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NAVLE > Pigs > Flashcards

Pigs Flashcards

1
Q 
Pseudorabies
Disease name
CS 
Mortality
Geographic distribution
A

Aujezky’s disease
CS: piglets get anorexia, ataxia, convulsions, hypersalivation, nystagmus and seizures, and death
Mortality: can reach 100% in naive populations
Geography: FAD - south america, europe and asia

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2
Q 
Mycoplasma suis
Disease name
Age range
CS
Transmission
Treatment
A

Eperythrozoonosis
Younger pigs more severely affected
CS: anemia, fever, icterus, reproductive failure
Transmission: vectorborne biting insects
Treatment: tetracyclines (no vax available)

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3
Q

Serotypes for salmonella

A

Dubin and Enteriditis
Choleraesuis
Newport
Typhimurium

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4
Q 
Swine pox
Age affected
CS
Transmission
Treatment
A

Age: all ages susceptible but young and growing pigs more severely affected
CS: round papules, pustules and vesicles and scabs on ventral abdomen
Transmission: biting insects, particularly lice
Treatment: none necessary unless secondarily infected in which case broad-spec abx may be used

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5
Q

what does Parvovirus cause?

A

Stillborns and mummies

NOT abortions!

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6
Q

What 3 diseases commonly cause abortions in pigs?

A
  1. PRRS
  2. Lepto
  3. Pseudorabies
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7
Q

What does Brucella suis commonly cause in pigs?

A

Infertility

NOT abortions and NOT mummies

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8
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
What are common indications of APP?
What is the pathophys of APP?
Tx

A

Common indications: acute outbreak of sudden death in a herd over a span of a couple days - blood tinged nasal discharge, coughing

Virulence of APP is due to exotoxin production by the bacteria which causes vasculitis and hemolysis, especially in the lungs

Tx with ceftiofur and tulathromycin

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9
Q

If you see a pig presenting with lameness what 4 diseases should you immediately think of?

A
  1. Erysipelothrix (diamond skin disease)
  2. Haemphilus parasuis (glasser’s)
  3. Streptococcous suis
  4. Mycoplasma hyorhinis
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10
Q

what is the treatment for Pseudorabies?

A

Depopulation of the herd

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in pigs < 10 weeks old?

A

Primarily respiratory: sneezing, nasal discharge and coughing

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12
Q

What are the CS of pseudorabies in pigs >10w old?

A

Respiratory and CNS signs

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13
Q

What are the CS in pseudorabies < 3 weeks old?

A

Fever, anorexia, vomiting, blindness, convulsions and other neuro signs

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14
Q

What is the most common mycobacterium cause of TB in swine in the US?

A

Mycobacterium avium

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15
Q

PRRS
What type of disease is it? (Bacterial, viral, etc)
CS of neonates, weaned pigs, gestating sows and boars?
Treatment?

A

Arterivirus
Neonate CS: diarrhea and recurrent fevers
Weaned CS: anorexic, cough, dyspnea (“thumps”), purple ear tips and tails due to vasculitis
Gestating sows: abortions, mummies and early embryonic death
Boars: infertility due to interference with spermatogenesis
Treatment: depop or closing the herd until titers are done

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16
Q

Describe teh classic clinical presentation of a swine influenza outbreak

A

High fevers and nasal discharge that can spread thru up to 80% of a herd in 3 days

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17
Q 
Proliferative hemorraghic Enteritis (PHE)
Disease name
Causitive agent
Pathognomonic lesion
Age
CS
Most consistent sign
Similar to what disease in ruminants?
A

Acute Ileitis
Caused by: Lawsonia Intracellularis
Pathognomonic lesion: red clotted blood in the small intestine and spiral colon (no gross thickening of intestinal mucosa)
Age: weaned and older pigs
CS: soft yellow diarrhea, hemorrhagic diarrhea, lost weight, lethargy
Most consistent sign: weight loss
Similar to johne’s disease in ruminants!

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18
Q

Common causes of obstruction in pigs and treatment options

A
  1. Peach pits lodged in jejunum of pot bellied pigs
  2. Fibrous rings around spiral colon or SI
  3. Intussusception from strongyle (oesophagostomum) infections

Treatment: surgery and/or deworming for rest of herd

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19
Q

Ascaris suum
What worm is this?
What lesion is most commonly seen?

A

Roundworm

Will see “milk spots” on the liver - subcapsular white spots on the liver

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20
Q

What dermatophyte is most commonly associatd with ringworm in the pig?

A

Microsporum nanum

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21
Q

Strongyles
Most common lesion
CS

A

Intussusceptions and/or intestinal obstruction

CS: vomiting is most common clinical sign, tachycardia, restless, colic, will have no stool

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22
Q

Trichinella spiralis
How is it most commonly contracted?
How is it prevented?
What is important fact to remember about this worm?

A

Contracted in pigs thru ingesting rodents, raw garbage or cannibalism of infected meat
Prevention: prevent from cannibalizing the dead or eating rodents and cooking garbage fed to them
Impt to remember: this is a zoonotic worm; humans get it from eating undercooked pork

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23
Q 
Taenia solium 
What is this worm commonly called?
What are the two forms of this disease and in what species do they occur?
Who is IH?
Describe the lifecycle
A

Pork tapeworm
Taeniasis - adult tapeworms; occurs in ppl
Cysticercosis - larval form encysted in skeletal muscle; occurs in pigs though it can occur in humans too and cause disease
IH: pigs
Lifecycle
1. Pigs ingest infected human feces containing eggs or onchospheres
2. Cysticerci (larva) encyst in the skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle of the pig. Rarely ever causes CS in pigs
3. Humans ingest inadequately cooked pork containing the cysticerci which then evaginate and attach to the human SI and develop into adult tapeworms. This is the only way these tapeworms can complete their lifecycle.
4. The adults shed eggs which must also be ingested in cyst form in order to complete their lifecycle

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24
Q 
Strongyloides ransomi
What type of worm is this?
What is the MC of transmission?
Where do they reside in their host?
CS
Dx
Tx
A

Threadworm of pigs
transmission: transcolostrally
They reside in the SI of suckling pigs
CS: typically none in light infections but in heavy infections can see diarrhea, anemia, emaciation and even death
Dx: fecal flotation, intestinal mucosal scraping or necropsy
Tx: benzimidazoles and ivermectin

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25
What are the clinical signs of Vitamin A deficiency and in what age range? What should tip you off that this is likely a Vit a defiency? What can it cause in sows?
Age range: young grower pigs CS: head tilt, incoordination, reduced weight gain, weak rear limbs, but normal vital signs (this should tip you off to a nutritional deficiency) The big tip off for Vit A deficiency in pigs is middle ear infections In sows, can cause embryonic mortality and congenital defects in offspring
26
What is the most effective way of syncrhonizing lactating pigs? What is the result? What is the key?
Batch wean at 3 - 4 weeks Results in estrus 4 - 6 days later. The key is to stop the sow from lactating bc she will not ovulate as long as she is lactating.
27
What are the most common causes of aural hematomas?
Bites from pen mates | Violent head shaking associated with foreign debris or ectoparasites
28
Pityriasis rosea Age range Characterized by what? Treatment
Seen in pigs 3 - 14 weeks old Characterized by raised circular lesions on ventral abdomen - may be hereditary Treatment: none; typically resolves on its own
29
Ingunial hernias: seen most often in what type of pig? How are they acquired?
Seen most often in males, particularly after castration They are heritable
30
In what type of pigs are umbilical hernias most often seen
They are seen in both male and females but slightly more common in females
31
What two types of hernias are most common in pigs?
Inguinal and umbilical
32
Osteochondrosis What age are they seen? What are characteristic lesions? Common sites?
Seen in young, rapidly-growing pigs Characteristic lesions: ulcerations or defects in articular cartilage that is often bilateral and symmetric Common sites: medial femoral head, glenoid of scapula, humeral head, humeral condyle, distal ulna and lumbar vertebrae
33
``` Exudative dermatitis Disease name Causative agent Age affected CS Tx Control ```
Greasy pig disease Staphylococcal hyicus (gram + cocci) Affects young pigs (5 - 60 days); older subclinical carriers act as reservior CS: thickened, red-spotted skin, macules around eyes, lips, nose, ears; exudation of serum/sebum; erosions of coronary band and heel Treatment: penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, TMS, tylosin Control: clip needle teeth of newborns
34
Gestation period of a pig
3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days (114 days)
35
What type of estrous period does a pig have? | How long is the estrus cycle in a pig?
Nonseasonal, polyestrus 21 days
36
What type of placenta does a pig have?
Epitheliochorial and diffuse
37
``` Rotaviral enteritis Age most susceptible Pathogen Signs Dx Tx ```
1 - 3 weeks Pathogen: rotavirus, non-enveloped; dirty farrowing crates impt reservoir CS: malabsortive diarrhea Dx: fecal ph test (acidic), feces with bubbles, bloodwork, hte usual (PCR, ELISA, IFA, etc) Tx: vaccinate - autogeneous or commercial, clean environment
38
``` Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) Age Pathogen CS Dx Tx - similar to what virus that has 100% mortality in piglets? ```
Age: any age but mostly 1 - 2 weeks Pagthogen: cronoavirus, enveloped (ie less durable) CS: malabsorptive diarrhea, more severe than rotavirus with more fatalities, will often vomit early in course of disease Dx: feces pH test (acidic), bloodwork, necropsy (transparent gut wall!!) Tx: vax - commercial killed, MLV, autogenous of minced intestines of dead piglets fed to sows 2 weeks before farrowing
39
``` Clostridial enteritis Age Pathogen CS Dx Tx Control ```
Age: 1 - 5 days Pathogen: clostridial perfringens type C CS: necrosis of mucosa, weak down piglets crushed, hemorrhagic inflammatory diarrhea, almost 100% fatality, happens in hours Dx: necropsy: diffuse or segmental lesion, bloody peritoneal and thoracic fluid Tx: none - can try penicillin, antitoxin, fluids, etc. Control: vaccinate sows then boost 2 - 3 weeks pre-farrowing
40
Iron deficiency anemia Age Signs Dx
Seen in neonates CS: anemia, sharp sudeen thump breathing Dx: microcytic, hypochromic anemia (Cu deficiency rule out)
41
``` ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. Coli) Age Pathogen Disease name CS Dx Tx ```
Age: weaning due to no secretory IgA in gut Pathogen: enterotoxigenic E. Coli (K88) verotoxin positive F18 Disease name: edema disease CS: alkaline osmotic diarrhea in SI and LI, eyelid edema, laryngeal eema, ataxia, forelimb paresis Dx: fecal gram stain (gram neg. rods), bloodwork, IFA & PCR Tx: abx
42
``` Streptococcus suis Age CS Dx Tx ```
Age: nursery pigs; carrier sows CS: polyserositis ("ill-thrift and death due to ascites, peritonitis), meningitis, fever, seizures, paddling, polyarthritis Dx: gram stain of exudate (gram + cocci), aerobic culture on blood agar Tx: ampicillin, ceftiofur, PPG, and TMS
43
``` Sarcoptic mange Age Pathogen; whats impt to remember? CS Dx Tx ```
Age: nursery pigs most common Pathogen: sarcoptes scabei var suis **most economically impt ectoparasite in swine!!** CS: severe pruritus, hyperkeratosis, scabby lesions Dx: deep skin scrapes Tx: avermectin injectables every 1 - 2 weeks for 3 treatments
44
``` Hematopinus suis What is it? Age Pathogen CS Dx Tx ```
``` Aka lice! Very large, sucking lice Age: nursery pigs CS: less pruritic than mange Dx: visual inspection Tx: avermectins, malathion ```
45
``` Erysipelas rhusopathiae Disease name Pathogen CS Dx Tx Control ```
Diamond skin disease Pathogne: gram (+) rod secretes exotoxins that cause vasculitis CS: well demarcated cutaneous lesions, arthritis, endocarditis, sloughing of ears Dx: skin lesions, petechiae, septic arthritis, endocarditis Tx: penicillin Control: ubiquitous organism so vax required for ALL pigs (even pets)
46
``` Parakeratosis Disease name Age CS Dx Tx ```
Zn deficiency Age: >2months, pigs reared indoors with no access to soil CS: pigs raised indoors, pigs fed soybean phytic acid, high Ca diets, thick scales and crusts in esophagus Dx: serum of liver Zn with blue top tube, skin biopsy Tx: dietary zn
47
``` Vit E / Selenium deficiency Disease name CS Dx Tx ```
Mulberry heart disease CS: mulberry heart, white muscle hepatic necrosis Dx: serum test Tx: give Se and Vit E
48
``` Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Age Pathogen CS Tx Control ```
Age: all ages of naive herd Pathogen: enveloped RNA virus; high affinity for macs CS: late term abortion, anorexia, fever, coughin, blue ears in sows & gilts, respiratory dz of adults is uncommon Tx: abx Control: vax MLV in nonpregnant sows; expose gilts to older sows at least 60 days prior to breeding
49
``` Swine dysentery Pathogen Transmission CS Dx Tx ```
Pathogen: Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (gram - spiral shaped bacteria) Transmitted: wildlife; very hardy; lives in manure CS: proliferates in cecum/ LI; mucoid hemorrhagic diarrhea with fibrin, poor BCS Dx: culture and PCR on feces, only in LI Tx: several abx (though not too effective)
50
``` Trichuris suis Age at risk What type of worm is it? CS Dx Tx ```
Age: zoonotic! Grower/finisher CS: mucoid hemorrhagic diarrhea Dx: fecal floats (sporadic egg layer; so if neg., retest) Tx: atgard, fenbendazole, thiobendazole (NOT ivermectin!)
51
``` Swine influenza Virus type CS Dx Abx ```
Virus type: orthomyxovirus, influenza type A CS: coughing like barking dogs, fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, sneezing, low mortality Dx: usual (virus isoltaion, PCR, etc), necropsy - superimposed bacterial pneumonia common Tx: abx to prevent 2ndary bacterial infection, vax
52
``` Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Disease name CS Dx Tx Control ```
Enzootic pneumonia CS: concurrent with other resp. Pathogens Dx: necropsy - cranioventral lung lobes w/ grey/purple lobules Tx: abx in feed - macrolides, tetracyclines, lincosamides (NO beta lactams) Control: vax, ventilation
53
``` Atrophic rhinitis Pathogen CS Necropsy Tx ```
Pathogen: bordetella bronchiseptica & pasteurella multocida type D CS: sneezing, nasal discharge, epiphora, lysis of nasal turbinates, non-progressive Necropsy: destroyed nasal turbinates Tx: cured animals will be carriers - may want to depop carriers Vaccinate sows 2 doses in late gestation
54
``` Vesicular exanthema At risk Pathogen CS What to do ```
At risk: pigs fed uncooked infected fish (sea lions?) Pathogen: calicivirus CS: fever, vesicles on snout, feet, mammary and oral cavity Must report in 24 hours bc it looks like FMD!
55
``` Post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome Pathogen At risk age CS Dx Control ```
Pathogen: porcine circovirus type 2 (requires 2ndary infection to cause CS) Age: post weaning and grower finisher CS: progressive wasting, LN enlargement, patchy dermatitis, high case fatality Dx: lymphopenia, cutaneous vasculitis; necropsy - kidney enlargement and mutlifocal hemorrhagic areas Control: vax
56
Aflatoxin What causes it? Toxic to what?
Aspergillus | Hepatotoxic
57
Ochratoxin and citrinin What causes it? Toxic to what?
Aspergillus and pencillium | Nephrotoxic
58
Zearalenone Caused by what? Does what?
Caused by Fusarium | Does what: estrogen bioactivity educed fertility
59
Fusarium From what? Causes what?
From moldy corn | Ccauses leukoencephalomalacia
60
``` Porcine Stress Syndrome and malignant hyperthermia Pathophys CS of PSS CS of malignant hyperthermia At risk: Tx ```
Pathophys: mutation of Ca channel in skeletal muscle that leads to Ca leakage CS of PSS: back muscle necrosis, soft pale exudative pork CS of hyperthermia: disseminated vasoconstriction associatd with anesthetic At risk: heavily muscled animals, anesthesia can trigger it, hampshire breed Tx: Ca channel blockers: dantrolene
61
``` Classical swine fever Disease name Pathogen Transmission CS Dx ```
Hog cholera Pathogen: pestivirus; highly contagious Transmission: ingesting uncooked garbage containing raw pork CS: fever, profuse ocular discharge, goose stepping ataxia, V/D, death after 2 - 3 weeks Necropsy: peteichae on kidney, circumscribed ulcers in LI, splenic infarcts
62
African swine fever Pathogen CS Dx
Pathogen: Iridovirus CS: petechiae on skin, endothelial damage Necropsy: hemorrhagic liver, splenomegaly, hemorrhagic mesenteric LN
63
``` Glasser's disease Agent Age of those affected CS Lesions ```
Haemophilus parasuis Age: piglets 2w - 4m CS: shifting leg lameness, swollen joints, pyrexic and dyspneic - occassional meningitis Lesions: fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis and peritonitis

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