Dietary fiber & Polyunsaturated fatty acids Flashcards
What is a substrate from the diet for microbes residing in within the GI tract?
Dietary Fiber
Dietary fiber is a ________ carbohydrate, that is _______ to mammalian digestive enzymes
complex carb
resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes
Is the crude fiber required on pet food labels accurate?
NO
it derived from an assay developed for the wood pulp industry. It is also applied to feeds and forages
What is more important than the crude fiber within a petfood?
The total dietary fiber
It is derived using a chemical method and is a more complete detection of fiber
What kind of dietary fiber will turn into a gel when sitting in water for a long time?
Soluble fibers
What are some examples of soluble fiber components? What are their sources?
Components: Pectins, Gums, Mucilages, hemicelluloses
Sources: fruits and veggies, oats and oat bran, legums, phyllium husks
What is the most common insoluble fiber component?
Cellulose
others: modified cullulose, ligin, hemicelluloses
What are some sources of insoluble fibers?
Vegetables
cereal grains
seed coats
wheat bran
What does bacterial fiber fermentation produce?
Short chain fatty acids (aka volatile fatty acids) and gas
What are short chain fatty acids an energy source for?
cells lining the large intestine
SCFA produce a(n) ______ environment in the large intestine, and the promote absorption of _____ and ______.
Acidic
water and electrolytes
What type of fiber will bind to minerals?
Soluble
T/F: Soluble dietary fiber is resistant to bacterial fermentation
FALSE
Insoluble is resistant to bacterial fermentation
These also tend not to bind minerals or digestive enzymes
What is the minimum percent of fiber needed in a diet to prevent diarrhea?
1% minimum
What is a prebiotic?
Functional food: non digestible food ingredients that benefit the host’s health by selectively stimulating growth and or activity of a limited number of bacteria
What are some conditions where fiber in the diet can be used therapeutically?
Obesity diabetes mellitus hyperlipidemia used to normalize intestinal motility Trichobezoars colitis constipation (it is important that proper hydration is maintained)
T/F: Crude fiber = total dietary fiber in a diet
FALSE
**TDF is more important and accurate
What are some properties of facilitative lipids?
Add palatability and texture Provide dense calorie source Stored as energy Promote fat soluble vitamin adsorption Many are saturated and monounsaturated
What are some properties of functional dietary lipids?
Cell regulation and or metabolism
*Essential (linoleic and alpha linolenic)
Conditionally essential: Arachidonic (cats), DSH (neonates), *derived from essential fatty acids
*other functional fats: CLA, MCT, EPA
What kind of diet will limit the activity of enzymes that denature glucose and or amino acids?
High fat diets (like the diets of dogs and cats - they directly use and store FA from their diet)
These enzymes will be active when consuming low fat and carbohydrates (like the diets of herbivores)
T/F: Mammals can convert and revert linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid easily
FALSE
This is why they are important within the diet
What is the end product or biologically active PUFA synthesized from linoleic acid?
Arachidonic acid
From what source do animals get arachidonic acid in their diet?
What animal requires this in their diet?
Mammalian meat and chicken eggs
Cats require this in their diet - they lack the enzyme required to synthesize it (dogs do not)
What is the end product or biologically active PUFA synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid?
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Can be further synthesized into DHA (which is required in puppy foods)
T/F: Dogs require alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in their diets
TRUE
What are some sources of n-6 PUFA (linoleic)?
Plant based oils: corn, cottonseed, safflower, sunflower, olive, soybean, canola
What are some sources of n-3 PUFA (ALA)?
Fish oil (cold water fishes)
Flaxseed oil
Some in canola and soybean oil
Who requires linoleic acid in their diet?
All mammals
***needed to maintain the integrity of the skin
Can cats synthesize EPA or DHA?
NO
What clinical signs are associated with essential fatty acid deficiencies?
- Poor growth and weight gain
- Cutaneous changes: matted coat/unkempt appearance, scaly skin and increase epidermal turn over rate, thin discolored coat, weak cutaneous blood vessels
- Infertility and poor wound healing
How long does it take to see results from taking a fish oil supplement?
at least 8-12 weeks - to get incorporated with cell membranes
What could be a side effect of too much EFA in the diet?
easily bruising due to decreased PLT function (increase in thromboxane A2)
T/F: n-3 PUFA are much more effective in inhibiting n-6 metabolism than vice versa
TRUE
