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Exotics > Rabbits > Flashcards

Rabbits Flashcards

RB01-08

1
Q

what is the scientific name for rabbits as a species

A

Oryctolagus cuniculus

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2
Q

what is the average lifespan of rabbits

A

8-12 years

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3
Q

name the 4 groups of rabbit breeds

A
  1. fancy
  2. lop
  3. normal fur
  4. rex
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4
Q

what percent of the rabbit bodyweight is the skeleton?

A

7-8%

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5
Q

what percent of the rabbit body weight is the muscles?

A

50%

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6
Q

name the vertebral formula for rabbits

A

C7, T12 (13), L7, S4, C15-16

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7
Q

how many digits does the forelimb of a rabbit have?

A

5

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8
Q

how many digits does the hindlimb of a rabbit have?

A

4

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9
Q

what is the gait of a rabbit at rest?

A

plantigrade

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10
Q

what is the gait of a rabbit when running?

A

digitgrade

(tippy toes)

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11
Q

what type of lip do rabbits have?

A

cleft lip with small oral commissure

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12
Q

how many teeth do rabbits have?

A

28

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13
Q

name the type of tooth

‘open rooted’
no anatomical roots, continuously growing and erupting

A

elodont

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14
Q

name the type of tooth

long-crowned teeth

A

hypsodont

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15
Q

name the type of tooth

differently shaped incisors and molars

A

heterodont

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16
Q

what is the growth rate of rabbit incisors?

A

3mm per week

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17
Q

what is the growth rate of rabbit cheek teeth?

A

3mm per month

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18
Q

how often do rabbits housed outdoors moult?

A

twice yearly

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19
Q

name the 3 locations of scent glands in rabbits

A
  1. under chin
  2. inguinal
  3. anal
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20
Q

name the rabbit scent gland most prone to impaction

A

inguinal

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21
Q

why are rabbits prone to pododermatitis?

A

no foot pads

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22
Q

where is the blind spot for rabbits?

A

beneath the mouth
(under the chin)

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23
Q

what gland is located just behind the third eyelid of rabbits?

A

Harderian gland

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24
Q

what is the blink rate for rabbits?

A

10-12 times per hour

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25
Q

what is the shape of a rabbit’s pupil

A

spherical

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26
Q

what percent of the globe is the rabbit’s cornea?

A

30%

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27
Q

do rabbits have a tapetum lucidum?

A

no

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28
Q

where does the optic disc in rabbits lie?

A

above the midline of the eye

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29
Q

what direction do the retinal vessels of rabbits spread out?

A

horizontally

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30
Q

what are the prominent photoreceptors of rabbits?

A

rods

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31
Q

this organ produces T-cells, plays a vital role in immune function & persists into adulthood in rabbits

A

thymus

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32
Q

are rabbits able to vomit?

A

no

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33
Q

what should the pH of an adult rabbit’s stomach be?

A

1-2

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34
Q

what is the pH of a rabbit’s stomach pre-weaning?

A

5-6.5

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35
Q

where does fermentation in the rabbit occur?

A

caecum

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36
Q

what type of bacteria are present in the rabbit caecum for fermentation

A

anaerobe gram negative Bacteriodes sp.

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37
Q

which VFA is produced the most by caecal fermentation in the rabbit?

A

acetate (60-80%)

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38
Q

what percent of total (maintenance) energy requirements of a rabbit are obtained from caecal fermentation?

A

up to 40%

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39
Q

name the 3 parts the rabbit colon can be divided into

A
  1. proximal colon
  2. fusus coli
  3. distal colon
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40
Q

which part of the rabbit colon can be thought of as the ‘sorting’ zone for indigestive and digestible fibre

A

proximal colon

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41
Q

name the part of the rabbit proximal colon

muscular bands

A

taeniae coli

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42
Q

name the part of the rabbit proximal colon

numerous lateral pouches

A

haustra

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43
Q

name the part of the rabbit colon

5-8mm thickened circular muscle;
autonomic control - ‘pacemaker’;
under the influence of aldosterone and prostaglandin;
regulates the passage of ingesta into the colon

A

fusus coli

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44
Q

name the 3 types of colonic motility contractions controlled by the fusus coli

A
  1. haustral
  2. peristaltic
  3. segmentation
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45
Q

name the part of the rabbit colon

unhaustrated and no taeniae;
contains numerous goblet cells which produce mucous;
visually looks like small intestine (grossly)

A

distal colon

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46
Q

name the two types of faeces produced by rabbits

A
  1. hard pellets (indigestible)
  2. caecotrophs (nutrients)
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47
Q

name the type of rabbit faeces

fluid and soft particles;
highly nutritive (amino acids, VFAs, vit B & K);
coated in mucous;
expelled as soft paste in ‘honey comb’;
pass rapidly through colon to the anus - eaten directly from anus

A

caecotrophs

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48
Q

how many lobes does a rabbot liver have?

A

4

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49
Q

when is sexual maturity reached for female rabbits?

A

4-5 months

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50
Q

when is sexual maturity reached for male rabbits

A

5-7 months

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51
Q

when is the breeding season for rabbits?

A

february to october

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52
Q

how long is rabbit gestation period?

A

31-32 days

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53
Q

when can pregnancy be diagnosed in rabbits

A

from 14 days

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54
Q

what type of placenta do rabbits have?

A

haemochorial

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55
Q

how long do rabbit kits suckle per day?

A

only 3-5 minutes per day

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56
Q

when do rabbits wean?

A

4-6 weeks

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57
Q

when do the testes descend for male rabbits?

A

approximately 10 weeks of age

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58
Q

start of RB02

are rabbits cats or dogs?

A

no, they’re a bit different

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59
Q

name the 6 steps of a clinical exam for a rabbit

A
  1. demeanour
  2. TPR
  3. nose to tail
  4. ventrum
  5. dental and ear exam
  6. weight
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60
Q

name 4 things to examine at a distance in a rabbit for demeanor part of clinical exam

A
  1. resp rate and character
  2. mentation
  3. posture
  4. activity prior to examination
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61
Q

name 3 things that should be auscultated on a rabbit

A
  1. heart rate and rhythm
  2. resp rate
  3. gut sounds
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62
Q

what is the normal resp rate of a rabbit

A

30-60 bpm

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63
Q

what is the normal heart rate of a rabbit

A

180-300 bpm

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64
Q

what is the normal temperature of rabbits

A

38.5-40 C

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65
Q

how many gut sounds should be heard per minute in a rabbit?

A

2-4 per minute

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66
Q

name 3 places to auscultate a rabbit for respiratory

A
  1. trachea
  2. thorax (ventrally and dorsally)
  3. sinuses
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67
Q

what pulses should be palpated in a rabbit?

A
  1. femoral
  2. auricular
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68
Q

what eye reflex should be tested in a rabbit?

A

palpebral reflex

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69
Q

what eye reflex does a rabbit NOT have?

A

palpebral response

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70
Q

how should hydration status be assessed in rabbits?

A

eye position
(sunken = dehydrated)

(more reliable than skin tent)

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71
Q

what 4 aspects of the incisors should be inspected during a clinical exam of a rabbit?

A
  1. angle
  2. malloclusion
  3. ribbing
  4. fractures
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72
Q

name the 4 parts of the rabbit head that should be palpated/inspected during a clinical exam

A
  1. eyes
  2. nose
  3. jaw
  4. ears
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73
Q

name the 5 parts of the rabbit body that should be palpated/inspected during a clinical exam

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. palpate limbs
  3. thoracic compliance
  4. abdominal palpation
  5. skin and fur coat
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74
Q

name the 5 lymph nodes in a rabbit that should be palpated during a clinical exam
(not all palpable if no injury or disease present)

A
  1. popliteal
  2. prescapular
  3. submandibular
  4. inguinal
  5. axillary
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75
Q

where does the stomach sit in the rabbit abdomen?
should be soft and compressible

A

cranial LHS of abdomen

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76
Q

where can the caecum be palpated in the rabbit abdomen?
should be large and soft

A

ventrally midline or to RHS

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77
Q

where can the colon be palpated in the rabbit abdomen?
should feel small hard faecal pellets

A

dorsal, mid-caudal abdomen

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78
Q

name the rabbit ectoparasite

‘walking dandruff’
dorsum, superficial, non-burrowing mite;
zoonotic;
readily diagnosed
all incontacts treated

A

Cheyletiella parasitovorax

(fur mite)

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79
Q

name 5 things that should be assessed on a ventrum exam of a rabbit

A
  1. claw length
  2. pododermatitis check
  3. mammary gland palpation
  4. general hygiene
  5. sexing
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80
Q

at what point during the clinical exam of a rabbit should the otoscopic exam of ears and teeth be performed?

A

last!

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81
Q

what 3 prominences should be palpated to determine a rabbit’s BCS

A
  1. ribs
  2. dorsal spinous processes
  3. pelvic bones
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82
Q

start of RB03

what 3 diseases are rabbits vaccinated against?

A
  1. Myxomatosis
  2. Rabbit Haemorrhage Disease strain 1
  3. Rabbit Haemorhagic Disease strain 2
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83
Q

name the disease vaccinated against in rabbits

pox virus;
fatal disease of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculi);
rapidly spread and endemic in UK since late 1950s

A

Myxomatosis

(Myxoma virus)

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84
Q

how is myxomatosis spread to rabbits?

A

insect vectors
(rabbit flea, mosquito, mites)

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85
Q

name 6 clinical signs of myxomatosis in rabbits

A
  1. swelling of eyelids and genitalia
  2. milky ocular discharge
  3. lethargy and depression
  4. pyrexia and anorexia
  5. general facial swelling
  6. death within 14d
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86
Q

name the disease vaccinated against in rabbits

Lagovirus, family Calicivirus;
usually fatal to rabbits;
2 strains

A

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

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87
Q

name the strain of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

bleeding syndrome;
spreads via rabbits, rabbit products, vehicle wheels, shipping containers;
quick disease - hyperacute or subacute

A

strain 1

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88
Q

name 2 clinical signs of hyperacute form of strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A
  1. dead
  2. blood from nose or mouth
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89
Q

name 4 clinical signs of subacute form of strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A
  1. pale mucous membranes
  2. weak and collapsed
  3. progressive neurological signs
  4. rapidly leads to death
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90
Q

what is the most common clinical sign of strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A

acute haemorrhage - haemabdomen

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91
Q

what is the target site of strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A

liver

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92
Q

name 5 sequelae to replication of strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease virus to high titre levels in the liver

A
  1. acute hepatic necrosis
  2. fulminant liver failure
  3. DIC
  4. hepatic encephalopathy
  5. nephrosis
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93
Q

name 2 signs of strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease on haematology

A
  1. leukopenia
  2. moderate reduction in thrombocytes
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94
Q

name 4 elevated liver enzymes seen on serum biochemistry in a rabbit with strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A
  1. ALT
  2. AST
  3. AP
  4. GGT
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95
Q

name 2 differential diagnoses for strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease based on serum biochemistry: elevated liver enzymes

A
  1. liver lobe torsion
  2. hepatic coccidiosis
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96
Q

name 5 ways strain 2 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease can be spread

A
  1. direct contact between rabbits (faeces, urine, resp secretions)
  2. vectors (biting insects, birds)
  3. hay and forage
  4. fomites/objects
  5. predator faeces with live virus still active
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97
Q

how long does strain 2 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease virus remain actove on fomites at 22 degrees C

A

120 days
(4 months)

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98
Q

how long does strain 2 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease virus remain active on fomites at 4 degrees C

A

more than 225 days
(7.5 months)

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99
Q

what is the incubation time of strain 1 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A

1-2 days

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100
Q

what is the incubation time of strain 2 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A

3-9 days

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101
Q

name 4 clinical signs of strain 2 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A
  1. GI stasis
  2. weight loss
  3. lethargy
  4. non-specific liver signs (jaundice)

(wide range)

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102
Q

name 5 types of supportive care that can be given to a rabbit with strain 2 Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease;
if given promplty can result in lower mortality rate

A
  1. fluid therapy
  2. nutritional support
  3. gut stasis support
  4. blood transfusion
  5. warming
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103
Q

how much blood do rabbits have?

A

70 mL/kg

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104
Q

how much blood can you safely take from a rabbit to use for a transfusion?

A

7 mL/kg
(10%)

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105
Q

name 3 requirements of a blood donor rabbit

A
  1. healthy
  2. medium to large size
  3. vaccinated
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106
Q

name 3 diseases a rabbit must be free from in order to be a blood donor

A
  1. Encephalitozoan cuniculi
  2. Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease
  3. Myxomatosis
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107
Q

what should collected blood from a rabbit for a blood transfusion be mixed with?

A

anticoagulant - citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD)
(0.14mL per mL of blood)

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108
Q

how long can rabbit blood be stored for transfusions at 4-6 degrees C?

A

28-35 days

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109
Q

name 3 ways to confirm the diagnosis of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease at PM

A
  1. liver appearance (pale, swollen, focal haemorrhage)
  2. histopathology
  3. PCR testing (blood, faeces, oral/rectal swabs, intestinal contents)
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110
Q

name the triple vaccine that can be given to rabbits against Myxomatosis and strain 1 & 2 of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

A

Novibac Myxo-RHD Plus

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111
Q

what is the duration of immunity for Novibac Myxo-RHD Plus vaccine for rabbits

A

1 year

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112
Q

how long does it take for the onset of immunity from Novibac Myxo-RHD Plus vaccine for rabbits

A

3 weeks

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113
Q

when can rabbits be vaccinated with Novibac Myxo-RHD Plus

A

from 5 wks of age

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114
Q

how long should new rabbits be quarantined to prevent spread of infection

(in face of a disease outbreak)

A

4 weeks
(enough time for clinical signs to show if infected)

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115
Q

what disinfectant should be used in the face of an outbreak of RHD (rabbit haemorrhagic disease)?

A

Virkon

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116
Q

what is the species of fleas that affect rabbits?
feed on blood, can jump from host to host, can live temporarily in environment

A

Spilopsyllus cuniculi

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117
Q

how to diagnose fleas on a rabbit?

A
  1. visualisation of fleas
  2. visualisation of flea dirt (wet paper towel)
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118
Q

name 2 flea treatments for rabbits

A
  1. Selamectin (Revolution/Stronghold)
  2. Imidacloprid (Advantge)
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119
Q

what flea treatment can be used on dogs and cats but CANNOT be used on rabbits - causes death!

A

Fipronil (Frontline)

120
Q

name 2 species of fur mites affecting rabbits

A
  1. Cheyletiella parasitovorax
  2. Leporacarus gibbus
121
Q

how to diagnose mites on a rabbit?

A

tape strip (microscope examination)

122
Q

what is the treatment for mites on rabbits?

A

Ivermectin - 2 treatments 14 days apart

123
Q

what is the species of ear mite affecting rabbits?
severe pruritis, hyperaemia of pinnae, thick crust formation, can spread to face and neck, secondary bacterial infections

A

Psoroptes cuniculi

124
Q

name 4 treatments that should be given to a rabbit with ear mites

A
  1. Ivermectin (2 treatments 14d apart)
  2. soften scabs (vaseline)
  3. anti-inflammatory
  4. clip hind toenails (to reduce self trauma)
125
Q

name 3 conditions that predispose a rabbit to fly strike

A
  1. obesity
  2. dental disease
  3. musculoskeletal disease
126
Q

name 4 common attractants for flies causing fly strike in rabbits

A
  1. uneaten caecotrophs
  2. urine scalding
  3. unclean enclosure
  4. incr sedentary time
127
Q

name 2 topical fly deterrents that can be used in addition to hygiene, etc to help prevent fly strike in rabbits

A
  1. permethrin
  2. cyromazine
128
Q

what is the wormer of choice for rabbits if needed (not common)

A

Fenbendazole

129
Q

from what age can an ovariohysterectomy be performed in a female rabbit

A

from 5-6 months of age

130
Q

name 4 reasons to spay female rabbits

A
  1. health (uterine cancer)
  2. prevent pregnancy
  3. pervent pseudopregnancy
  4. behavioural
131
Q

name 3 reasons for castrating a male rabbit

A
  1. prevent breeding
  2. health
  3. potentially imporves negative behaviours
132
Q

at what age should a male rabbit be castrated?

A

5-6 months is ideal;
possible from 4 months

133
Q

start of RB04

A
134
Q

name 3 sites that can be used in rabbits for intravenous catheter placement

A
  1. marginal ear vein
  2. lateral saphenous vein
  3. cephalic vein
135
Q

name 3 sites for intraosseus catheters in rabbits

A
  1. proximal tibia
  2. proximal femur
  3. proximal humerus
136
Q

name 2 indications for intaosseus catheters in rabbits

A
  1. admin of fluids and drugs when IV access is limited or non-existent
  2. bone marrow biopsy
137
Q

name 4 sites for blood sample collection in rabbits (in order of preference)

A
  1. lateral saphenous vein
  2. marginal ear vein
  3. jugular vein
  4. cephalic vein
138
Q

how long must you hold pressure on the lateral saphenous vein of a rabbit following blood collection to reduce risk of haematoma

A

1 min
(2 min for white rabbits)

139
Q

name 3 indications for nasolacrimal duct cannulation in rabbits

A
  1. facilitate flushing of nasolacrimal duct (blockage or infection)
  2. instil topical medication into nasolacrimal duct
  3. perform contrast dacryocystography
140
Q

what type of local anaesthetic should be used prior to performing nasolacrimal duct cannulation in a rabbit

A

Proxymetacaine drops

141
Q

name the 5 steps of nasolacrimal duct cannulation in a rabbit

A
  1. assistant holds eyelid open
  2. gently tent lower lid to open duct entrance
  3. insert cannula medially
  4. flush with sterile saline in a 1mL syringe
  5. watch for appearance of fluid at nose (licking)
142
Q

name 4 methods of urine collection from a rabbit

A
  1. free catch
  2. manually express bladder (care to prevent rupture)
  3. cystocentesis
  4. catheterisation
143
Q

how should a male rabbit be positioned for the insertion of a urinary catheter

A

on side or back

144
Q

how should a female rabbit be positioned for the insertion of a urinary catheter

A

ventral recumbency

145
Q

name the 3 most common findings of a faecal analysis in rabbits

A
  1. oxyurids (pinworm)
  2. coccidiosis
  3. Saccharomyces yeasts
146
Q

what 3 things should rabbit faeces be assessed for as part of any clinical exam/history taking

A
  1. size
  2. quantity
  3. fibrous content
147
Q

how much should F10 be diluted when using in a nebuliser for rabbits

A

1:250

148
Q

how much should enrofloxacin be diluted when using a nebuliser for rabbits

A

1:10

149
Q

where to give a subcutaneous injection to a rabbit?

A

scruff

150
Q

name 2 sites for intramuscular injections for rabbits

A
  1. epaxial (lumbar) muscles
  2. quadriceps muscle
151
Q

what volume can be given IM to a 2.5kg rabbit

A

0.5-1 mL

152
Q

what volume can be given SQ to a 2.5kg rabbit (over 2 sites)

A

50mL

153
Q

start of RB05

how many teeth do rabbits have?

A

28

154
Q

how many incisors do rabbits have?

A

6

155
Q

how many cheek teeth do rabbits have?

A

22

156
Q

what is the dental formula for rabbits

A

I 2/1, C 0/0, PM 3/2, M 3/3

157
Q

name the type of tooth

open rooted

A

elodont

158
Q

name the type of tooth

long-crowned teeth

A

hypsodont

159
Q

name the type of tooth

differently shaped teeth - incisor v. cheek teeth

A

heterodont

160
Q

name the type of rabbit tooth

chisel-shaped;
ribbed appearance;
used for slicing, cutting and chopping food;
constant growth (3mm per week);
very long curving tooth roots

A

incisors

161
Q

name the type of rabbit tooth

anisognatism (maxillary teeth wider apart than mandibular teeth);
only one side in occlusion at one time;
oblique angle at tooth surface;
disparity in number (6 upper, 5 lower)

A

cheek teeth

162
Q

how long per day should a rabbit spend eating/grazing?

A

8 hours

163
Q

how much crude fibre should rabbits have in their diet?

A

20-25%

164
Q

name the type of fibre

broken down into energy products

A

digestible

165
Q

name the type of fibre

acts to stimulate GI motility

A

indigestible

166
Q

name the 3 reasons fibre is needed in a rabbits diet

A
  1. allows ‘normal behaviour’
  2. promotes GIT health
  3. dental exercise
167
Q

which type of fibre promotes peristalsis in rabbits?

A

indigestible

168
Q

name the 3 broad categories of dental disease in rabbits

A
  1. acquired (most common)
  2. congenital
  3. traumatic
169
Q

summarise how inadequate wear leadds to acquired dental disease

A

decr wear = elongation of teeth = incr occlusal contact = incr intrusive pressure

170
Q

name the 2 most common locations for spurs to form on rabbit cheek teeth with acquired dental disease due to inadequate wear

A
  1. lingual surface of mandibular teeth
  2. buccal surface of maxillary teeth
171
Q

extension of the reserved crown into the jaw of the rabbit can lead to an infection or abscess in what location if maxilla teeth are affected?

A

retrobulbar

172
Q

extension of the reserved crown into the jaw of the rabbit can lead to an infection or abscess in what location if mandibular teeth are affected?

A

ventral/lateral chin

173
Q

what is the most common type of congenital dental disease in rabbits?

A

incisor malloclusion

174
Q

at what age does congenital incisor malloclusion in rabbits usually present by?

A

8-10 weeks

175
Q

what is the most common traumatic dental disease in rabbits?

A

fractured incisor(s)

176
Q

what secondary problems can traumatic fractured incisors in rabbits lead to?

A
  1. overgrowths
  2. malloclusion
177
Q

name the 5 steps of a dental clinical exam of a rabbit

A
  1. jaw palpation
  2. lateral jaw motion
  3. incisor evaluation
  4. cheek teeth exam
  5. cotton tip test
178
Q

name 9 specific signs of dental disease in rabbits

A
  1. inappetance
  2. dysphagia
  3. hypersalivation
  4. halitosis
  5. facial swelling
  6. epiphora
  7. masseter muscle atrophy
  8. percieved polydipsia
  9. teeth grinding
179
Q

name 4 non-specific signs of dental disease in rabbits

A
  1. GI stasis
  2. weight loss
  3. unkept coat
  4. dirty bottom
180
Q

what 2 things is radiography (or CT scanning) essential to assess with dental disease in rabbits

A
  1. reserve AND clinical crown
  2. surrounding bone
181
Q

name the preferred views to take for rabbit dental radiographs
(if flat rate)

A
  1. R + L lateral obliques
  2. R + L lateral
  3. DV
  4. rostrocaudal
182
Q

name the 2 most important views to take for rabbit dental radiographs
(if charged per plate)

A
  1. R + L obliques
  2. DV
183
Q

should the clinical crown be longer on the upper or lower cheek teeth of rabbits?

A

lower

184
Q

how often must you rest the mouth from the mouth gag during a rabbit dental?

A

every 5 minutes
(use a timer)

185
Q

what should the approximate height of the maxillary crowns be in a rabbit?

A

2-3 mm

186
Q

what should the approximate height of the mandibular crowns be in a rabbit?

A

3-4 mm

187
Q

name 3 reasons rasping should be avoided during a correctional burring dental of a rabbit

A
  1. weakens periodontal ligament
  2. time consuming
  3. increased risk of soft tissue trauma
188
Q

start of RB06

what type of fibre generally travels down the central lumen of the colon in the rabbit and helps stimulate peristalsis;
normograde movement

A

indigestible fibre

189
Q

what type of fibre stays in the periphery of the haustrae of the proximal colon in the rabit?
sent retrograde back to the caecum to undergo fermentation

A

digestible fibre

190
Q

name 4 non-specific signs of gut stasis in a rabbit

A
  1. hypothermia
  2. anorexia
  3. lethargy
  4. weight loss
191
Q

name the rabbit disease

abnormalities in myenteric neuronal or gastric smooth muscle function or contractility leading to the slowing or stopping of ingested food passing through the GIT

A

gut stasis

192
Q

name the 6-fold treatment approach to gut stasis in rabbits

A
  1. fluid therpay
  2. analgesic
  3. pro-kinetic therapy
  4. nutritional support
  5. calm environment
  6. exercise
193
Q

what type of fluid is usually given to rabbits with gut stasis

A

crystalloid - Hartmann’s

194
Q

what is the maintenance rate of fluids for rabbits

A

4 mL/kg/h

195
Q

name 2 analgesia options for rabbits with gut stasis

A
  1. NSAIDs (meloxicam)
  2. opioids (buprenorphine, methadone)

(avoid NSAIDs if dehydrated or diarrhoeic)

196
Q

name 4 prokinetic options for a rabbit with gut stasis

A
  1. Cisapride
  2. Metaclopramide
  3. Domperidone
  4. Ranitidine
197
Q

name the prokinetic

0.5 mg/kg q12h per os;
promotes gastric emptying;
increases small intestine motility;
increases colonic motility

A

Cisapride

198
Q

name the prokinetics

0.5 mg/kg q12h per os;
upper GI tract stimulant

A

Metaclopramide;
Domperidone

199
Q

name the prokinetic

4 mg/kg q12h per os;
H2 antagonist;
gastric prokinetic qualities;
gut protectant

A

ranitidine

200
Q

name 2 reasons exercise is a necessary part of the treatment for gut stasis in rabbits

A
  1. help promote peristalsis
  2. assist with gas dissipation in the GIT
201
Q

as a general rule for a barium contrast study:

how long does it take for stomach emptying of a rabbit

A

15-30 min

202
Q

as a general rule for a barium contrast study of a rabbit:

how long does it take to reach the caecum

A

40-60min

203
Q

as a general rule for a barium contrast study of a rabbit:

how long does it take for caecal fill

A

1-3h

204
Q

as a general rule for a barium contrast study of a rabbit:

how long does it take for the contrast to reach the colon

A

4-6h (5-12h)

205
Q

when should radiographs be taken for a barium contrast study of a rabbit (6)

A
  1. immediate
  2. 30 min
  3. 1h
  4. 2h
  5. 3-4h
  6. following morning
206
Q

name the condition

enlargement and tympany of the stomach

A

gastric bloat

207
Q

name the 3 most likely places for blockages in a rabbit leading to gastric bloat or gut stasis

A
  1. pylorus
  2. proximal duodenum
  3. ileo-caeco-colic junction
208
Q

what is the main cause of blockages in the GIT of rabbits

A

fur

209
Q

name the 5 parts of a strategic clinical exam that should be done for an emergency situation in a rabbit (suspected blockage)

A
  1. auscultate heart and lungs
  2. check pulses
  3. palpate abdomen
  4. check mm colour
  5. check temperature

(weigh patient!)

210
Q

name the 4 immediate medical therapies that should be done for a rabbit presenting for an emergency

A
  1. bolus of warmed IV fluids
  2. oxygen therapy
  3. check blood glucose
  4. opioid analgesion (avoid meloxicam!)
211
Q

name the rabbit GI condition based on the radiograph appearance

compacted material in stomach, no significant distension;
small gas pockets throughout GIT;
small caecum or gassy caecum

A

GI stasis

212
Q

name the rabbit GI condition based on the radiograph appearance

Dilated stomach – very large in size;
Gas ‘bubble’ with in the stomach;
Can progress to a ‘halo’ effect

A

gastric bloat

213
Q

name 5 reasons the stomach should be deflated if gastric bloat in a rabbit

A
  1. reduces pain
  2. improves breathing effort
  3. improves blood flow to organs
  4. prevents stomach rupturing
  5. allows more time for medical management to take effect
214
Q

how to deflate the stomach of a rabbit with gastric bloat?

A

orogastric tube

215
Q

what is the correct orogastric tube size for an average sized rabbit to deflate the stomach if gastric bloat

A

10F

216
Q

name the two areas of resistance while placing an orogastric tube in a rabbit

A
  1. oropharynx
  2. cardia
217
Q

name 5 factors that increase mortality of rabbits with a GI obstruction

A
  1. length of time obstruction present
  2. hypothermia
  3. hyperglycaemia
  4. hyponatraemia
  5. dehydration
218
Q

name the cause of diarrhoea in rabbits

associated with stress of overcrowding, unsanitary conditions and concurrent disease

A

Tyzzer’s disease
(Clostridium piliforme)

219
Q

name the cause of diarrhoea in rabbits

young animals, rescue centres;
hepatic and enteric form affects rabbits;
11 species;
weight loss, poor growth, diarrhoea;
pooled faecal sample for 3-5d with flotation to diagnose;
treat with sulpha drugs (trimethoprim sulphate) or toltrazuril

A

Coccidiosis
(Eimeria)

220
Q

name the cause of hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits

A

Eimeria Stiedae

221
Q

start of RB07

what type of breathers are rabbits?

A

obligate nasal & diaphragmatic breathers

222
Q

name 8 clinical signs of upper respiratory tract (URT) disease in rabbits

A
  1. nasal discharge
  2. sneezing
  3. dirty ‘hankies’
  4. snoring
  5. flailing nostrils
  6. ocular discharge
  7. conjunctivitis
  8. dacrocystitis
223
Q

name 7 clinical signs of lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease in rabbits

A
  1. anorexia
  2. depression
  3. dyspnoea
  4. cyanosis
  5. exophthalmos
  6. abdominal effort to breathing
  7. extended neck

(coughing rare)

224
Q

how would a bacterial infection of the URT of the rabbit usually present?

A

rhinitis +/- sinusitis

225
Q

how would a nasal foreign body usually present in a rabbit

A

bilateral discharge

226
Q

name 7 differential diagnoses for a rabbit with purulent nasal discharge

A
  1. bacterial infection
  2. nasal foreign body
  3. viral infection
  4. nasal neoplasia w secondary infection
  5. nasal polyp
  6. dental disease
  7. dacrocystits
227
Q

name the 4 most common bacterial infections associated with URT disease in rabbits

A
  1. Pasteurella multocida
  2. Bordatella bronchiseptica
  3. Pseudomonas
  4. Staph spp
228
Q

name the pathogen causing URT disease in rabbits

‘snuffles’
most common bacterial infection of rabbits;
gram neg bipolar coccobacillus;
many strains and serotypes (capsular type A most common);
rabbits become chronic carriers - develop acute rhinitis, pneumonia, bacteraemis & chronic disease

A

Pasteurella multocida

229
Q

name 4 stressors that can precipitate clinical disease of Pasteurellosis in rabbits

A
  1. ammonia
  2. overcrowding
  3. transportation
  4. iatrogenic - corticosteroids
230
Q

how far should the nasal swab be inserted in a rabbit for culture of purulent nasal discharge

A

to level of medial canthus of eye

231
Q

what is a heterophil?

A

a rabbit neutrophil

232
Q

name 5 diagnostic tests that can be carried out for a rabbit with purulent nasal discharge

A
  1. deep nasal swab
  2. haematology
  3. PCR
  4. Rhinoscopy
  5. CT
233
Q

name 7 differential diagnoses for a rabbit with dyspnoea

A
  1. pneumonia
  2. tracheal foreign body/stricture
  3. pulmonary neoplasia
  4. pleural effusion
  5. pulmonary oedema
  6. mediastinal mass
  7. acute smoke inhalation
234
Q

name 5 reasons interpretation of thoracic radiographs in rabbits can be difficult

A
  1. small lung volume
  2. difficult to get inspiratory film
  3. intrathoracic fat
  4. movement artefact (if fast RR or abdo effort)
  5. may not be able to sedate if dyspnoeic
235
Q

what is the gold standard for thoracic imaging of a rabbit?
conscious, oxygen provided

A

CT scan

236
Q

name 5 treatments for respiratory disease in rabbits

A
  1. oxygen therapy
  2. antibiotics
  3. nebulisation
  4. mucolytics
  5. anti-inflammatories
237
Q

name the 3 main antibiotics used to treat respiratory disease in rabbits

A
  1. enrofloxacin
  2. TMPS
  3. depocillin (NOT oral)
238
Q

name 2 products that can be used with nebulisation for treatment of respiratory disease in rabbits

A
  1. enrofloxacin
  2. F10
239
Q

what mucolytic can be used to treat respiratory disease in rabbits

A

Bisolvin

240
Q

name 6 clinical signs of kidney disease in rabbits

A
  1. pain
  2. PUPD
  3. lethargy
  4. inappetant
  5. GI stasis
  6. seizures
241
Q

name 7 clinical signs of bladder disease in rabbits

A
  1. more time at litter tray
  2. straining
  3. red staining to urine
  4. vocalisation when urinating
  5. urine staining/scalding
  6. pain
  7. PUPD
242
Q

name 5 possible underlying causes of urine scald in rabbits

A
  1. UTI
  2. urolithiasis
  3. spinal lesions
  4. renal failure
  5. obesity
243
Q

name the 2 locations where urolithiasis is most commonly located in rabbits

A
  1. bladder
  2. urethra
244
Q

what is the most commonly associated urine abnormality with urolithiasis in rabbits

A

haematuria

245
Q

why are rabbits prone to urolithiasis?

A

higher calcium plasma levels!

(more efficient absoroption from diet)

246
Q

name 5 diagnostic investigations for suspected urolithiasis in rabbits

A
  1. physical assessment
  2. urinalysis
  3. biochemistry
  4. ultrasounography
  5. radiography
247
Q

what colour rabbit urine is associated with high Ca levels

A

pale cream

248
Q

what is the normal pH of rabbit urine

A

8.2

249
Q

what is the normal USG for rabbit urine

A

1.030 - 1.036

250
Q

what disease in rabbits is proteinuria pathopneumonic for?

A

renal tubular or renal glomerular disease

251
Q

what should the urine protein:creatinine ratio be in rabbits?

A

less than 0.4

252
Q

these can be detected via urine cytology in early glomerular disease in rabbits

A

cellular casts

253
Q

these can be detected via urine cytology in advanced stages of renal failure in rabbits

A

granular casts

254
Q

name 5 treatments for urine scald in rabbits

A
  1. address underlying cause
  2. clean/dry perineum (duoxo shampoo)
  3. ANALGESIA (tramadol, NSAID)
  4. barrier creams (care with grooming)
  5. abx
255
Q

name 4 treatments for cystitis in rabbits

A
  1. address underlying cause
  2. abx if bacterial
  3. supportive care
  4. +/- bladder supplement
256
Q

name 5 treatments for urolithiasis in rabbits

A
  1. address underlying cause
  2. surgical or medical
  3. analgesia
  4. bladder support
  5. fluid therapy
257
Q

name 3 ways a rabbit diet should be modified to prevent urinary disease

A
  1. low calcium
  2. low pellet component
  3. wide variety of veggies
258
Q

name 4 foods high in oxalates that should be avoided in rabbits to prevent urinary disease

A
  1. kale
  2. spinach
  3. parsley
  4. celery
259
Q

start of RB08

name the 3 categories of ear disease in rabbits

A
  1. otitis externa
  2. otitis media
  3. otitis interna
260
Q

name 2 reasons lop eared rabbits are predisposed to otitis externa

A
  1. stenotic ear canals
  2. ‘closed off’ distal external ear canal
261
Q

name the part of the ear

tube-like structure connecting the cartilage of the external pinna down to the level of the tympanic membrane

A

external ear canal

262
Q

name 5 clinical signs of otitis externa in a rabbit

A
  1. aural discharge
  2. head shaking
  3. ear scratching
  4. depressed
  5. swelling at ear base

(or asymptomatic!)

263
Q

name 5 types of material that could be present in the external ear canal of a rabbit causing limited visibility with otoscope

A
  1. wax
  2. cellular debris
  3. purulent exudate
  4. parasite scaling
  5. polyp
264
Q

name 2 treatment options for ear base swellings in rabbits

A
  1. manual cleaning and evacuation
  2. surgical creation of a stoma
265
Q

name 2 further complications otitis media can lead to in rabbits

A
  1. otitis interna
  2. meningitis
266
Q

how is otitis media best identified in rabbits

A

CT evaluation

(often subclinical)

267
Q

name 2 aetiology options for otitis media in rabbits

A
  1. ascending disease (from URT infection)
  2. descending disease (from otitis externa or perforation of tympanum)
268
Q

name 3 clinical signs of otitis media in rabbits

A
  1. asymptomatic (usually)
  2. GI stasis
  3. facial nerve paralysis/contracture
269
Q

name 4 secondary clinical signs of otitis media in rabbits

A
  1. resp disease
  2. extension of otitis external
  3. dental disease
  4. otitis interna - neuro signs
270
Q

how to diagnose otitis media in rabbits?

A

imaging of tympanic bulla
(radiography or CT)

271
Q

name the grade of otitis media in rabbits based on CT

incomplete fill of material in the middle ear;
no bone involvment

A

grade 1

272
Q

name the grade of otitis media in rabbits based on CT

complete fill of material in the middle ear;
no bone involvement

A

grade 2

273
Q

name the grade of otitis media in rabbits based on CT

material in the middle ear;
bone involvement without alteration to bulla shape

A

grade 3

274
Q

name the grade of otitis media in rabbits based on CT

derangement of normal bulla anatomy

A

grade 4

275
Q

when should medical treatment be used for otitis media in rabbits

A

if NO bone involvement but material in middle ear

276
Q

when should surgical treatment be used for otitis media in rabbits

A

if bone involvement and lysis

277
Q

how to medically treat otitis media in rabbits?

A
  1. endoscopic or otoscopic guided ear flush under GA
  2. medicated topical drops
  3. analgesia
278
Q

list the 4 parts of the Dick Vet protocol for medicated topical drops for otitis media in rabbits

A
  1. 90mL water
  2. 10mL Dexamethasone
  3. 1 bottle trizEDTA
  4. 200mg injectable Marbofloxacin
279
Q

name the 2 steps of surgery to treat otitis media in rabbits

A
  1. PECA (partial ear canal ablation)
  2. TBO (total bulla osteotomy)
280
Q

name 3 neuro signs of otitis interna in rabbits

A
  1. head tilt
  2. nystagmus
  3. altered balance
281
Q

name 3 differential diagnoses for otitis interna in rabbits

A
  1. E. cuniculi
  2. brain lesion
  3. secondary to otitis media
282
Q

name 3 treatments for otitis interna in rabbits

A
  1. supportive
  2. anti-inflammatory
  3. abx
283
Q

name the pathogen

spore-forming obligate intracellular protozoal parasite;
52% seroprevalence in healthy domestic rabbits in UK;
spores shed in urine;
vertical transmission across placenta;
spores can survive 4wks at 22°C ;
infects WBCs, carried to target organs, results in granulomatous reactions

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

284
Q

name 4 target organs of E. cuniculi in rabbits

A
  1. kidney
  2. CNS
  3. eye
  4. liver
285
Q

what does E. cuniculi cause in the kidney of rabbits

A

granulomatous interstitial nephritis

286
Q

what does E. cuniculi cause in the CNS of rabbits

A

granulomatous meningioencephalitis

287
Q

what does E. cuniculi cause in the eye of rabbits

A

cataracts, lens rupture and phacoclastic uveitis

288
Q

what does E. cuniculi cause in the liver of rabbits

A

focal interstitial hepatitis

289
Q

how long are E. cuniculi spores shed in rabbit urine?

A

9 weeks post infection
(intermittently)

290
Q

what blood test can be done on rabbits to help diagnose E. cuniculi

A

paired serology: IgM and IgG

291
Q

what is the treatment for E. cuniculi in rabbits

A

Fenbendazole
(20mg/kg daily for 4wks)

292
Q

name the rabbit skin disease

parasitic infection caused by Treponema cuniculi (gram neg spirochete);
highly contagious;
3-6wk incubation period;
unstable in environment;
veneral or direct contact transmission

A

Rabbit Syphilis

(NOT zoonotic)

293
Q

how to diagnose rabbit syphillis via cytology

A
  1. dark-field microscopy
  2. silver staining
294
Q

how to diagnose rabbit syphillis via serology

A

blood test to external lab

295
Q

how to treat rabbit syphillis

A

pareneteral procaine penicillin

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