T/F: You can make a fair BCS assessment by comparing a dairy cow to beef cow if needed for quick reference

A

FALSE

beef and dairy cows are scored differently and using different scales - they can not be compared (dairy cows are generally much thinner than beef cows)

111
Q

What should a dairy cow with a BCS of three look like?

A

No cavity around the tail head

Fatty tissue over the whole rump and loin area

112
Q

At what times in life should BCS be checked in dairy cows?

A

After calving
Early in lactation
Middle of lactation (4months)
End of lactation

113
Q

What should a dairy cow’s BCS be shortly after calving?

A

3 - 3.5

then cows will drop weight

114
Q

What should a dairy cow’s BCS be during her early lactation period between calving and before breeding?

A

2 - 2.5

cows reach peak (Phase 1 lactation) lactation at this stage

115
Q

What should a dairy cow’s BCS be mid lactation?

A

3

116
Q

At the end of lactation, what body condition score should a dairy cow have?

A

3.5

117
Q

How often do adult cows pass feces? How much is produced daily?

A

Every 2 hours
100 pounds of manure daily

*amount and consistency will depend on the amount of water and the feed in their diet

118
Q

What should cow manure be evaluated?

A

It can provide hints about what might be happening with the digestive process

119
Q

What are the three C’s in manure observation?

A

Color
consistency
content

120
Q

What influences the color of manure?

A

Feed type, bile concentration and passage of feedstuffs and digesta

dark green = fresh forage or pasture
dark brown = hay ration
yellow olive= TMR ration (combination of grain/forage)
Light green-yellow = bacterial infections

121
Q

T/F: Normal cow feces should have consistency similar to porridge

A

True

forms a dome-shaped pile 1-2 inches high

122
Q

If a cow has diarrhea, what concerns will come to mind?

A

Poisoning, infection, parasites

Extensive hindgut fermentation of carbs

123
Q

What kind of feces results from heat stress?

A

Loose

124
Q

Ideally, fecal samples should indicate _____ digestion

A

Uniform

125
Q

What does large proportions of undigested grain or forage in the feces suggest?

A

poor rumen fermentation

hindgut or large intestine fermentation

126
Q 
What manure scoring should be expected with:
Fresh cows
Early lactation cows
Late lactation cows
Far off dry cows
Close up dry cows
?
A 
Fresh = 2 - 2.5
Early lactation = 2.5 - 3
Late lactation = 3 - 3.5
Far off dry cows = 3-4
Close up dry cows = 2.5 - 3.5
127
Q

What color do you expect the feces of a cow on a TMR diet to be?

A

Yellow-olive

128
Q

When are metabolic/nutritional disorders most commonly noted in dairy cattle?

A

around parturition or peak lactation

129
Q

What causes a displaced abomasum? To which side does it usually migrate and how does that affect the prognosis?

A

Normally occurs in the first months of lactation due to a change in feed - may be related to the amount of fiber in the diet (causes are not super clear)

Usually will be displaced to the L of the rumen - good prognosis

When displaced to the right of the rumen - prognosis is worse

130
Q

When does ketosis often occur in dairy cattle?

A

Common in high producing cows as a result of a negative energy balance –> mobilization of body fat

Can also occur as a complication of placenta retention or metritis

131
Q

How do you prevent ketosis in dairy cattle?

A

Avoid overfeeding and over conditioning cows, increase grain after calving, avoid abrupt ration changes, feed good quality forages, do drenching as a routine

132
Q

What nutritional disorder is most common in animals grazing on rapidly growing lush pastures during the beginning of pasture season?

A

Grass tetany - LOW magnesium

grass will have low Mg and high K

133
Q

How do you prevent hardware dz in cattle?

A

Good feed bunk management

Magnets in the reticulum and feed processing equipment

134
Q

What is lactic acidosis the result of?

A

Abnormal fermentation in the rumen

may be clinical or subclinical (pH 5 - 5.5)

Clinical = more severe (pH below 5)

135
Q

How can lactic acidosis be prevented in cows?

A 
Appropriate levels of fiber
Adequate particle size for TMR
Adjust cows to high-grain diet gradually
Add grain to the dry cows rations before calving 
Feeding buffers to help maintain rumen
136
Q

When do you see milk fever in cows?

A

aka parturient paresis

occurs in mature cows within 48hrs after calving

Low blood Ca = lack of muscle strength and contractility

137
Q

Who is most susceptible to milk fever?

A

Older cows and Jersey cows

138
Q

How can milk fever be prevented in cows?

A

Low dietary Ca in dry period will condition the cow to draw Ca from bone

Avoid excessive Ca intake during dry period

Supplement lg quantities of vitamin D 2-3 days prior to calving

139
Q

T/F: Silages typically do not cause nitrate poisoning due to their fermentation process

A

TRUE

Nitrate poisoning will most often be noted in drought conditions and in green cut forages

140
Q

Which metabolic disorder is related to low fiber and high grain intake?

A

Acidosis

141
Q

Which metabolic disorder is caused by calcium deficiency?

A

Milk fever

142
Q

Laminitis is associated with what metabolic disorder?

A

Acidosis

RUSVM Nutrition Summer17 (18 decks)

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