Avian Flashcards
AV01-07
1
Q
start of AV01
name 4 problems that feeding seed-only diets to birds can lead to
A
- obesity
- hypovitaminosis A
- nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
- iodine deficiency
2
Q
name 3 diseases that obesity predisposes a bird to
A
- pododermatitis
- arteriosclerosis
- fatty liver
3
Q
how much Avian Convalescent Formulae should be tube fed to anorexic and sick parrots?
A
1% of bodyweight
increasing to 3% by third feed
4
Q
the lack of what 3 things in the diet of a bird can lead to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
A
- calcium
- vitamin D
- UV light
5
Q
name 3 consequences of vitamin D deficiencies in birds
A
- poor repro and egg shell quality
- osteodystrophy of juveniles
- clinical hypocalcaemia
6
Q
what type of bird is at largest risk for iodine deficiency
A
small psittacines
(mainly budgies)
7
Q
what does iodine deficiency present as in birds
A
hypothyroidism and goitre
8
Q
in a bird with iodine deficieny:
as the thyroid enlarges and compresses the trachea, what will be the consequences?
A
squeaky voice and dyspnoea
9
Q
name 4 disadvantages of a homemade diet for birds
A
- time consuming
- may contain bacteria or fungal growths
- need vitamin and mineral supplements
- unknown nutritional values
10
Q
what is the advantage of homemade diets for birds?
A
balanced/good quality food
11
Q
name 3 advantages of a pelleted diet for birds
A
- grinding of cereals + vitamins + minerals
- desired pellet shape
- not able to select feed
12
Q
name 2 disadvantages of pelleted diets for birds
A
- does not guarantee sufficient environmental enrichment
- changing the diet is difficult
13
Q
name 3 disadvantages of extruded diets for birds
A
- reduced stimulation of GIT (chopped more finely)
- significantly reduces brain stimulation
- not easily accepted
14
Q
name the type of diet for birds
ground grains + vitamins + minerals;
higher temp and pressure to create a variety of shapes and colours;
mixture is chopped more finely
A
extruded diets
15
Q
name the type of diet for birds
mix of pellets (+ amino acids, vitamins and minerals) mixed with hulled grains and seeds
A
foraging diets
16
Q
name 4 advantages of foraging diets for birds
A
- balanced meal with variable shapes and textures
- good enrichment and normal foraging behaviour
- modifying feedings habits of parrot a bit easier
- GIT function promoted bc coarse food particles
17
Q
what should vitamin C intake be for a bird in order to help prevent high iron intake
A
less than 500 mg/kg
18
Q
name 8 unsafe foods for birds
A
- old seedds/nuts (aflatoxins)
- avocado
- chocolate
- caffeine
- onion and garlic
- indoor plants
- fruit pits/stones/seeds
- xylitol
19
Q
what type of diet do budgerigars, cockatiels and small psittacines require?
A
granivore
(native grass and seeds)
20
Q
what type of diet do grey parrots require?
A
Florivorous
(seeds, fruit, flowers and nuts)
21
Q
what type of diet do amazon parrots require?
A
frugivore
22
Q
what type of diet do cockatoos require?
A
omnivore
(seeds, plant roots and insects)
23
Q
what type of diet do macaws require?
A
frugivore & granivore
(seeds, fruit, nuts, leaves, shoots and bark)
24
Q
name the birds that should be fed this diet
formulated diet of good quality fresh seed mix with sprouted seeds, fruit and vegetables as supplements ;
do NOT feed ad lib due to problems with obesity;
avoid larger fatty seeds such as sunflower
A
- budgerigars
- cockatiels
- small psittacines
25
# name the type of bird that should be fed this diet
formulated diet with limited vegetable supplementation;
provide UV-b light for adequate vitamin D3 metabolism or calcium supplement
grey parrot
26
# name the type of bird that should be fed this diet
formulated diet or pulse mixture supplemented with fruit;
avoid seeds as very prone to obesity and fatty liver
amazon parrots
27
# name the type of bird that should be fed this diet
formulated diet;
avoid fat seed diets
cockatoos
28
# name the type of bird that should be fed this diet
formulated diets with 10% vegetable supplementation;
avoid excessive use of nuts as treats
macaws
29
name 5 risks to birds during transport (to the vet etc)
1. injury
2. loss of flight feathers
3. soiled
4. escape
5. overheating
30
name 5 zoonotic disease that can be spread by parrots
1. Chlamydia psittaci
2. Mycobacterium genavense
3. Salmonella typhimurium & enteriditis
4. Campylobacter jejuni
5. HPAIV
31
name 3 ways for an individual bird to be identified
1. ring
2. microchip
3. feather/wing tag
32
name 5 things that should be done before touching the bird for clinical exam
1. observe in carrier
2. speak with owner
3. observe breathing
4. listen for resp noise and change in voice
5. check carrier and look at droppings
33
name 5 things that should be done to prepare the consult room before taking the bird out
1. doors locked
2. windows closed
3. turn fan off
4. reduce lighting
5. remove any clutter from the cage
34
name 4 pieces of equipment needed for clinical exam of a bird
1. PPE
2. towels
3. gloves/gauntlets
4. nets
35
how to restrain a parrot?
1. hold head either side by thumb and first finger
2. second hand to restrain wings and feet
36
how often should a bird be weighed while hospitalised
twice a day
37
how often should a bird be weighed at home
ideally daily
(every week is fine)
38
# name the BCS of the bird
breast bone is very sharp to the touch;
loss of breast muscle and no fat cover
1
(very thin)
39
# name the BCS of the bird
breast bone is easily felt and sharp;
loss of breast muscle and little or no fat cover
2
(thin)
40
# name the BCS of the bird
breast bone easily felt but not sharp;
breast muscle rounded
3
(ideal)
41
# name the BCS of the bird
pressure is needed to feel the breast bone;
well-rounded breast muscle and some fat cover;
may see some fat below where breast bone ends
4
(overweight)
42
# name the BCS of the bird
very hard or not possible to feel the breast bone;
very rounded muscle and possible to feel or see fat moving under the skin;
fat also obvious below where the breast bone ends
5
(obese)
43
name 6 things to assess feathers and skin for
1. presence/absence and pattern of loss
2. condition
3. stress lines
4. molt
5. ectoparasites
6. blood feathers
44
name 3 things to assess the wings of birds for during clinical exam
1. feather damage
2. range of movement
3. basillic vein volume and refill
45
name 4 things bird feet should be checked for during a clinical exam
1. pododermatitis
2. nail length and quality
3. excess faecal build up
4. feet grip with pen or finger
46
name 4 apparent mucous membranes that can be assessed in birds
1. coelomic cavity
2. uropygial gland
3. pericloacal region
4. cloacal mucosae
47
where should a microchip be placed for birds?
(usually under GA)
left pectoral muscle
48
what type of birds should NEVER have their wings clipped
psittacines
49
what feathers are clipped for wing clipping in birds?
5-7 primary flight feathers 1cm beyond the edge of the dorsal major primary coverts
50
name 5 reasons wing clipping should NOT be done in birds
1. can cause irritation
2. can increase fear and anxiety
3. does NOT make parrots easier to train
4. leads to feather plucking and keel wounds
5. can cause crash landings and injury
51
# AV02
name the ABC of emergenca triage
1. Airways
2. Breathing
3. Cardiovascular
52
name 3 basic rules for critical care of birds
1. minimise handling until more stable
2. oxygen!
3. supplemental heating! (25-30C for most birds; 21-26 for waterfowl and birds of prey)
53
what is the maintenance fluid requirement for birds?
50-100 mL/kg/day
54
any sick bird is assumed to be what percent dehydrated?
10% dehydrated
(and likely acidotic)
55
name 5 possible routes of fluid therapy for birds
1. oral
2. subcutaneous
3. intracoelomic (risk of air sac puncture)
4. intraosseous
5. intravenous
56
what type of feeding tubes do parrots require?
metal
57
name the 4 steps of crop feeding a bird
1. over base of tongue and glottis
2. down oesophagus
3. into crop or proventriculus
4. deliver bolus of liquid
58
up to what percent of body weight of a bird can be in the crop at any time?
up to 1%
59
name 2 major risks of crop feeding too large a volume?
1. regurgitation
2. rupture/burn
60
where to give subcutaneous fluids to birds?
inguinal skin fold
61
name 2 reasons when subcutaneous fluids in birds should be avoided
1. if operating on that side
2. if performing coelioscopy
62
name 3 safe places to administer intraosseous fluids to birds
1. proximal tibiotarsus
2. distal ulna
3. proximal ulna
63
name 2 bones where intraosseous fluids should NOT be given to birds;
will drown the bird bc pneumatised and involved in respiration
1. humerus
2. femur
64
how much of the fluid deficit should be replaced in the first 12-24h for birds?
50%
| (rest over 24-48h)
65
what should the fill of the crop be before tube feeding a bird?
empty
66
what percent of body weight and how often should a juvenile bird be fed for supportive nutrition?
10% (10 mL/100g)
3-5 times a day
67
how much and how often should an adult bird be fed for supportive nutrition?
3mL per 100g BW
5 times a day
68
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a budgie?
1-3 mL
69
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a lovebird?
2-3 mL
70
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a cockatiel?
3-6 mL
71
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a small conure?
4-12 mL
72
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a big conure?
12-25 mL
73
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a parakeet?
15-35 mL
74
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a cockatoo?
20-40 mL
75
what volume for supportive nutrition should be given to a macaw?
35-60 mL
76
why does butorphanol work well in birds for analgesia?
higher levels of kappa opioid receptors
77
how long will analgesia from butorphanol last in birds?
2-4h
78
what kind of opioid analgesia can be used for birds at home?
tramadol
79
what combo of local anaesthetics are used in birds?
lidocaine + bupivicaine
80
where are most IM injections given in birds?
pectoral muscle
81
# name the critical care treatment for the sick bird
anorexia and can't be tempted to eat;
ie weight loss
nutritional therapy
82
# name the critical care treatment for the sick bird
respiratory effort or distress;
known respiratory disease;
initial assumption for any general sick bird appearance
oxygen therapy
83
# name the critical care treatment for the sick bird
anorexia or regurgitation, collapse, diarrhoea, haemorrhage
fluid therapy
84
# name the critical care treatment for the sick bird
sick birds showing any signs of respiratory disease
nebulisation
85
# name the critical care treatment for the sick bird
all sick birds will likely need a full work-up (blood profile, radiographs, endoscopy)
diagnostics
86
# name the critical care treatment for the sick bird
oiled or wet (soaked) feathers, post-anaesthesia or diagnostic procedures (endoscopy or ultrasound);
debilitated, weak, collapsed birds, inappetant birds
thermo-therapy
87
# start of AV03
what is the most important sample you should always obtain and do an analysis on for birds?
faecal
88
name 5 analyses that should be done on a faecal sample from birds
1. quality/quantity
2. cytology
3. parasitology
4. culture
5. PCR
89
how much of the bacteria present in psittacines faeces should be gram positive
more than 70%
90
# name the type of bacteria that can be seen on cytology of avian faeces
appears as a very large, gram positive rod
Macrorhabdus
91
name 3 parasites affecting birds that can be found on a faecal analysis with a direct life cycle
1. ascarids (smaller/Australian psittacines)
2. coccidia (wild birds, raptors, game birds)
3. flagellates (game birds)
92
name 2 parasites affecting birds that can be found on a faecal analysis with an indirect life cycle
1. Syngamus spp (raptors, passerines and wild birds)
2. Capillaria spp
93
name 2 avian diseases that can be detected with faecal PCR
1. Chlamydia +++
2. avian borna virus
94
name 4 diagnostic tests that can be done on feathers
1. quality/quantity
2. cytology
3. parasitology
4. PCR
95
how to perform cytology on feathers?
contents of quill squeezed onto microscope slide;
wet prep;
diff-quik stain for inflammatory cells, RBCs, yeasts and bacteria
96
name 3 reasons for doing PCR on a feather
1. PBFD (psittacine beak-feather disease)
2. Polyoma virus
3. identify sex
97
name 4 things to assess bird skin for
1. feather destructive behaviour (FDB)
2. skin lesions
3. bacteria
4. ectoparasites
98
name the 3 most common bacteria found affecting bird skin
1. staph
2. strep
3. Malessezia (secondary)
99
name the 2 most common ectoparasites found on birds
1. red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)
2. Cnemodicoptes
100
# name the ectoparasite
affects psittacines and passerines (budgies);
'scaly face';
hyperkeratosis of the legs
Cnemodicoptes
101
how to perform a crop flush in a bird?
1. 1% of BW warmed saline into crop with sterile crop tube
2. massage crop
3. aspirate and look at immediately
102
# name the avian pathogen that can be detected via crop flush
causes sour crop
Trichomonas gallinae
103
# name the avian pathogen that can be detected via crop flush
avian gastric yeast;
common cause of weight loss, regurgitation and poor condition in small psittacines, notable budgies and passerines, notably canaries
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster
104
# name the avian pathogen that can be detected via crop flush
very common in juvenile parrots leading to GI stasis
Candidiasis
105
name 5 things that should be given/monitored before bird anaesthesia
1. supplemental heat
2. monitor BW
3. fluid therapy
4. nutritional support
5. analgesia (if required)
106
what should be used to induce birds for anaesthesia?
Sevoflurane
(gaseous induction)
107
name 2 options for sedating birds
1. butorphanol and/or midazolam (up to 3mg/kg for deeper sedation)
2. intranasal midazolam (2mg/kg, lasts 10-60min)
108
what can be used to reverse midazolam sedation in birds
intranasal flumazenil (0.05mg/kg)
109
name 4 ways to reduce anaesthesia risks in birds
1. be as short as possible
2. quiet location
3. equipment ready for use
4. prevent hypothermia!
110
name 4 ways to help prevent hypothermia during surgery on a bird
1. warmed fluids
2. hot hands
3. heated water beds/heat mats
4. radiant heat source (theatre lighting)
111
what two medications should be used to help facilitate intubation in diving birds such as swans?
1. medetomidine
2. ketamine
112
name 2 drugs that can be used to help induce diving birds such as swans for anaesthesia
(mask induction prolonged)
1. propofol
2. alfaxalone
113
what is the highest cause of death for birds during anaesthesia
ventilatory failure
114
what is the inspiratory time for a bird during anaesthesia for ventilation?
1-2 seconds
115
how many breaths per minute should a bird have during anaesthesia (ventilation)
40-60 bpm
116
what type of ventilation is indicated for all intubated birds and should be continued until extubation?
IPPV
117
this can be used to maintain anaesthesia in a bird if surgery of the head and neck is required or if there is a risk of stricture
air sac tube placement
118
name 6 things that can be monitored during anaesthesia of a bird to assess depth
1. eye in fixed position
2. corneal reflex
3. wing stretch
4. cloacal tone
5. jaw tone
6. toe pinch
119
what should the pulse of a bird be during anaesthesia
60-400 bpm
120
# start of AV04
name 5 advanced diagnostics that can be performed on birds
1. blood samplings
2. tracheal wash
3. sinus flush
4. daignostic imaging
5. endoscopy
121
how much blood can be sampled from a bird if healthy
10%
(0.5-1% of BW)
122
name three locations for blood sampling in birds
1. basilic vein ('wing' vein)
2. medial metatarsal vein
3. jugular vein
123
what type of blood tube should be used for most bird species
Li Heparin
124
how much blood from a bird is needed for a full profile at experienced labs
0.5mL
125
how much circulating blood would a 1.5kg macaw have?
150mL
| (10% BW)
126
what is the lifespan of avian erythrocytes
35-45 days
127
what are avian neutrophils called?
heterophils
128
what haematological sign is caused by PBFD (psittacine beak-feather disease)?
marked leucopaenia
129
what 4 things should a standard biochemistry profile include for birds?
1. TP/albumin
2. bile acids
3. uric acid
4. total calcium/ionised calcium
130
what are the "4 P's" of taking radiographs?
1. preparation
2. positioning
3. projections
4. protection
131
do you want low or high MAs and KVP for avian radiographs?
low
132
describe the 4 positioning requirements for a ventro dorsal projection radiograph of a bird
1. wings level and stretched laterally
2. femurs parallel
3. keel superimposed over vertebral column
4. foot placement a mirror image
133
name 3 keys to positionign a bird for latero lateral projection radiograph
1. femoral heads overlie
2. wings stretched dorsally
3. sternum parallel to cassette
134
name 3 reasons for needing radiographs of birds
1. trauma (Fx, luxations, osteomyelitis)
2. foreign bodies (hooks)
3. GIT (with contrast)
135
how many projections should be taken when taking avian radiographs?
at least 2
(DV or VD and latero-lateral)
136
how long should you wait after adding Barium sulphate to the crop for it to empty before taking radiographs?
30 min
137
name 4 indications for ultrasound in birds
1. ascites
2. superficial masses
3. tendons
4. eyes
138
name the 5 steps of surgical endoscopy in birds
(under GA)
1. R lateral recumbency
2. pluck small patch of feathers & surgical prep
3. incise skin between last two ribs
4. artery forceps to push through muscles and enter coelomic cavity
5. suture muscle layer when finished with monocryl (single layer)
| (same as placing air sac tube)
139
# start of AV05
name 6 common respiratory conditions in birds
1. sinus infections
2. rhinoliths
3. parasites
4. air sacculitis
5. aspergillosis
6. Chlamydia
140
name 4 common skin conditions in birds
1. PBFD
2. polyoma virus
3. pododermatitis
4. FDB
141
what vitamin deficiency can predispose birds to sinus infection
vitamin A
142
name 4 clinical signs of sinus infections in birds
1. facial swelling
2. nasal discharge
3. sneezing
4. rubbing face
143
name 3 treatments for sinus infections in birds
1. sinus flushing
2. sinus surgery
3. nebulisation
144
when is sinus surgery required for sinus infections in birds
if material is inspissated
145
what bird species is predisposed to rhinoliths
African grey parrots
146
what vitamin deficiency can predispose birds to rhinoliths
vitamin A
147
how to treat rhinoliths in birds?
flush with abx diluted in sterile saline;
correct underlying predisposing factors
148
name 2 common parasites affecting the respiratory system of wild birds, passerines and raptors
1. gapeworm (Syngamus trachea)
2. air sac mite (Sternostoma tracheacolum)
149
name a common paraasite that can lead to respiratory issues in pet psittacines (budgies)
scaly leg/face mite (Cnemidocoptes spp.)
150
name 3 broad aetiologies of air sacculitis in birds
1. inflammation
2. husbandry
3. infectious
151
name 4 inhalation irritants that can cause inflammation leading to air sacculitis in birds
1. teflon/non-stick costings
2. candles
3. smoke
4. fumes
152
name 3 husbandry-related causes of air sacculitis
1. immunosuppression
2. hypovitaminosis A
3. lack of UV
153
name 3 infectious causes of air sacculitis
1. aspergillus
2. chlamydia
3. mycoplasma
154
what concurrent disease is usually associated with air sacculitis in birds
hepatosplenomegaly
155
name 3 aspects of therapy for a bird with air sacculitis due to acute inhalation/exposure
1. remove from source
2. supportive care + nebulise
3. Loxicom (0.1mg/kg PO q24h)
156
# name the respiratory disease affecting birds
environmental ubiquitous mould;
noncontagious - infection via inhalation of spores from environment;
damp litter, mouldy feed, poor ventilation, dust;
penguins, goshawks, gyr falcons, snowy owls, golden eagles, sea birds, waterfowl;
causes immunosuppression
Aspergillosis
157
what can be seen on endoscopy to diagnose Aspergillis in birds
fungal plaques
158
what can be seen on haematology to helo diagnose Aspergillis in birds
monocytosis and heterophilia
159
name 2 topical treatments for birds with Aspergillosis
1. nebulisation with dilute F10
2. Amphotericin B
160
name 3 systemic antifungal treatments for Aspergillosis in birds
1. Terbinafine (10-30mg/kg PO q12-24h)
2. Itraconazole (5-10mg/kg PO q12-24h)
3. Voriconazole (10mg/kg PO q12h)
161
name a systemic antifungal that is not tolerated well by African Grey Parrotss
Itraconazole
162
# name the respiratory disease affecting birds
gram negative bacteria;
obligate intracellular parasites;
survive for several weeks in environment;
elementary bodies shed in secretions during infective stage;
ZOONOTIC
Chlamydia psittaci
163
name 7 clinical signs of Chlamydia in birds
1. conjunctivitis
2. nasal discharge
3. ocular swelling
4. sneezing
5. respiratory distress
6. green diarrhoea
7. CNS signs
164
how to diagnose Chlamydia in birds
faecal PCR (3-5d pooled sample)
165
name 2 treatment options for Chlamydia in birds
1. Tetracyclines (doxy)
2. Fluoroquinolones (enro)
| (supportive care)
166
# name the skin disease affecting birds
DNA Circovirus;
adults can be asymptomatic carriers, causes immunosuppression;
stable in environment for up to a year;
easy transmission via faeces/feather dust on contaminated fomites;
vertical transmission via egg;
typically affects birds <3y
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)
167
what 3 parts of the bird/cells are favoured by PBFD virus
1. rapidly dividing cells
2. GIT
3. immune system
168
name 5 clinical signs of PBFD in birds
1. depression
2. lethargy
3. diarrhoea
4. immunosuppression
5. beak/feather abnormalities
169
name 3 things seen on cytology to help diagnose PBFD in birds
1. basophilic inclusions
2. cytoplasm of follicular epithelium and in feather pulp
3. macrophages, bursa of fabricus
170
name 2 signs of PBFD seen on haematology of birds
1. anaemia
2. leukopenia
171
what is the treatment for PBFD in birds?
NONE
infection control and quarantine new arrivals
172
# name the skin disease affecting birds
'french moult' in budgies;
vertical but horizontal transmission more significant;
lead to nestling death
Polyoma virus
173
name 3 clinical signs of Polyoma disease in birds
1. leucopaenia
2. anaemia
3. widespread haemorrhages
174
name 6 causes of pododermatitis in birds
1. inappropriate perches or substrate
2. poor hygiene, infection
3. foot or leg injury
4. reduced exercise or immobility
5. obesity
6. hypovitaminosis A in psittacines
175
describe the 5 step pathogenesis of pododermatitis in birds
1. feet lose papillae and become inflamed
2. local ischaemia from pressure sores
3. scabs can form and develop into ulcerations
4. lesions become infected
5. tendonitis and osteomyelitis
176
name 5 therapies for birds with pododermatitis
1. improve perching (astroturf)
2. analgesia (meloxicam)
3. topical treatment
4. dressings
5. appropriate antibiosis (clav/amox)
177
# start of AV06
name 6 common GI medical conditions of birds
1. avian gastric yeast
2. candidiasis
3. trichomoniasis
4. mycobacteriosis
5. ABV
6. heavy metal toxicity
178
name 4 common urogenital conditions of birds
1. salpingitis
2. dystocia
3. cloacal prolapse
4. gout
179
name 4 common presentations of GI disease in birds
1. vomiting
2. regurgitation
3. diarrhoea
4. cachexia
180
# name the common GI condition of birds
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster;
resemble large gram positive rods;
most often seen in canaries, finches, budgies, lovebirds, cokcatiels, small parrots and occasionally psittacines;
endemic in populations;
aka 'Megabacteria'
avian gastric yeast
181
name 4 clinical signs of avian gastric yeast
1. proventricular and ventricular disease
2. ulceration and bleeding out into GIT
3. wasting, lethargy
4. passing undigested food
182
what is the most common cause of weight loss in budgies
avian gastric yeast
183
what might be seen on radiograph to diagnose avian gastric yeast
dilated proventriculus with an hour-glass constriction btwn proventriculus and ventriculus
184
name 4 ways to diagnose avian gastric yeast
1. radiographs
2. endoscopy
3. crop wash
4. faecal sample
185
what is the treatment for avian gastric yeast?
sodium benzoate
0.5 tsp/L water for 5wks
| (and lowering crop pH with cider vinegar)
186
# name the common GI condition of birds
aetiology:
overgrowth of normal avian GI flora within crop;
secondary to inappropriae or prolonged abx therpay;
young birds;
immunocompromised;
hand reared birds fed improperly prepared rearing formulas
Candida albicans
187
name 4 clinical signs of Candida albicans in birds
1. regurgitation, vomiting
2. slow emptying or distended crop
3. beak necrosis
4. white plaques in oral cavity
188
what is the treatment for Candida albicans in birds
Nystatin topically to lesiosn
189
# name the common GI condition of birds
flagellated protozoan;
common in wood pigeons, collard doves, passerines, and wild raptors and owls;
common wildlife pathogen;
spread via water or food
Trichomonas
190
what is the clinical sign of Trichomonas in birds
plaques in mouth and crop
191
how to diagnose Trichomonas in birds
swab from mouth or crop
192
name 3 treatments for Trichomonas in birds
1. metronidazole (50mg/kg PO q24h x5-7d)
2. surgical debridement
3. euthanasia if severe
| (carnidazole tablets for pigeons and raptors)
193
# name the common GI condition of birds
rare;
causes chronic wasting disease in psittacines;
infection of GIT that spreads to bone and skin;
Falconiformes and waterfowl quite susceptible;
intermittent shedding ;
diffuse form common in canaries and finches
Mycobacteriosis
194
how to diagnose Mycobacteriosis in birds?
acid-fast stain of faeces or of granulomas
| (difficult)
195
what is the treatment for Mycobacteriosis in birds
NONE
196
# name the common GI condition of birds
incubation period up to 7y;
shed in bodly secretions;
psittacines (grey parrots, cockatoos, macaws);
causative agent of Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) aka Macaw wasting disease
Avian Borna Virus (ABV)
197
name 6 clinical signs of Avian Borna Virus (ABV)
1. wasting
2. regurgitation
3. reduced GI motility
4. FDB
5. neuro signs
6. death
198
how many negative tests are needed to interpret as a negative result for Avian Borna Virus (ABV)
3 negative tests, 4-6wks apart
199
name 3 ways to diagnose Avian Borna Virus (ABV)
1. full blood work
2. radiography (provent, vent, & intestinal enlargement)
3. ABV PCR
200
what is the treatment for Avian Borna Virus (ABV)
palliative and symptomatic
| (NO successful antivirals)
201
# name the common GI condition of birds
CNS signs, bent neck, depression, weakness, GI stasis, PD, PU, green faeces;
GI ulceration and blood loss in faeces;
small amounts can be absorbed from GIT and stored in bones and soft tissue, then excreted slowly over months by the kidneys
heavy metal toxicity
(lead and zinc)
202
name 4 treatments for heavy metal toxicity in birds
1. aggressive hydration
2. diazepam (0.05-0.5mg/kg IV)
3. removal of lead particles
4. chelation therapy (calcium EDTA q12h IM) - 5d on, 5d off
203
name 4 effects of excessive egg laying in birds
(depletes female resources)
1. egg binding
2. soft shelled egg
3. hypocalcaemia
4. pathological fractures (typically long bones)
204
name 6 treatments for excessive egg laying in birds
1. modify owner behaviour
2. reduce photoperiod (to 8h)
3. supplemetal Ca, UV light, vit D
4. remove nesting sites
5. diet management
6. dislorelin implant to inhibit ovulation
205
name 3 causes of dystocia in birds
1. calcium/vit D3 deficiencies
2. oversized or misshapen eggs
3. uterine inertia due to excessive laying, metritis and obesity
206
name 3 ways to diagnose dystocia in birds
1. blood sample for ionised calcium
2. radiography for eggs
3. endoscopy if no eggs
207
name 4 treatments for dystocia in birds
1. calcium
2. oxytocin
3. physical manipulation
4. surgical intervention
208
how to treat cloacal prolapse in birds
purse string suture for 1-3d
209
what can chronic renal disease in birds lead to ?
gout
210
what causes chronic renal disease in birds?
elevated uric acid levels
211
name 3 treatments for chronic renal disease in birds
1. fluid therapy
2. allopurinol (stops uric acid production)
3. analgesia? (colchicine)
212
what type of bird is harder to induce and more difficult to maintain at an adequate level of anaesthesia?
macaws
213
how to manage fractures of tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus in very small patients
with a tape splint
214
avian bone healing with endosteal callus formation to stabilise the fracture can occur in this amount of time
as little as 21d
215
how are fractures of the long bones (humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus) resolved in birds?
external fixator +/- intramedullary pin
216
bandaging of a limb of a bird shpulf never be for more than this long to avoid callous formation and joint seizure leading to a reduced range of motion
3d
217
name the 2 bandaging techniques used for immobilisation of the wing of a bird
1. figure of eight bandage
2. full wing bandage (immobilise humerus)
218
# start of AV07
what is the average life expectancy of Hybrid chickens?
3-4 y
219
what is the average life expectancy of pure breed chickens
6-10 years
(8-12 for bantams)
220
name 5 important aspects of housing for chickens
1. appropriate size
2. secure run
3. appropriate perches
4. nesting boxes
5. able to be disinfected
221
how many nest boxes do you need for chickens?
at least 1 per 3 birds + 1 extra
222
how many eggs per day can chickens lay?
1 egg per day (~25h to produce)
223
name 3 signs of laying in a chicken
1. red comb
2. wet cloaca
3. 'pin bones test'
224
what is the incubation period for fewrtile chicken eggs?
21d
225
when are hens often sold?
at 'point of lay' - around 20-24wks
226
this is important to give to chickens for gizzard function and eggshell formation
grit (soluble and insoluble)
227
name 2 notifiable diseases of chickens
1. Avian Influenza
2. Newcastle Disease
228
name 2 things that are ILLEGAL to feed to a pet chicken
1. kitchen scraps
2. insect protein
229
name 6 non-specific clinical signs that are typical for any sick chicken
1. fluffed up feathers
2. eyes closed
3. lethargy
4. reduced appetite
5. changes in egg laying
6. 'hunched' appearance
230
what is the normal heart rate of a chicken
250-300 bpm
231
what is the normal resp rate of a chicken
15-30 bpm
232
what is the normal temperature of a chicken
39.8-42 C
233
name 5 parts of the chicken head that should be included in a clinical exam
1. eyes
2. comb and wattles
3. nare
4. ears
5. beak and oral cavity
234
name the 6 parts of a beak to tail exam of a chicken
1. head
2. crop and neck
3. limbs
4. feather quality
5. coelomic palpation
6. cloaca
235
how to euthanise a chicken?
IV pentobarbitone
(sedation or anaesthesia first)
236
name 3 veins that can be used to euthanise a chicken
1. basilic vein
2. medial metatarsal vein
3. jugular vein
237
name 3 common reproductive diseases in pet chickens
1. egg coelomitis/salpingitis
2. egg binding
3. prolapse
238
name 2 common GI diseases in pet chickens
1. crop impaction
2. sour crop
239
this the most common cause of illness in pet chickens
reproductive disease
240
name 4 causes of egg binding in pet chickens
1. calcium deficiency
2. misshapen/enlarged egg
3. damage to shell gland
4. weakness from underlying illness
241
# name the reproductive disease in pet chickens
presence of abnormal yolk material loose in the coelom
coelomitis
242
# name the reproductive disease in pet chickens
presence of abnormal yolk material contained in the reproductive tract
salpingitis
243
name 4 medical therapies for egg coelomitis and salpingitis in pet chickens
1. antibiotics
2. hormone implant
3. NSAIDs
4. drain fluid
244
how to prevent egg coelomitis/salpingitis in pet chickens
hormonal implant in pectoral muscle
245
name 3 possible causes of prolapse in pet chickens
1. dystocia
2. salpingitis
3. egg coelomitis
246
if recent, how do you treat prolapse in pet chickens
clean, lubricate and replace;
may require temporary purse string suture
247
name 3 environmental factors that will predispose pet chickens to respiratory problems
1. poor ventilation
2. high ammonia
3. high dust levels
248
name 3 common clinical signs of upper resp tract disease in pet chickens
1. sneezing
2. nasal discharge
3. ocular discharge
249
name 3 common clinical signs of lower resp tract disease in pet chickens
1. incr resp rate and effort
2. open mouth breathing
3. coughing
250
what is the likely diagnosis for a pet chicken with respiratory disease and swollen joints?
Mycoplasma
251
what is the likely diagnosis for a pet chicken with respiratory disease, renal damage, and oviduct infection
IBD
252
name 5 clinical signs of HPAI in affected pet chickens
1. swollen head
2. blue comb and wattles
3. diarrhoea
4. significant drop in egg production
5. resp distress
253
name 7 clinical signs of Newcastle Disease in pet chickens
1. loss of appetite
2. coughing
3. gasping
4. nasal discharge
5. watery eyes
6. bright green diarrhoea
7. nervous signs - paralysis and convulsions
254
name 4 treatment options for Mycoplasmosis in pet chickens
1. enrofloxacin
2. tylosin
3. tiamulin
4. tetracyclines
255
name 3 primary causes of sour crop/crop stasis/crop impaction in pet chickens
1. sudden dietary change
2. fibrous material
3. foreign material
256
what are the most common causes of sour crop/crop strasis/crop impaction in pet chickens
underlying GI/repro disease
257
name 4 causes of oral lesions in pet chickens
1. Trichomoniasis
2. yeast overgrowth (Candida albicans)
3. bacterial
4. neoplastic
258
name 3 clinical signs of coccidiosis in pet chickens
1. bloody diarrhoea
2. weight loss
3. sudden death
259
what is the treatment for coccidiosis in pet chickens
toltrazuril (baycox) in water
260
# name the ectoparaasite affecting pet chickens
live in environment, feed on birds at night;
anaemia, lethargy and even death;
cleaning and treatment of environment is essential;
permethrin or pyrethrum powders/sprays can be used
Red mites
(Dermanyssus gallinae)
261
# name the ectoparaasite affecting pet chickens
common and can cause intense irritation and a build-up of yellowish musty-smelling debris (scaly leg);
ivermectin effective;
can also use Vaseline as an adjuctive Tx or similar to soften scales and suffocate ectoparasite;
do NOT pick at the scales
scaly leg mites
(Cnemidocoptes mutans)
262
# name the ectoparaasite affecting pet chickens
flat, fast-moving and ~2mm long so easily visible with the naked eye;
eggs clump together and have the appearance of granulated sugar at the base of the feathers around the vent;
Tx with ivermectin or pyrethrum powder
Lice
(Menopon gallinae)
263
# name the viral disease affecting pet chickens
herpesvirus;
causes lymphoid tumours and demyelination of peripheral nerves;
classical clinical sign: progressive unilateral wing droop and leg paralysis;
shed in feather dust, surives for months in litter;
birds may be carriers;
NO Tx, euthanasia recommended
Marek's disease
(Fowl paralysis)
264
# name the viral disease affecting pet chickens
'fowl pest'
parmyxovirus;
notifiable disease;
rare in UK, may be spread by wild pigeons;
can cause respiratory and neurological signs, also reduced egg production and green diarrhoea
Newcastle disease
