Small Mammal Flashcards
SM01-08
1
Q
name the rodent suborder
mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, voles, lemmings
A
myomorphs
2
Q
name the rodent suborder
guinea pigs, chinchilla, degu
A
hystricomorph
3
Q
name the rodent suborder
beavers, kangaroo rats
A
castrimorpha
4
Q
name the rodent suborder
anomalures, springhares, zenkerella
A
anomaluromorph
5
Q
name the rodent suborder
squirrel
A
sciuromorph
6
Q
name the sub-order of Myomorphs
mice and rats
A
Muridae
7
Q
name the sub-order of Myomorphs
hamsters and gerbils
A
Cricetidae
8
Q
what is the diet of mice and gerbils?
A
omnivorous
9
Q
how to sex a rodent?
A
anogenital distance and number of openings
10
Q
name the rodent sex
two ‘openings’
greater ano-genital distance
A
male
(usually very obvious testicles)
11
Q
name the rodent sex
three ‘openings’
shorter ano-genital distance
A
female
(separate vaginal and urethral opening)
12
Q
name 2 specific anatomy considerations for male rodents
A
- open inguinal canals
- os penis
13
Q
name the 5 key parts of a rodent clinical exam
A
- demeanour
- HR and RR
- Nose to tail
- ventrum
- weight and BCS
14
Q
what is remy?
A
a RRRRRRAT
15
Q
what are the 2 main non-infectious cause of diarrhoea in mice
A
- sudden diet change
- engorgement of food
16
Q
name 2 viral causes of diarrhoea in mice
A
- mouse hepatitis virus (Coronavirus)
- epizootic diarrhoea virus of infant mice (Rotavirus)
17
Q
name 6 bacterial causes of diarrhoea in mice
A
- Tyzzer’s disease (Clostridium piliforme)
- C. perfringens and C. difficile
- E. coli
- Lawsonia intracellularis
- Corynebacterium kutscheri
- Helicobacter
18
Q
name 3 endoparasites that cause diarrhoea in mice
A
- pinworms (Syphacia obvelata)
- Cryptosporidium
- Giardia
19
Q
name 4 clinical signs of heavy infestations of pinworms (Synphacia obvelata) in mice
A
- diarrhoea
- straining leading to rectal prolapse
- unkept fur coat
- anal pruritis
20
Q
what is the treatment for pinworms (Synphacia obvelata) in mice
A
Fenbendazole
21
Q
name 6 aspects of supportive care that can be given to mice with diarrhoea
A
- fluid therapy
- probiotics
- kaolin
- bismuth subsalicylate
- warmth
- analgesia (not NSAIDs)
22
Q
name 3 antibiotics that can be used to treat bacterial diarrhoea in mice (and all myomorph species)
A
- trimethoprim sulphate
- enrofloxacin
- oxytetracycline (Tyzzer’s)
23
Q
what is the average lifespan of mice?
A
1-2.5y
24
Q
when do mice reach sexual maturity
A
6-8wks
(2mo)
25
what is the gestation period of mice?
19-21d
26
what is the litter size for mice
5-12
27
name 4 predisposing factors of mammary gland neoplasia in mice
1. stress
2. hormones
3. carcinogens
4. retroviruses
28
this is a possible sequelae of ejaculatory plugs in male mice (normal finding) if obstructive to urine flow
| (uncommon)
hydronephrosis
29
what is the most common cause of morbidity in laboratory mice?
respiratory disease
30
name 3 bacterial causes of respiratory disease in mice
1. Mycoplasma pulmonis
2. Corynebacterium kutscheri
3. Pasteurella pneumotropica
31
name 2 viral causes of respiratory disease in mice
1. Sendai virus
2. PVM (pneumonia virus of mice)
32
name 3 fur mites affecting mice
1. Myobia musculi
2. Mycoptes musculinus
3. Radfordia affinis
33
# name the fur mite affecting mice
23d lifecycle;
varying severity;
alopecia, self trauma, greasy coat;
head, neck, flank, lateral thorax
Myobia musculi
34
# name the fur mite affecting mice
8-14d lifecycle;
back and ventrum
Mycoptes musculinis
35
what is the treatment for fur mites in mice?
two doses Ivermectin 10-14d apart
| (200-400 IU/kg)
36
# name the skin disease in mice
intense pruritis;
head and thorax;
significant self trauma;
dermal ulceration, necrosis and fibrosis;
cause: vasculitis - immune complex deposits on dermal vessels
idiopathic ulcerative dermatitis
37
# name the skin disease in mice
annular constriction of the tail;
pups more likely to be affected than adults;
low environmental humidity;
oedema, necrosis and sloughing;
Tx: amputation
Ringtail
38
this is a normal finding in rodent urinalysis
proteinuria
39
name 5 possible urinary tract diseases in mice
1. amyloidosis
2. interstitial nephritis
3. chronic glomerulonephritis
4. leptospirosis
5. obstructive uropathies
40
# name the unique anatomy of gerbils
used for territory marking;
rubbing abdomen;
sebaceous gland;
larger and more prominent in sexually mature males
ventral scent gland with orange secretion
41
why should gerbil NEVER be restrained by the tail
high risk of de-gloving injury
42
name 2 common conditions of gerbils that can be identified on clinical exam
1. masses of ears and scent glands
2. cystic ovarian disease in females
43
what is the average lifespan of gerbils
2-4y
44
when do gerbils reach sexual maturity
6-8wks
45
what is the gestation period of gerbils
23-26d
46
what is the litter size of gerbils
3-8
47
what is the weaning age of gerbils
20-30d
48
# name the cause of diarrhoea in gerbils
most commonly reported fatal infectious disease in gerbils;
sub-optimal husbandry, weaning and immunosuppression;
oral route of infection;
diarrhoea, anorexia, dehydration and death;
bacterial spores survive for 1y+ at room temp
Tyzzer's disease
(Clostridium piliforme)
49
what neurological disease are gerbils predisposed to due to deficiency of cerebral glutamine synthesis
Epilepsy
50
# name the cause of head tilt in gerbils
common in aging rodents;
keratinising epithelial mass;
bone destruction;
secondary otitis media/interna
aural neoplasia - cholesteatoma
51
how common is cystic ovarian disease in gerbils?
50% females over 400d old
52
how to treat cystic ovarian disease in gerbils?
ovariohysterectomy
53
this is the most common tumour of pet gerbils, and most frequently reported neoplasia in lab gerbils;
more common in older animals;
metastasise in the abdomen;
incidence higher in non-breeding females
ovarian granulosa cell tumours
54
# name the gland
located in the retrobulbar space;
plays an important role in tehrmoregulation;
lipids insulate from cold and wet;
lipids and protoporphyrin pigments get mixed with salive and groomed on the coat
Harderian gland
55
this should be available to rodents to promote normal skin and fur coat health
sand bath
56
name 3 conditions in rodents that deprivation of sand baths can lead to
1. nasal dermatitis
2. behavioural issues
3. unkept fur coat
57
name 4 causes of Barbering (skin disease) in gerbils
1. stress
2. overcrowding
3. dominant behaviour
4. weight loss from competition of food resources
58
how much urine does a gerbil pass each day?
2-4 drops per day
59
name 5 clinical signs of chronic renal disease in gerbils
1. PU/PD
2. weight loss
3. anorexia
4. lethargy
5. secondary signs of infection
60
# start of SM02
what colour of myomorph (hamsters, etc) incisors
yellow
61
will the upper or lower incisors of myomorphs (hamsters etc) be longer?
lower
62
# name the part of the hamster
highly distensible invaginations of the buccal mucosa;
cover the masseter muscles, lateral neck and shoulder muscles
cheek pouches
63
name the 2 parts of a hamster stomach
1. non-glandular forestomach
2. glandular stomach
64
name 2 types of bacteria found in the caecum of a hamster
1. bacteroides
2. lactobacillus
65
where is the sebaceous scent gland located in dwarf hamsters?
ventral
66
where is the sebaceous scent gland located in Syrian hamsters?
flank
67
name 3 underlying causes of cheek pouch impaction in hamsters
1. inappropriate food material
2. bedding
3. incisor malloclusion
68
name 4 general causes of diarrhoea in hamsters
1. sudden dietary change
2. bacterial
3. parasitic
4. iatrogenic
69
# name the GIT disease in hamsters
watery foul-smelling diarrhoea, dehydration, death within 3-8wks;
rectal prolapse and intussusception common;
palpably thickened bowel
'wet tail'
(Lawsonia intracellularis)
70
name 2 PM signs at the terminal ileum to definitively diagnose 'wet tail' in hamsters
1. hyperplasia of mucosa
2. musle hypertrophy
71
what is the prognosis for 'wet tail' in hamsters
Tx often unsuccessful;
death in 24-48h
72
# name the GIT disease in hamsters, guinea pigs and chinchillas
usually iatrogenic - inappropraite abx (penicillins, clindamycin, lincomycin, eryhtromycin);
dysbiosis leads to overgrowth of C. spiriforme and C. difficile;
Tx: fluids, warmth, Cholestryamine, metronidazole, probiotics
clostridial enterotoxaemia
73
what is the most common endocrine disease in hamsters?
hyperadrenocorticism
74
name the 3 variations of hyperadrenocorticism in hamsters
1. pituitary dependent
2. adrenal dependent
3. iatrogenic
75
name 6 clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in hamsters
1. bilateral alopecia of the flank/thigh
2. skin thinning
3. hyperpigmentation of the skin
4. hepatomegaly
5. polydipsia/polyuria
6. behavioural changes
76
what is the normal plasma cortisol levels of hamsters
13.8-27.6 nmol/L
77
what is the normal alkaline phosphatase on biochemsitry for hamsters
8-18 IU/L
78
name 2 medical treatments for hyperadrenocorticism in hamsters
1. Metapyrone (8mg/kg PO q24h for 30d)
2. Mitotane (5mg PO q24h for 30d) - poor results
79
which hamster breed is predisposed to Diabetes Mellitus;
autosomal recessive, polygenic
Chinese hamster
80
name 4 clinical signs of Diabetes Mellitus in hamsters
1. PU/PD
2. weight loss
3. glucosuria
4. polyphagia
81
what is the normal glucose level for hamsters?
7 mmol/L
| (diabetic over 16)
82
what is the average lifespan for hamsters
1.5-2y
83
when do male hamsters reach sexual maturity
2mo
84
when do female hamsters reach sexual maturity
1.5mo
85
what is the gestation period of Syrian hamsters
16-18d
86
what is the gestation period of Russian hamsters
18-21d
87
what is the gestation period of Chinese hamsters
21-23d
88
what is the gestation period of Roborovski hamsters
23-30d
89
what is the litter size for hamsters
3-10
90
how long is the oestrus cycle for hamsters
4 days
91
# name the CV disease in hamsters
reported in lab hamsters ;
onset of disease is earlier in females than males;
gender incidence is the same though;
most common in left atrium, secondary to heart failure
atrial thrombosis
92
name 4 clinica signs of cardiomyopathy in hamsters
1. tachypnoea
2. lethargy
3. anorexia
4. cold extremities
93
how to diagnose cardiomyopathy in hamsters
thoracic radiographs under inhalation anaesthetic
94
name 2 mites affecting hamsters
1. Demodex criceti (short and fat body)
2. Demodex aurati (cigar shaped)
95
name 2 treatments for Demodex mites on hamsters
1. subcutaneous ivermectin
2. bathing with amitraz, benzoyl peroxide shampoo
96
name 4 clinical signs of Demodex mites in hamsters
1. underlying disease causing immunosuppression
2. moderate to severe alopecia
3. scale
4. erythema
| (usually non-pruritic)
97
name 2 causes of Dermatophytosis (ringworm) in hamsters
1. Trichophyton mentagrophytes
2. Microsporum sp.
98
name 3 clinical signs of dermatophytosis (ringworm) in hamsters
1. alopecia
2. crust
3. erythema
| (asymptomatic carriers!)
99
what is the treatment for ringworm in hamsters
itraconazole, topical enilconazole
100
what are the most common neoplasia causing skin disease in hamsters?
melanomas and melanocytomas
101
what is the most common neoplasm in hamsters?
lymphoma
102
name 3 forms of lymphoma in hamsters
1. multicentric
2. cutaneous
3. epizootic
103
name the 3 main organs affected by multicentric form of lymphoma in hamsters
1. spleen
2. lymph nodes
3. liver
104
name 5 clinical signs of cutaneous lymphoma in hamsters
1. alopecia
2. pruritis
3. flakey skin
4. cutaneous plaques
5. ulceration
105
name the cause of transmissible lymphoma and cutaneous epitheliomas in hamsters;
wart-like lesions around the eyes, mouth or perianal in 3-12mo old hamsters;
highly infectious, transmitted via urine;
long incubation period, very resistant in environment
hamster polyomavirus (HaPV)
106
# start of SM03
how many teeth do rats have?
16
107
what is the dental formula of rats
2x (I 1/1, C 0/0, PM 0/0, M 3/3)
108
secretion of this from the Harderian glands of rats results in chromodacryorhea or 'red tears';
occur due to stress or disease
porphyrins
109
why is incisor overgrowth commonly misdiagnosed in rats?
lower incisors normally much longer than upper
110
# name the GI disease in rats
'mumps'
caused by a Coronavirus;
highly contagious between rats;
direct contact - aerosols;
affects cervical salivary glands leading to inflammation and oedema;
rhinitis and epithial necrosis
Sialodacryoadenitis virus - Parker's
111
name 4 clinical signs of Sialodacryoadenitis virus in rats relating to the disruption of lacrimal system
1. conjunctivitis
2. corneal ulceration
3. keratitis
4. synechiae
112
name 3 diagnostics for Sialodacryoadenitis virus in rats
1. phenol red thread test
2. fluorescein dye
3. tonometery (IOPs)
113
# name the musculoskeletal disease of rats
causes avascular necrosis of the femoral head;
predisposing factors: young rats, standing up on hind limbs for long periods of time;
Tx as in canines
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
114
# name the musculoskeletal disease of rats
degenerative myelopathy;
old rat;
owners notice altered gait;
progressive loss of function: loss of tail control, urinary incontinence, muscle wastage, weight loss, ultimately paresis and paralysis
radiculoneuropathy
115
what is the treatment for radiculoneuropathy in rats
anti-inflammatory medication
116
name 5 environmental changes that can be made for rats with radiculoneuropathy
1. fleece bedding
2. lower hammocks
3. reduce height of food and water
4. bottom baths to manage urine staining and prevent scald
5. separate feeding time
117
name 4 causes of head tilt in rats
1. otitis
2. CNS infection
3. CNS lesion
4. aural foreign body
118
what is the average lifespan of rats
2-3.5y
119
when do rats reach sexual maturity
1mo
120
what is the oestrus cycle of rats
continupus polyoestrus
121
what is the gestation period of rats
21-23d
122
what is the litter size for rats
6-13
123
what is the weaning age of rats
21d
124
what type of tumours are the majority of mammary tumours in rats?
80% fibroadenoma
(benign)
125
name 4 consequences that could occur if mammary tumours are not removed from rats
1. mechanical alopecia
2. erosion and ulceration
3. secondary infection
4. pain and self trauma
126
name 2 ways to prevent mammary tumours in rats
1. early neutering
2. deslorelin hormonal implant
127
name the 3 main respiratory pathogens in rats
1. Mycoplasma pulmonis
2. Streptococcus pneumoniae
3. Corynebacterium kutscheri
128
name the 2 main respiratory syndromes in rats
1. CRD - Chronic Respiratory Disease
2. Bacterial pneumonia
129
what is the major pathogen of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in rats
Mycoplasma pulmonis
130
name 6 clinical signs of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in rats
1. nasal discharge
2. 'rattly-bubbly' resp
3. coughing/sneezing
4. dyspnoea/abd effort
5. red tears
6. weight loss
131
what clinical sign of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in rats gives a poor prognosis
open mouth breathing
132
name 3 consequences of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in rats
1. subacute and chronic bronchitis
2. chronic resp epithelial dysfunction
3. secondary bacterial infections
133
how to treat chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in rats
treat bronchitis (bronchodilators), reduce underlying inflammation, antibiosis
134
name the main cause of bacterial pneumonia in rats;
always with other agents (major - Mycoplasma pulmonis, minor - Sendai virus or CAR bacillus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
135
name 4 clinical signs of bacterial pneumonia in rats
1. dyspnoea
2. abdominal effort to breathing
3. weight loss
4. purulent nasal discharge
136
what is the treatment for bacterial pneumonia in rats
beta-lactamase resistant penicillins
(amoxicillin and clavulanic acid)
137
name 2 antibiotics that can be used in the treatment of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in rats
1. doxycycline
2. azithromycin
138
name the ear mite affecting rats
Notoedres muris
139
name the fur mite affecting rats
Radfordia ensifera
140
how to treat fur mites (Radfordia ensifera) in rats
ivermectine SC daily/q10d
141
name 2 treatments for ulcerative dermatitis in rats
1. clipping claws
2. topical antibacterial
142
# name the ectoparasite affecting rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, APH
opportunistic parasite;
spends little time on host;
actively penetrates the skin for a blood meal;
large burdens = anaemia;
ZOONOTIC
tropical rat mite
(Ornithonyssus bacoti)
143
name the 2-fold treatment for the tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti)
1. environmental - fipronil
2. animal - selamectin
144
name 4 clinical signs of chronic progressive nephrosis in rats
1. PU/PD
2. weight loss
3. anorexia
4. lethargy
145
what is the kidney appearance in a rat with chronic progressive nephrosis
enlarged, pale, pitted
146
what is the 3-part treatment for chronic progressive nephrosis in rats
1. supportive
2. low protein diet
3. anabolic steroids
147
# start of SM04
what is the scientific name for African Pygmy Hedgehogs?
Atelerix albiventris
148
what family and order are African Pygmy Hedgehogs part of
family: Erinaceidae
order: Insectivora
149
what is the average weight of a female African Pygmy Hedgehog
250-400g
150
what is the average weight of male African Pygmy Hedgehogs
500-600g
151
what is the muscular ring on the dorsum of African Pygmy Hedgehogs called?
contracts so iot can roll up into a ball as a defence mechanism
orbicularis muscle
152
what is the behaviour where African Pygmy Hedgehogs put foamy saliva on quills called?
anointing behaviour
153
what is the normal body temp of African Pygmy Hedgehogs
36.1-37.2 C
154
what is the normal resp rate of African Pygmy Hedgehogs
25-50 bpm
155
what is the normal HR of African Pygmy Hedgehogs
180-280 bpm
156
what is the average life expectancy of captive African Pygmy Hedgehogs
5-7 y
157
name 2 common zoonotic diseases carried by African Pygmy Hedgehogs that mean you should always wear gloves when handling
1. Salmonella
2. ringworm
158
how to sex African Pygmy Hedgehogs?
greater ano-genital distance in male
159
how many African Pygmy Hedgehogs should be kept together?
singly
or in same sex pairs raised together
160
how much light should African Pygmy Hedgehogs be given per day?
10-14h per day
161
what is the diet of African Pygmy Hedgehogs?
insectivore/omnivore
162
when should African Pygmy Hedgehogs be fed?
at night, remove uneaten food in morning
163
give an example of the diet that should be fed to African Pygmy Hedgehogs
2-4 tsp dry cat food or insectivore diet
1tsp varied moist food (cat/dog, cooked eggs, cottage cheese)
3-5 insects as treats 3x a week
164
when do African Pygmy Hedgehogs reach sexual maturity
2 mo
165
at what age must African Pygmy Hedgehogs be bred?
before fusion of pubic symphysis!
6mo - 2y
166
how long is the gestation of African Pygmy Hedgehogs
34-37d
(up to 40d)
167
when do African Pygmy Hedgehogs wean?
5-6wks
168
when do the spines erupt on young African Pygmy Hedgehogs?
few hours after birth
169
name 3 locations for blood samples from African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. cephalic vein
2. femoral vein
3. lateral saphenous vein
170
what is the max volume of blood you can take from African Pygmy Hedgehogs for samples
1% of BW
(0.5% if debilitated)
171
where should subcutaneous injections be given to African Pygmy Hedgehogs
in flank at junction of furred and spined skin mid-body
172
where should IM injections be given to African Pygmy Hedgehogs
orbicularis muscle of mantle
173
name 2 locations for IV cannulas in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. cephalic vein
2. lateral saphenous vein
174
what temp should weak/debilitated African Pygmy Hedgehogs be kept at while hospitalised
27-29 C
175
name 3 common ocular diseases seen in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. corneal ulcers
2. ocular proptosis
3. cataracts
176
why is ocular proptosis is common in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
shallow orbit and retrobulbar fat pad
177
name 5 causes of pinnal dermatitis in African Pygmy Hedgehogs that can lead to secondary otitis external/media
1. dermatophytosis
2. mites (Caparinia tripilis, Notoedres cati, Otodectes cyanotis)
3. bacterial
4. yeast
5. nutritional deficiencies
178
name 3 common mites affecting African Pygmy Hedgehogs and causing pinnal dermatitis
1. Caparinia tripilis
2. Notoedres cati
3. Otodectes cyanotis
179
what is the treatment for mites in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
oral Fluralaner
(15mg/kg - one dose)
180
which oral neoplasia is common in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
squamous cell carcinoma
181
name 4 clinical signs of dental disease in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. decr appetite
2. excess salivation
3. halitosis
4. pawing at the mouth
182
name 3 bacterial causes of bronchopneumonia in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. Corynebacterium
2. Pasteurella
3. Bordetella
183
name 5 clinical signs of bronchopneumonia in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. nasal discharge
2. dyspnoea
3. resp noise
4. lethargy
5. reduced appetite
184
name 6 clinical signs of cardiomyopathy in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. dyspnoea
2. weight loss
3. reduced activity
4. heart murmur
5. ascites
6. death
185
name 5 signs of cardiomyopathy in African Pygmy Hedgehogs seen on radiographs
1. cardiac enlargement
2. pleural effusion
3. pulmonary oedema
4. ascites
5. hepatic congestion
186
name 3 treatments for cardiomyopathy in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. furosemide
2. digoxin
3. enalapril
187
what is the most common bacterial cause of enteritis in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
Salmonella
188
name 4 clinical signs seen for urinary tract disease in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. reduced appetite
2. weight loss
3. stranguria
4. pollakiuria
189
what is the main differential for urinary tract disease in female African Pygmy Hedgehogs
reproductive disease
190
# name the neuro disease of African Pygmy Hedgehogs
idiopathic neurodegenerative disease;
initially mild ataxia, loss of balance, stumbling/tripping up, muscle atrophy, tremors, exophthalmos, seizures;
hindlimbs first progressing to forelimbs;
CS progressively worsen over a few months;
death at 18-25mo from diagnosis usually
demyelinating paralysis
aka
Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome
191
name 3 differentials for demyelinating paralysis (Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome) in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. IVDD
2. brain tumour
3. hepatic encephalopathy
192
how to diagnose demyelinating paralysis (Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome) in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
PM histology
(vacuoles in white matter of brain)
193
name 2 ectoparasites causing skin disease in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
1. Caparinia triplis (psoroptid)
2. Notoedres (sarcoptid)
194
how to treat skin disease caused by ectoparasites in African Pygmy Hedgehogs
ivermectin PO or SQ q10-14d for 3-5 treatments
195
how long should African Pygmy Hedgehogs be fasted prior to anaesthesia induction
4-6h
196
# start of SM05
what is the diet of chinchillas and degus
herbivores
(high fibre)
197
how many teeth do chinchillas and degus have?
20
198
what is the dental formula for chinchillas and degus (histricomorphs)
I 1/1, C 0/0, PM 1/1, M 3/3
199
what colour are chinchillas and degus incisors?
yellow
200
name the 6 steps of chinchillas and degus clinical exam
1. demeanor
2. TPR
3. nose to tail exam
4. ventrum
5. weight and BCS
6. otoscope exam of dentition
201
how to sex chinchillas and degus?
males have greater anogenital distance
202
what is the most common condition of histricomorph rodents (guinea pigs, chinchillas and degus)
dental disease
203
what is the most common cause of dental disease in histricomorph rodents (guinea pigs, chinchillas and degus)
inadequate dietary fibre
204
what type of environments are wild chinchillas and degus found?
South American mountainous regions
205
name 2 differences in dentition between chinchillas and degus vs rabbits
1. cheek teeth aligned at rest
2. lower incisors behind and not in-contact with upper incisors at rest
206
name 6 non-specific clinical signs of dental disease in chinchillas and degus
1. GI stasis
2. reduced activity leves
3. altered behaviour
4. faecal staining at perineum
5. un-kempt fur coat
6. weight loss
207
name 3 ways to prevent dental disease in chinchillas and degus
1. high fibre diet
2. 6 monthly health checks with otoscopic exam of mouth
3. owner education
208
which small mammal is the most commonly affected by Diabetes mellitus
degus
209
# name the type of diabetes mellitus
high resting blood glucose;
low resting insulin levels;
failure to secrete insulin in the presence of hyperglycaemia;
patient DOES respond to insulin;
exogenous source
type 1 - insulin dependent
| (dog)
210
# name the type of diabetes mellitus
high resting blood glucose;
normal/high resting insulin;
failure of insulin receptors to respond to insulin
type 2 - insulin resistant
211
what product is co-secreted along with insulin?
deposited around islet cells, isolate beta cells
amyloid
212
name 6 clinical signs of diabetes mellitus in degus
1. PU/PD
2. altered appetite
3. weight loss
4. depression
5. cataract formation
6. fertility problems
213
what is the normal blood glucose value in degus?
8 mmol/L
214
name 2 treatments for diabetes mellitus in degus
(along with diet correction and weight loss in obese animals)
1. isulin therapy - low dose (type 1)
2. oral hypoglycaemic drug - glipizide (for type 2)
215
name 3 causes of dystocia in chinchillas and degus
1. pup oversize
2. uterine inertia
3. underlying disease with debilitation
216
how to treat uterine inertia in chinchillas and degus
calcium followed by oxytocin
217
what is the prognosis for intussusception or rectal prolapse (secondary to diarrhoea or enteritis) in chinchillas
poor prognosis
218
name 3 medical treatments for bloat in chinchillas
1. analgesia
2. fluid therapy
3. gentle massage
| (cannot pass orogastric tube conscious for gas/fluid drainage)
219
# name the endoparasite of chinchillas
infection can be harboured by healthy chinchillas;
carrier status;
CS: appetite loss, diarrhoea, reduced BCS, unkept fur coat - young more susceptible to signs
giardia
220
name 2 treatments for giardia in chinchillas
1. fenbendazole
2. metronidazole
221
name 2 treatment options for fractures in chinchillas
1. splint
2. surgical fixation (specialist equipment)
222
# name the condition affecting male chinchillas
hair accumulation around base of penis leading to strangulation injuries;
can be sign of reduced grooming;
reversible if discovered early
fur ring
223
name 6 clinical signs of fur ring in male chinchillas
1. paraphimosis
2. penile discolouration
3. agitation
4. self trauma
5. stranguria
6. GI stasis
224
name 3 things that can result in secondary conjunctivitis in chinchillas
1. irritation from sand bath
2. underlying tear duct infection
3. poor ventilation
225
what bacterial infection is a primary cause of conjunctivitis in chinchillas
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
226
# start of SM06
how long can guinea pigs live in captivity?
8y
227
what is the average weight for male guinea pigs?
900-1200 g
228
what is the average weight for female guinea pigs?
700-900g
229
what is the diet of guinea pigs
herbivores
| (mainly grasses)
230
name 2 negative behaviours of guinea pigs
1. bar chewing
2. teeth chattering
231
name 5 positive behaviours of guinea pigs
1. 'wheeking'
2. lying on their side
3. 'popcorning'
4. standing on hind legs
5. gnawing
232
what is the dentition of guinea pigs? ie what kind of teeth?
continuously erupting aradicular elodont dentition
233
how much vitamin C to guinea pigs need
10 mg/kg/day
| (2-3x this during pregnancy)
234
what is the most popular grazing time for guinea pigs
late afternoon / evening
235
what is the dental formula for guinea pigs
I 1/1, C 0/0, PM 1/1, M 3/3 x2
236
these are glands found in male guinea pigs located intra-abdominally that are coiled and can be 10cm long
vesicular glands
237
this is a gland found in older male guinea pigs
caudal gland
(or coccygeal gland)
238
how to sex a guinea pig?
females have Y-shaped anogenital area;
males have round preputial orifice
239
what is the normal HR for guinea pigs
200-300 bpm
240
what is the normal RR for guinea pigs
40-120 bpm
241
what is the normal rectal temp for guinea pigs
37.2-39.5 C
242
what is unique about the oral anatomy of guinea pigs
soft palate is continuous with tongue base
243
what is the occlusal angle for guinea pigs
oblique
244
what is the most common cause of dental disease in guinea pigs
inadequate dietary fibre
245
name 8 clinical signs of GI stasis in guinea pigs
1. reduced droppings
2. abdominal distension
3. anorexia
4. tooth grinding
5. reduced gut sounds
6. painful abdomen
7. weight loss
8. lethargy
246
name 3 differentials for GI stasis in guinea pigs
1. intestinal obstruction
2. GDV
3. omental torsion
247
name 4 antibiotics that should be AVOIDED in guinea pigs
1. oral penicillins
2. cephalosporins
3. lincosamides
4. macrolides
248
why are female guinea pigs thought to be more prone to ascending bacterial UTIs
urethral opening closer to the anus
249
name 5 bacterial agents causing UTIs in guinea pigs
1. E. coli
2. Strep pyogenes
3. Staph spp
4. Chlamydophila caviae
5. Corynebacterium renale
250
name 5 possible blood sample sites for guinea pigs
1. cranial vena cava
2. lateral saphenous
3. femoral
4. jugular
5. ear
251
what is the 3-part treatment for cystitis in guinea pigs
1. analgesia (buprenorphine/meloxicam)
2. abx therapy (TMPS)
3. flush bladder under GA
| (also bladder support and fluids)
252
what medication can be given to guinea pigs with stifle arthritis as long-term analgesia
tramadol
(5-10mg/kg PO q12-24h)
253
what is the most common urolith found in guinea pigs urine
calcium carbonate
254
name 3 predisposing factors for urolithiasis in guinea pigs
1. diet high in calcium or oxalate
2. reduced water intake
3. the alkaline pH and normal high mineral content of urine
255
what is the most commonly associated urine abnormality in guinea pigs with urolithiasis
haematuria
256
name 3 types of hay that are low in calcium and good to feed to guinea pigs with urolith issues
1. timothy hay
2. meadow grass
3. oat hay
257
what type of hay should be avoided in guinea pigs with uroliths as it is high in calcium
alfalfa hay
258
name 4 foods with high levels of oxalates that should be avoided in guinea pigs with urinary issues (uroliths)
1. spinach
2. kale
3. parsley
4. celery
259
how much vitamin C should be fed to guinea pigs each day?
50 mg/kg per day
260
name 5 clinical signs of kidney disease in guinea pigs
1. weight loss
2. PU/PD
3. starey coat (dry/harsh)
4. anorexia
5. loose droppings
261
how to diagnose kidney disease in guinea pigs
bloods
(elevated urea and creatinine, anaemia)
262
# start of SM07
name 3 types of cysts in guinea pig cystic ovarian disease
1. cystic rete ovarii - serous
2. follicular cyst
3. paraovarian cysts
263
# name the type of ovarian cysts in guinea pigs
non-functional;
spontaneous;
mesonephric tubules;
serous
cystic rete ovarii
264
# name the type of ovarian cyst in guinea pigs
less common;
often functional - oestrogen;
irregular oestrus cycles
follicular cysts
265
name 7 clinical signs of cystic ovarian disease in guinea pigs
| (initially asymptomatic)
1. abdominal distension
2. pain when being handled
3. non-pruritic alopecia
4. infertility
5. vaginal bleeding
6. GI stasis
7. weight loss
266
name 3 medical treatments for cystic ovarian disease in guinea pigs
1. suprelorin implant (deslorelin acetate)
2. HCG (human gonadotrophin)
3. leuprolide acetate
267
what is the surgical treatment for cystic ovarian disease in guinea pigs
ovariohysterectomy
268
name the two forms of pregnancy toxaemia that can occur in obese pregnant guinea pigs
1. toxic form
2. true metabolic form
269
# name the type of pregnancy toxaemia in guinea pigs
in obese pregnant animals where foetal displacement causes impaired uterine blood supply followed by ischaemia, foetal death and DIC
toxic form
270
# name the type of pregnancy toxaemia in guinea pigs
initiated by a stressor such as fasting or transport
true metabolic form
271
name 7 clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia in guinea pigs
1. depression
2. anorexia
3. abortion
4. salivation
5. convulsions
6. coma
7. death
272
what is are the 3 treatments for pregnancy toxaemia in guinea pigs
1. glucose or dextrose-containing fluids
2. corticosteroids (risk to foetuses)
3. calcium gluconate
273
name 4 causative agents of resp disease/pneumonia in guinea pigs
1. Bordetella bronchiseptica
2. Moraxella
3. Pseudomonas
4. Streptococcus
274
# name the cause of resp disease in guinea pigs
can have symtomless carriers (20% of colony);
can develop immunity and eliminate the bacteria;
rabbits and dogs can pass it to guinea pigs;
transmitted by aerosol, direct contact, fomites;
overt disease usually stress-related
Bordetella
275
name 5 treatments for respiratory disease in guinea pigs
1. oxygen therapy
2. appropriate antibiosis
3. nebulisation
4. NSAIDs
5. supportive care
276
# name the CV disease in guinea pigs
older guinea pigs;
dyspnoea, anorexia, lethargy;
Dx: radiography, ecg, echocardiography;
Tx: enalapril, furosemide and pimobendan;
prognosis poor, survival rates 3-6mo
dilated cardiomyopathy
277
why do guinea pigs require an exogenous source of vitamin C in their diet
absence of enzyme L-gluconolactone oxidase
| (required to convert L-gluconolactone to L-abscorbic acid)
278
name 7 possible clinical signs of hypovitaminosis C in guinea pigs;
unable to synthesise collagen at normal rate - range of clinical signs
1. thin, unkempt, roughened hair coat
2. scaling of pinnae
3. lethargy, weakness
4. anorexia
5. haemorrhage in periarticular regions (unsteady gait)
6. dental abnormalities
7. diarrhoea
279
these are crusy scabs around the philtrum that can be caused by oversupplementing vitamin C in guinea pigs
chelitis
280
name 8 vitamin C rich food items
1. leafy greens (spinach, kale, cabbage)
2. fresh hay
3. fresh herbs (parsley)
4. garden weeds (dandelions)
5. root veggies (beetroot, carrots)
6. asparagus
7. tomatoes
8. peppers
281
name 2 supplements that can be given to guinea pigs to prevent development of osteoarthritis
1. glucosamine
2. chondrotin sulfate
282
what is the most common cause of otitis media/interna in guinea pigs
Streptococcus infection
283
name 4 clinical signs of otitis media/interna in guinea pigs
1. head tilt
2. circling
3. rolling
4. nystagmus
284
# name the guinea pig ectoparasite
extreme pruritis;
highly reactive on handling;
distracted;
reduced appetite and weight loss;
self trauma;
seizures
Trixacarus caviae
285
# name the guinea pig ectoparasite
can be found in young or immunosuppressed guinea pigs;
scaly, crusting areas of alopecia on the feet, face and dorsum;
Trichophyton and Microsporum species;
Dx: cytology of lesions and culture;
treat all in-contacts;
ZOONOTIC
ringworm
286
name the 3-part treatment for ringworm in guinea pigs
1. oral itraconazole or terbafine
2. topical antifungal sprays
3. environmental decontamination
287
# name the skin neoplasia in guinea pigs
most common skin growth;
benign growht;
hair follicle;
can grow quite large;
complete incision is curative
Trichofolliculoma
288
what sex of guinea pigs are mammary tumours more common in
male
289
what percent of mammary tumours in male guinea pigs are malignant
75%
290
# name the ophthalmic condition in guinea pigs
deposit of lipid in bulbar conjunctiva;
diet related;
non-painful;
good opportunity to diet check;
no Tx needed
pea eye or fatty eye
291
what is the most common endocrine disorder of guinea pigs
hyperthyroidism
292
name 6 clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs
1. hyperactivity
2. weight loss
3. reduced BCS
4. PU/PD
5. polyphagia
6. soft droppings
293
name 3 treatment options for hyperthyroidism in guinea pigs
1. lifelong medical management with methimazole or carbimazole
2. surgical removal of thyroid gland
3. radioactive iodine
294
# start of SM08
should rabbits be fasted prior to anaesthesia?
NO
295
should rodents be fasted prior to anaesthesia?
NO
296
should ferrets be fasted prior to anaesthesia?
YES
| (4-6h)
297
should African Pygmy Hedghogs be fasted prior to anaesthesia?
YES
| (4-6h)
298
what is the dose of meloxicam for ferrets?
0.2 mg/kg
299
what is the dose of meloxicam for guinea pigs and chinchillas?
0.4-0.6 mg/kg
300
what is the dose of meloxicam for rats?
up to 1 mg/kg
301
what is the dose of buprenorphine for small mammals?
0.02-0.05 mg/kg
| (long action - 6-8h)
302
what is the duration of action for lidocaine?
1-2h
303
what is the toxic dose for lidocaine
3 mg/kg
304
what is the toxic dose for bupivicaine
2 mg/kg
305
name 5 aims of pre-medication for anaesthesia
1. prevent panic
2. muscle relaxation
3. reduce consciousness
4. analgesia
5. reduce inhalation anaesthetic required for maintenance
306
name 3 negative side effects possible with pre-medication for anaesthesia
1. hypothermia
2. resp depression
3. CV depression
307
name 3 common combinations used as pre-medication for anaesthesia
1. midazolam and buprenorphine
2. 'triple' (ketamine, dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine or butorphanol)
3. hypnorm (fentanyl and fluanisone)
308
name 3 small mammals where intubation is possible with an endoscope but not routinely done
1. guinea pig
2. degu
3. chinchilla
309
name 3 small mammals that are routinely intubated
1. rats
2. african pygmy hedgehogs
3. ferrets
310
name 2 drug options for IV induction in ferrets
1. alfaxalone
2. propofol
311
what type of ventilation for a ferret under GA?
mechanical ventilation
312
what is the flow rate for ferrets under GA?
1.5-2.5 L/min
313
name 3 'Pros' of using a face mask for maintenance anaesthesia
1. simple use
2. no laryngeal contact
3. if unable to intubate
314
name 6 'Cons' of using a face mask for maintenance anaesthesia
1. potentially incr dead space
2. leakage of volatile agent
3. IPPV difficult
4. agents may cause nasal oedema and mucus production
5. tongue can block pharynx
6. no protection against upper airway or lower airway obstruction or aspiration
315
name 4 mask options for maintenance anaesthesia
1. malleable rubber masks
2. diaphragm seal masks
3. silicone low volume mask
4. small mammal low dead space
316
name 4 rules when using a face mask for maintenance anaesthesia
1. don't allow mask to rest on eyes
2. don't allow mask to obstruct the nostrils
3. choose mask with minimal dead space and best possible seal
4. use extractor fans
317
what is the best location for IV fluids in APHs, ferrets, guinea pigs, and chinchillas?
cephalic vein
318
what is the best location for IV fluids in rats?
lateral tail vein
319
what type of suture should be used to close the muscle layer of small mammals
PDS (polydioxanone)
320
what type of suture should be used for ligatures, SC and intradermal layers in small mammals
monocryl
(poliyglepcaprone 25)
321
why are ferrets not routinely neutered?
adrenal gland disease post-neuter
322
in an open castration for small mammals, what must always be closed?
the tunic
323
when should an ovariohysterectomy be performed on rats?
before 6-8wks
| (before sexual maturity)
324
when should an ovariohysterectomy be performed on guinea pigs?
before 4-6wks
| (before sexual maturity)
325
what is the anatomical difference in guinea pigs and chinchillas that makes exteriorisation of the ovaries difficult
short mesovarium
326
name 2 reproductive-related pathologies that rats are prone to and can be prevented with early ovariohysterectomy
1. fibroadenomas
2. pituitary tumours
327
name the reproductive-related pathology that guinea pigs are prone to and can be prevented with early ovariohysterectomy
cystic ovarian disease
