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NAVLE > Small Ruminants > Flashcards

Small Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis
Species
Agent
CS

A

Goats
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
CS: abscessation of supramammary lymph nodes, weight loss, potential herd and public health problem

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2
Q 
Caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis (CAE)
Common disease name
CS in adults 
CS in kids
Tx
A

“Hardbag” - seen in goats
CS in adults: udder fibrosis and results in firm udder w/ agalactia, arthritis
CS in kids: leukoencephalomyelitis and polysynovitis-arthritis
Tx: cull the goat

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3
Q

Contagious erythema
Common disease name
CS
Is it contagious or zoonotic?

A

Orf
CS: young goats <1 yr have scabby lesions around mouthes, noses, low-grade fever, anorexic, fall behind in weight group
It is both contagious and zoonotic!
- the scabs fall off in 2 - 4 weeks and that is how it is transmitted the next year

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4
Q 
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Common disease name
CS
Post mortem lesions
Unique fact
A

Johne’s disease! = Mycobacterium paratuberuclosis
CS: muscle mass loss, weak, not lactating effectively
Lesions: thickened ileocolic area, mesenteric LN are enlarged

  • The disease does NOT cause obvious diarrhea in goats like it does in cows. But it does result in albumin loss through the gut causing weight loss that can be rapid.
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5
Q

Rumen acidosis
Cause
Pathophys
CS

A

Cause: grain overload

  1. Too much carbs leads to overgrowth of strep. Bovis and other gram (+) bacteria
  2. This lowers the rumen pH to 4.5
  3. This increases lactic acid and lactobacilli overgrowth leading to more production of lactic acid
  4. The goat cant metabolize D-lactic acid and lactic acidosis results

CS: rapid HR, depression, anorexia, fluid-filled rumen, scleral injection, diarrhea, staggering

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6
Q

Eimeria
CS
Dx
Tx

A

CS: diarrhea 2 - 3 weaks after weaning at 6 weeks of age
Dx: numerous Eimeria cysts in feces
Tx: feed coccidiostat preventative to kids at weaning

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7
Q

Grass tetany
Deficiency in what?
In what animals is it seen in?
What is the nutrient impt for?

A

Mg deficiency
Seen in lactating animals in the SPRING on well-fertilized pastures (green, legume pastures) high in N and K.

Mg is impt for nervous system function and many enzymatic reactions.

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8
Q 
Nutritional Myodegeneration
Deficiency in what?
Common disease name
CS
Lesions
Dx
Prevention
A

Selenium and Vit E deficiency - affects heart and skeletal muscle
“White muscle disease”
CS: weakness, stiffness, some die
Lesions: pale white streaks in bundles of skeletal muscle of limbs and diaphragm
Dx: assess herd Se level: take whole blood from 20 random sheep
Prevention: supplement

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9
Q

Polioencephalomalacia
Deficiency in what nutrient?
How is it induced?
CS

A

Thiamine deficiency
Induced by grain feeding resulting in thiaminase-producing bacteria multiplying rumen and destroying thiamine causing polio

CS: strongest animals will get sick first

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10
Q 
Copper deficiency
Species 
Disease name
Cause
CS
Pathology 
It is the most common cause of \_\_\_\_\_\_ in sheep?
A

Goats and sheep
“Enzootic ataxia”
Can be primary (not intaking enouch Cu) or secondary (diets high in other things like sulfur, Fe, Zn, etc that inhibit absorption of Cu)
CS: microcytic anemia, faded hair, heart failure, infertility, swollen joints, gastric ulcers, diarrhea, ADR
Pathology: dark, hemoglobin filled kidneys “gun metal blue”

The Most common cause of hemolytic anemia in sheep and causes an acute hemolytic crisis

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11
Q

What are the two neurologic diseases seen with Cu deficiency?

What are some CS seen with this?

A
  1. Enzootic ataxia - seen in lambs 1 - 2m old
  2. Swayback - seen congenitally

CS: ascending paralysis, incoordination, muscle atrophy, weakness.

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12
Q

CS of pneumothorax and collapsed lung

A

Absence of dorsal lung sounds
Audible ventral lung sounds

Dyspnea, tachypnea and normal temperature

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13
Q

What is the ringworm found in goats?

A

T. Verrucosum

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14
Q

What is the gestation length of a goat? Sheep?

A

goat: 150 days
Sheep: 152 days

Remember a pig’s gestation length is 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days = 115 days

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15
Q 
Beta mannosidosis 
Species
Breed
Pathophys
CS
A

Anglo-Nubian goats
A genetic deficiency where the plasma level of an enzyme is deficient (zero) that causes fatal neurological symptoms

CS: inability to stand since birth, short sternum, shortened and domed head with short curled ears, head tremor, carpal contractures, no suckle reflex

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16
Q

Dehorning
Can lead to what complications?
Which sinus is likely involved?

A

Sinusitis

Frontal sinus involvement

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17
Q

What sinus is involved in dental disease?

A

Maxillary sinus

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18
Q

Footrot
Agent
CS

What agent may be present secondarily?

A

Agent: Dichelobacter nodosus

CS: malodorous exudate and partial separation of the horn of the hoof from the skin.

Fusobacterium necrophorum may be present secondarily

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19
Q

Udder papillomas
Seen in which breed? What does it tend to develop into?
CS
Px

A

Seen in Saanen goats - tends to develop into SCC

CS: udder lesions that developed from warts, will see multiple in herd
Px: poor for dairy goats

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20
Q 
Dermatophilus congolensis
Disease common name
CS
Dx
Tx
A

“Strawberry foot rot” (dermatophilus congolensis)
CS: crusting lesions around coronary band during mosit winters. Pink granulation tissue under crusts. Will see multiple in herd

Dx: cytology = branching “railroad tracks” of cocci bavteria. Affected by younger animals more severely

Tx: footbath, isolating or culling animals since its contagious

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21
Q 
Mycoplasma mycoides
Species
CS in does and kids
Transmission
Treatment and px
A

Seen in goats
CS in does: mastitis (firm udders, brownish watery milk); febrile & depressed
CS in kids: fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, pneumonia, fever, unwilling to move
Transmission: transmammary and aerosol. Carrier goats maintain infection in herd. In adults, transmitted via external auditory meatus or direct inhalation
Treatment: tetracyclines
Px: complete recovery guarded. Culling may be recommended

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22
Q 
Bluetongue
Species
Transmission
CS in pregnant ewes
CS in non-pregnant sheep
A

Sheep
Transmission: vectorbrone - culicoides gnat or small midge; sexually; transplacentally
CS in pregnant: lambs with hydranencephaly (cerebral hemispheres absent and replaced with sacs of fluid
CS in non-pregnant: generalized vasculitis, fever, edema of ears and face, loss of oral mucosa, leukopenia, cyanosis of tongue

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23
Q

Manheimia hemolytica
Species
What does it cause?
What is the common disease name?

A

Sheep
Causes enzootic pneumonia and gangrenous mastitis

“Blue bag”
(Vs “hardbag” which is caprine arthritis encephalomyelitis virus in goats)

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24
Q 
Infectious KCS
When does it occur?
CS
Tx
Two organisms that cause it?
A

Occurs after severe weather - driving wind or snow
CS: lots of pregnant ewes suddenly become blind, photophobic, blepharospasm, epiphora, conjunctivits, keratitis, corneal ulceration
Tx: topical/systemic oxytetracycline
2 organisms: mycoplasma + chlamydia

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25
Lepto Species CS of lambs Dx
CS of lambs: acute hemolytic anemia, interstitial nephritis and tubular necrosis Dx: immunoperoxidase staining of renal tissue
26
``` Big head disease Species Causative agents How its contracted CS Tx Control ```
Sheep Clostridium novyi or C. Sordelli Caused when the organism enters wounds sustained from head butting activities. CS: swelling and edema of face, dull, depressed, pyrexic, congested mm Tx: penicillin Control: reduce head wounds and vaccinate with multivalent clostridial toxoids
27
What is the most significant cause of abortion in sheep in the US? What are the other most common causes of abortion in sheep?
Campylobacter or vibriosis infection C. Jejuni and C. Fetus
28
Tetanus Most likely clinical sign in sheep CS
Most likely clinical sign: trismus = spasm of the jaw muscles causing the mouth to remain tightly closed aka "sardonic grin" CS: stiffness or lameness in a limb ascending to generalized stiffness, raised tail head, saw-horse stance, rigid paralysis, pyrexia
29
What species is the carrier of malignant catarrahal fever? | How can it be controlled?
Carrier and reservoir = sheep Controlled: thru genetic testing
30
``` Gangrenous mastitis Caused by: When is it likely to occur? What is it associated with? CS Px: ```
Caused by: Manheimia & Staph aureus Likely to occur during the first 3 months of lactation Associated with poor milk supply due to ewe undernutrition and over vigorous suckling by lambs CS: enlarged udder, cold, blue and black. Serosanguinous milk that is foul-smelling Px: grave - gangrenous udder tissue eventually sloughs leaving a large granulating surface with superficial bacterial infection
31
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Causative agent Common disease name What does it cause?
Causative agent: lentivirus Maedi-Visna virus Causes a chronic, progressive condition that has no clinical signs as long as they dont develop secondary bacterial pneumonia. (This is in contrast to pasteurella pneumonia, which tends to be more acute).
32
``` Larval hypersensitivity Species Disease name What happens CS Dx Tx ```
Sheep Oestrus ovis infestation Adult flies deposit larvae around nostrils; larvae migrate up nasal passages into turbinates and sinuses. CS: nasal dsicharge and face rubbing Dx: cytoogy = numerous eosinophils and mast cells Tx: ivermectin
33
Most common urolith seen in sheep | why?
Calcium carbonate | Due to grazing over lush clover pastures that are high in Ca and oxalates
34
Ruptured bladder CS Clin path abnormalities
CS: straining to urinate, anorectic, depressed, no rumen motility, ammonia smelling breath, TPR is normal Clin path abnormalities: HypoNa, hypoCl, hyperP, hemoconcentration, increased Crt
35
Pregnancy toxemia Species How it occurs
Sheep Occurs in ewes in the last 2 - 4 weeks of gestation secondary to insufficient energy intake. The negative energy balance is unable to produce enough oxaloacetate to feed into the citrus cycle. This results in mobilization of fat and subsequent production of ketones.
36
Ovine Hereditary Chondrodysplasia Common disease name Seen in what breed What does it cause
Spider lamb syndrome Suffolk sheep Causes severe carpus valgus chrondrodysplasia from an autosomal recessive trait
37
Organophosphate toxicity What is the MOA Tx
Acts by inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs including hypersalivation, incoordination and bloat Tx: high doses of atropine or pralidoxime (2-PAM) in sheep use atropine
38
Whitten effect or buck effect
Introduction of a new male that induces sheep and goates to ovulate at the same time
39
``` Sheep keds What do they look like? How do you tell them apart? What do they feed on? CS ```
Wingless flies Look a lot like ticks but you can tell them apart by counting legs: Ticks - 8 legs Sheep keds (Melophagus ovinus) - 6 legs Adults feed on blood CS: pruritus, stained wool, potentially anemia
40
How many teeth do goats have?
32
41
How many teeth do sheep have?
32
42
What is the most common GI nematode in small ruminants? CS Tx
Haemonchus contortus CS: failure to thrive, weight loss Severe signs include: bottle jaw (pitting edema) and anemia Tx: use drugs therapeutically, only de-worm animals with high worm burden
43
Estrus cycle of sheep?
17 days
44
Estrus cycle of goats?
21 days
45
What is a difference between sheep and goats with regards to CLs? What is the significance?
Sheep are no longer CL dependent after 75 days into the gestation period; the placenta produces progesterone itself. This means that you cannot use Lutalyse (PGF-2-alpha) to induce abortionin sheep past 75 days; while you still can in goats
46
What type of placenta do goats and sheep have/
Same as the cow --> a cotyledonary placenta
47
``` enterotoxemia aka pulpy kidney disease aka overeating disease cause pathophys CS Tx Prevention ```
clostridium perfringens type D heavy grain feeding or rich pasture; type D prototoxin elaborates and is activated - toxin increases intestinal permeability CS: animals often found dead Tx: penicillin prevention: vaccinate
48
``` winter dysentery agent common history CS importance ```
bovine coronavirus history: housed dairy cattle in the north during the winter, herd outbreak CS: projectile diarrhea, mild resp. disease, drop in production importance: economic loss, high morbidity, low mortality
49
what are the 3 common causes of calf diarrhea?
1. ETEC < 3 days: only causs diarrhea in calves (not horses) 2. sepsis < 5 days 3. rotavirus 5d - 2 weeks: most common VIRAL cause of diarrhea
50
cryptosporidium parvum | when is it shed?
coccidian parasite shed from 5 - 15 days high morbidity zoonotic
51
coccidiosis
Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii | seen in older cattle during the summer and fall
52
``` Moniezia eggs shape what type of worm are they? describe lifecycle pathogenic? ```
they are rectangular or square in shape they are a tapeworm their lifecycle involves oribatid mites that live in teh soil and are ingested by the host. they are typicaly nonpathogenic but may cause intestinal stasis
53
``` Clostiridum hemolyticum or Clostridial novyi type D time of year CS clin path pathophys ```
summer can cause acute death CS: icteric, port wine colored urine, bloody diarrhea, ataxic, petechiation, blank stares clin path: anemia, asoztemia, hyperbilirubin infection of the liver by migrating flukes (fasciola hepatica) result in anaerobic tracks that allow clostridium to bloom and cause disease
54
what age group gets sick with anaplasma marginale?
adults; especially if they just travelled and are new to the herd
55
ostertagia CS lesions
CS: acute watery diarrhea, petechia lesions: worms and petechia in abomasum, the wall of the abomasum will look like "moroccan leather" - a nodular "cobblestone" appearance that is worst in the fundus
56
corynebacterium renale what it does CS
cause of pyelonephritis in post-partum cows from bacteria entering thru the urethra CS: renal swelling and pain (grinding teeth) fever, loss of appetite
57
what is the appropriate minimum egg count at which ou should plan to deworm calves?
300 eggs per gram of feces
58
white muscle disease
Vit E & Selenium deficiency has 2 forms: an acute cardiac form in which the animals just show up dead, or a skeletal muscle form: dyspnea, frothy nasal discharge lesions: bilaterally symmetric muscular atrophy, skeletal muscle is pale and dry with white streaks. calves can have trouble getting up and have swollen, hard, painful muscle
59
maple syrup disease | enzyme deficiency of what?
genetic disorders of spongiform changes in Hereford and poled shorthorn calves. caused by a deficiency of the enzyme: branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase
60
what day of gestation can pregnancy be confirmed on US?
28
61
at what point in gestation can you feel placentomes and bilateral uterine artery fremitus?
at least 7 months
62
hydrops allantois (hydroallantois)
disorder of placenta | px for fetus and fertility of the cow is poor

NAVLE (18 decks)

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