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BDS1 BAMS: Alimentary System > Large intestine > Flashcards

Large intestine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?

A
  1. Caecum a) appendix

2. Colon a) ascending, b) transverse), c) descending, d) sigmoid

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2
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

In the caecum (at the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine)

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3
Q

What is the hypothesised function of the appendix?

A

Immunological function

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4
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Fluid absorption

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5
Q

What is the function of the caecum?

A

Holds faecal matter

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6
Q

What is 50% of faecal matter?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

What is the hepatic flexure?

A

90 degrees turn at the liver (bend at the liver)

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8
Q

What is the splenic flexure?

A

90 degrees turn at the spleen (bend at the spleen)

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9
Q

Which features are present in the large intestine that are not found in the small intestine?

A
  • Taenia coli
  • Haustrae
  • Appendices epiploicae
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10
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

Bands of muscle tissue running along large intestine

Focal areas where the longitudinal muscle lies (3 separate longitudinal ribbons)

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11
Q

What are haustrae?

A

Pouches - gives large intestine segmented appearance

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12
Q

What are appendices epiploicae?

A

Fatty tags on the taenia coli, yellowish in colour

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13
Q

Where is the ileo-caecal junction?

A

Where the ileum (small intestine) and caecum (large intestine) meet

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14
Q

What is the ileo-caecal valve?

A

A sphincter at the ileo-caecal junction

A fold of mucosa that allows chyme to pass from S.I. to L.I. but not vice versa

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15
Q

What type of epithelium is in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar with goblet cells

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16
Q

What type of epithelium is in the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar with goblet cells

17
Q

What are intestinal crypts of Leiberkuhn?

A

A dip in the epithelium

18
Q

What is a barium drink?

A

Barium absorbs X-ray photons so shows up as white on X-ray; allows you to follow fluid moving through G.I. tract on a radiograph

19
Q

What are the 2 anal sphincters and what type of control are they under?

A
  • Internal and external
  • Can control the external but not the internal sphincter
  • External sphincter under voluntary control from ~2 years (made of skeletal muscle)
  • Internal sphincter made of smooth muscle => involuntary contorl
20
Q

What is the purpose of goblet cells in the columnar epithelium in the large intestine?

A

To produce mucus

Mucus protects the epithelium from hard faeces

21
Q

What are some of the features that differ between the small and large intestine?

A
  • Small intestine has villi, large intestine does not
  • Large intestine has incomplete layer of longitudinal muscle (taenia coli)
  • Ring-like arrangement of circular muscle (haustrae - forms pouches. Gives large intestine segmented appearance)
22
Q

Describe the change in epithelium at the recto-anal junction

A
  • Abrupt change in epithelium between simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium at the recto-anal junction
  • This area is prone to cancer due to sharp demarcation
23
Q

How much chyme enters the caecum from the ileum?

A

0.5 - 1.0 L of chyme

24
Q

What does the colon absorb?

A

Fluid and electrolytes from the small intestine

25
Q

Failure to reabsorb fluid and electrolytes in the colon leads to what?

A

Diarrhoea

26
Q

Large intestine has resident microbial populations (bacterial flora). What is the role of the bacterial flora in the large intestine?

A
  • Ferment dietary fibre (cellulose) and lipid
  • Gases produced (‘flatus’)
  • Synthesise some vitamins: vitamin B complex, vitamin K
27
Q

Describe large intestine motility

A
  • Similar segmentation to small intestine
  • Mixing movements
  • Contraction of circular muscles
  • Squeezing action on chyme
  • Mainly in caecum and ascending colon
28
Q

Describe peristalsis in the large intestine

A
  • Short range peristalsis in tranverse and descending colon

- Propels semi-solid faecal matter toward rectum

29
Q

Describe large intestine mass movements/defaecation

A
  • Infrequent, more sustained contractions
  • Usually after meals
  • Moves chyme/faeces from proximal colon to distal colon
  • Rectal distension associated with desire to defaecate
30
Q

What is defaecation? Describe the type of reflex and the sphincters involved

A
  • Ejection of faecal matter from the rectum via the anal canal
  • Involuntary reflex
  • Rectum and internal anal sphincter are smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic nervous system
  • External anal sphincter is made of striated muscle - under voluntary control (age ~2)
31
Q

What is an ileostomy?

A

Ileum (end of small intestine) moved towards the skin. Opening at surface of skin called a stoma. A bag can be attached

32
Q

What is a colostomy?

A

Colon brought out through abdominal wall. Larger faecal matter brought out in a bag

33
Q

Why might a patient require an ileostomy or a colostomy?

A
  • A number of reasons
  • Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, cancer
  • Removal of part of the large bowel may be required as treatment
  • Proximal end of gut tube (ileum or colon) is brought out through abdominal wall
34
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A
  • Characterised by excessively watery stools
  • 3 or more watery stools in 24 hours
  • Failure to reabsorb fluid in the colon
  • Caused mainly by G.I.T infections
  • May be associated with reduced colonic motility
  • Less mixing and less fluid absorption
  • Results: dehydration, electrolyte imbalance
35
Q

What is constipation?

A
  • Characterised by hard faeces, difficult to pass
  • Due to increased fluid absorption
  • Associated with G.I.T. spasm
  • Side effects of some drugs e.g. opiates
  • Co-codomol can cause constipation
  • Dietary fibre prevents constipation

BDS1 BAMS: Alimentary System (8 decks)

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