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BDS1 BAMS: Alimentary System > Small intestine > Flashcards

Small intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the small intestine also called?

A

The small bowel

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Dueodenum
Jejenum
Ileum

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3
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption

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4
Q

The small intestine is partially retro-peritoneal. What does this mean?

A

Part of it is (duodenum) behind the peritoneum

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5
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

6.5m

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6
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5m

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7
Q

The small intestine is longer than the large intestine. Why is it termed the small intestine?

A

The diameter of the small intestine is smaller than that of the large intestine

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral (around the organs) and parietal (outer aspect)

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9
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

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10
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

Cells of the peritoneum (serous membrane), produces a watery fluid

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11
Q

Describe the endothelium lining the peritoneum

A

Mesothelium: simple squamous layer of cells

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12
Q

What are double folds of the peritoneum termed?

A

Mesentery

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13
Q

What is the omentum?

A
  • Fold of peritoneum attached to stomach, fatty layer containing lymphatics, blood vessels, nerves
  • Localises on groin on the right hand side
    Infections contained within the omentum
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14
Q

Where does chyme pass from?

A

From the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine

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15
Q

Describe features of the duodenum

A
  • Short length
  • Contains Brunner’s glands: alkaline secretion
  • Receives common bile duct (sphincter of Oddi) - bile and pancreatic juice enter here
  • Ends at the duodenojejunal junction
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16
Q

What is the purpose of Brunner’s glands in the duodenum?

A

Produce alkaline secretions for protection (gastric fluid is very acidic, pH 1-2)

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17
Q

What is bile for?

A

Fat digestion

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18
Q

What do pancreatic juices do?

A

Protein digestion

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19
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

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20
Q

Which vertebrae does the duodenum lie between?

A

L1-L4

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21
Q

What shape is the duodenum?

A

C shaped

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22
Q

What is the spinchter of Oddi?

A

Surrounds the major duodenal papilla

Bile and pancreatic juices enter the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

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23
Q

What percentage of people also have a minor duodenal papilla in addition to a major duodenal papilla?

A

20%

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24
Q

Which hormone controls bile secretions from the gallbladder?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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25
Q

Which cells secrete CCK?

A

Cells lining the duodenum

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26
Q

What do cells lining the duodenum secrete CCK in response to?

A

High fat content in the diet

27
Q

What is the advice for patients who have had their gallbladder removed?

A

Eat less fat in the diet

28
Q

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior, descending, inferior, ascending

29
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

The midgut
Structures like the small intestine, the large intestine
Comes straight from the abdominal aorta - largest artery in the body

30
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

Abdominal aorta

31
Q

What is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta?

A

Coeliac trunk/coeliac artery

32
Q

Which structures does the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?

A

The pancreas and the duodenum

33
Q

How many blood supplies does the duodenum have?

A

2

C shaped: 1 at top, 1 at bottom

34
Q

What does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?

A

Pancreas and duodenum

35
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies for the duodenum?

A
  1. Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the coeliac trunk of the abdominal aorta)
  2. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (from the superior mesenteric artery)
36
Q

What is a duodenal ulcer and where does it arise?

A
  • Most develop in the posterior wall of the superior part of the duodenum (where the stomach acid comes in)
  • Ulcer is a breakdown of epithelium
    Possibility of perforation
  • Can cause peritonitis - life-threatening
37
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

38
Q

What might a duodenal ulcer indicate?

A

Cancer

39
Q

What does air in the abdominal cavity indicate (on an X-ray)?

A

Something has burst

There should not be air in the abdominal cavity

40
Q

Which part of the small intestine is retro-peritoneal?

A

Duodenum

41
Q

Which part(s) of the small intestine are within the peritoneum?

A

Jejenum and ileum

42
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Mainly digestion

Pancreatic enzymes and bile

43
Q

What is the function of the jejenum?

A

Digestion (brush border enzymes)

Absorption

44
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Mainly absorption

45
Q

Describe the structure/layers of the jejenum and ileum

A

Lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia

46
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

47
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis externa?

A 
Innermost oblique (stomach ONLY)
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
48
Q

Which nerves supply the small intestine?

A

Submucosa plexus (meissner plexus) and the myenteric plexus (auerbach plexus)

49
Q

Where is the submucosa plexus located?

A

In the submucosa

50
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

Between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa

51
Q

What can happen is nerves don’t develop properly in the small intestine?

A

Can’t contract, can’t digest properly, can’t absorb properly

52
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Transverse folds

Big folds of the mucosa that can be seen with the naked eye

53
Q

What is the function of plicae circulares?

A

Increase the surface area of the jejenum and ileum by 1.6-2x
Almost doubles the surface area of the small intestine

54
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Small projections that increase the surface area by up to 200x for absorption
Found in the duodenum, jejenum and ileum

55
Q

What are vasarecta and where are they found?

A

Straight blood vessels found at the top of the small intesitne

56
Q

Why are the blood vessels more complex/more bendy at the bottom of the small intestine compared to the top?

A

More absorption going on, increases absorption

57
Q

Infections in the bowel can destroy microvilli. What effect will this have on small bowel function?

A

Reduced absorption

58
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Collections of inflammatory tissue

More in the ileum compared to duodenum and jejenum

59
Q

What are enterocytes?

A

Cells of the intestinal lining

60
Q

What do enterocytes do in the small intestine?

A
  • Digestion (brush border enzymes on microvilli)

- Absorption (carrier proteins)

61
Q

What can malabsorption syndromes cause?

A

Deficiencies that affect blood e.g. anaemia

62
Q

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

An outpouching in the small intestine

Rule of 2’s: 2% of the population affected, get them at 2 years old, 2 feet away from ileocaecal valve, 2 inches long

63
Q

What type of mucosa does Meckel’s diverticulum affect?

A

Mostly ileal mucosa

64
Q

What type of mucosa may be present in the outpouching in Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Acid producing gastric, pancreatic or colonic type mucosa

BDS1 BAMS: Alimentary System (8 decks)

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