Fish

Question 1

these are fish that adapt over a wide range of temperatures

Answer 1

Eurythermic

Question 2

these are fis hthat tolerate a narrow range of temperatures;
most marine fish

Answer 2

Stenothermic

Question 3

what happens to the amount of dissolved oxygen and toxicity of ammonia in water when the temperature is increased?

Answer 3

1. reduces amount of dissolved oxygen
2. increases toxicity of ammonia

Question 4

what is the salinity of fresh water?

Answer 4

0.5 ppt

Question 5

what is the approximate salinity of sea water

Answer 5

~35 ppt

Question 6

this is the ratio of the weight of the water sample to distilled water at 4 degrees C

Answer 6

specific gravity

Question 7

what pH range can the majority of pet fish be kept at?

Answer 7

6-8

Question 8

what might high water pH indicate?

Answer 8

elevated levels of ammonia

Question 9

what 3 things will the toxicity of chlorine/chloramine in water depend on

Answer 9

1. pH (low)
2. temperature (high)
3. dissolved oxygen (low)

Question 10

chlorine or chloramine?

unstable;
leave in an open container for 24h

Answer 10

chlorine

Question 11

chlorine or chloramine?

stable;
addition of compounds or carbon filter (chemical filter) in order to be removed

Answer 11

chloramine

Question 12

name the nitrogenous compound that can be in the fish tank

metabolic waste product;
primary end product of protein catabolism;
excreted via gills and kidneys;
toxic;
levels should be kept at 0mg/L

Answer 12

ammonia

Question 13

name 4 causes of elevated ammonia in a fish tank

Answer 13

1. overcrowding
2. immature or damaged biological filter
3. excessive food
4. decomposed plant material

Question 14

name 3 types of filters for fish tanks

Answer 14

1. biological
2. mechanical
3. chemical

Question 15

name the type of fish tank filter

effective against nitrifying bacteria and nitrogenous waste;
sensitive to antibiotics and stocking densities;
takes time to establish

Answer 15

biological filter

Question 16

name the type of fish tank filter

removes debris like sand and floss

Answer 16

mechanical

Question 17

name the type of fish tank filter

removes dissolved organic compounds

Answer 17

chemical filter

Question 18

name the type of chemical filter for a fish tank

removes chloramine

Answer 18

carbon filter

Question 19

name the type of chemical filter for a fish tank

reduces nitrogenous waste

Answer 19

ozone

Question 20

name the type of chemical filter for a fish tank

disinfection

Answer 20

UV

Question 21

this improves gas exchange in a fish tank by increasing the water surface area through aeration

Answer 21

air pump

Question 22

what is the minimum size of a fish tank

Answer 22

30x30x45 cm
36 L of water

Question 23

how should a fish be transported?
(3 things)

Answer 23

1. plastic bag with water from tank
2. cover with opaque wrapping
3. polystyrene container for isolation

Question 24

how much water is needed in the bag for transport of a fish

Answer 24

1L per cm of fish

Question 25

name 5 parts of the fish physical appearance that should be assessed to determine health status

Answer 25

1. eyes 2. fin and skin condition 3. mucus production 4. spinal deformities 5. distended abdomen

Question 26

name 2 abnormal eye conditions a sick fish might show on physical appearance

Answer 26

1. cloudy 2. bulging (exophthalmia)

Question 27

name 4 abnormal fin and skin conditions a sick fish might show on physical appearance

Answer 27

1. discolouration 2. growths/swellings 3. ulcers 4. fungal infection

Question 28

name 3 measurable clinical signs that can be assessed in fish

Answer 28

1. food consumption 2. respiratory rate (operculum movement) 3. posture in water column

Question 29

name 3 behaviours that can be observed in a hyperactive fish

Answer 29

1. erratic swimming 2. rubbing 3. jumping

Question 30

what method is used to anaesthetise fish

Answer 30

add anaesthetic agent to the water ('inhalation anaesthetic')

Question 31

name 3 anaesthetic agents used for fish

Answer 31

1. MS222 (tricaine methane sulphate) 2. 2-phenoxyethanol (Aqua-sed) 3. Clove oil/Eugenol/Isoeugenol (Aqui-S)

Question 32

name 2 ways to test the depth of anaesthesia in a fish

Answer 32

1. ataxia 2. loss of righting reflex and response to stimuli (squeeze base of tail)

Question 33

how to monitor the resp rate of a fish?

Answer 33

observe movements of operculum

Question 34

# name the level of anaesthesia in a fish normal swimming behaviour ad reaction to external stimuli

Answer 34

level 0; normal

Question 35

# name the level of anaesthesia in a fish still swimming but reduced reaction to external stimuli; equilibrium normal; normal opercular rate

Answer 35

level 1; light sedation

Question 36

# name the level of anaesthesia in a fish no swimming; loss of equilibrium (rolls over, belly up) but may still try to right itself; normal to slightly decreased opercular rate; still maintains a tail reaction

Answer 36

level 2 deep sedation/light anaesthesia

Question 37

# name the level of anaesthesia in a fish complete loss of equilibrium; complete loss of reactivity (negative tail reaction); very slow opercular rate; slow heart rate

Answer 37

level 3 surgical anaesthesia

Question 38

# name the level of anaesthesia in a fish total loss of opercular movement followed by cardiac arrest; EUTHANASIA STAGE

Answer 38

level 4 medullary collapse

Question 39

name 3 ways to take a skin sample of fish

Answer 39

1. impression smear 2. biopsy 3. skin scrape

Question 40

# name the common fish disease protozoan ectoparasite dinoflagellate; imbeds in the gills, skin and fins; causes discomfot to the fish and reduced feeding; Tx: immersion in salt baths

Answer 40

Freshwater Velvet Disease | (Piscinodinium pillulare)

Question 41

# name the common fish disease a ciliate; penetrates the host's skin creating a white spot; leads to secondary bacterial infection; free swimmin stages of the parasites are susceptible to Tx; lifecycle is 3-7d at 24-26C); Tx: formalin or salt

Answer 41

White Spot or Ich | (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis)

Question 42

# name the common fish disease asymptomatic in fish; can manifest itself as localised non-healing ulcers or internal granulomas; range of non-specific clinical signs may be noted such as emaciation and anorexia; confirm via PCR, ZN stains or culture; ZOONOTIC

Answer 42

Mycobacterium

Question 43

name the 2 main species of Mycobacterium that affect fish

Answer 43

M. marinum & M. fortuitum

Question 44

# name the common fish disease frequently encountered gram neg bacterium; affinity for gills, skin and fins; erosive/necrotic lesions (whitish plaque with reddish periphery); may lead to systemic disease; Tx: controlled water temp reduction and Bactericides (oxytet)

Answer 44

Columnaris disease, saddleback, cotton wool disease | (Flavobacterium columnare)

Question 45

name 3 risk factors for Columnaris disease, saddleback, cotton wool disease

Answer 45

1. physical injury 2. low oxygen 3. high nitrite

Question 46

# name the common fish disease most common water mould disease in fresh water fish; primarily secondary invader; invades epidermal tissue usually around head or fins with white cotton wool-like appearance

Answer 46

Saprolegnia (Oomycota)

Question 47

name 3 predisposing factors for Saprolegnia (Oomycota) in fish

Answer 47

1. wounds 2. stress 3. fall in water temp

Question 48

how should fish be euthanised?

Answer 48

anaesthetic overdose followed by destruction of the CNS (pithing)