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BDS1 BAMS: Alimentary System > Pharynx and Oesophagus > Flashcards

Pharynx and Oesophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A muscular tube from the base of the skull to oesophagus (approx C6)

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2
Q

What does the pharynx conduct?

A

Air

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3
Q

Where do the muscles of the pharynx direct food?

A

To the oesophagus

Makes sure food travels down the correct way

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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5
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A
  • Respiratory function
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6
Q

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

A
  • A duct that carries tears from your eyes to your nose; communication between tear ducts and the nose
  • When you cry, liquid also comes out your nose
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

A

Equalises pressure between the mouth and the inner ear

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8
Q

Why are little children more prone to inner ear infections?

A

Because the auditory tube is very small - they don’t drain as well

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of tonsils we have in our body?

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsils
  2. Tubal tonsils
  3. Palatine tonsils
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10
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx?

A

Digestive function: food goes in through the oral cavity and passes further down into our oesophagus

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11
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the oropharynx?

A 
Superior = soft palate 
Inferior = base of tongue (epiglottis)
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12
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?

A

Elastic fibrocartilage - bendy cartilage

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

Makes sure food doesn’t go down the trachea - flaps down when you swallow

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14
Q

Which fold is more anterior: palatoglossal fold or palatopharyngeal fold?

A

Palatoglossal fold is more anterior than the palatopharyngeal fold

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15
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

The 3 sets of tonsils: pharyngeal, tubal and palatine tonsils

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16
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the laryngopharynx?

A
  • Superior = epiglottis

- Inferior = level of cricoid cartilage (just below the thyroid cartilage)

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17
Q

Which structures is the laryngopharyx continuous with?

A

Oropharynx (superior) and oesophagus (inferior)

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18
Q

Which part of the throat do fishbones get caught in?

A

Piriform fossa

19
Q

What type of muscles are in the pharynx?

A

Constrictor muscles

20
Q

Where is the superior constrictor of the pharynx located?

A

Under the mandible (base of skull and mylohyoid)

21
Q

Which is the only bone in the body not joined on to any other body?

A

Hyoid

22
Q

What is the hyoid bone useful in?

A

Forensic identification; >95% of cases of death by strangulation, fractured hyoid bone

23
Q

Where is the inferior constrictor located?

A

Near thyroid cartilage, where the Adam’s apple is

24
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the pharynx?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus)

25
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear infection

26
Q

Why are tonsillectomies risky/not routinely performed anymore?

A

Removing tonsils can be dangerous due to close proximity to: external palatine vein, CN XI, internal carotid artery, tonsillar artery.

27
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube from the pharynx to the stomach

28
Q

What are the 2 sphincters in the oesophagus?

A
  • Upper: anatomical sphincter (controlled by muscle)

- Lower: physiological sphincter

29
Q

What type of epithelium is in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

30
Q

What are the types of muscle in each part of the oesophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 = skeletal
Middle 1/3 = mixed
Lower 1/3 = smooth

31
Q

Describe the change in epithelium at the gastro-oesophageal junction

A

Complete change at this point between stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium

32
Q

Which sphincter is clinically important for patients who get recurrent indigestion?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

33
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Change in one type of tissue to another

34
Q

What is dysplasia?

A
  • Pre-cancer stage
  • Higher mitotic activity
  • Cells look different under microscope
35
Q

What are the 2 roles of swallowing/deglutition?

A
  • Food to stomach

- Prevention from entering airway

36
Q

Describe the oral phase of swallowing

A
  • Move food posteriorly
  • Some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue
  • Liquid remains in the mouth in front of ‘pillars’
37
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A
  • Oro to laryngopharynx
  • Soft palate raises
  • Depression of the epiglottis
  • Contraction of vocal folds
  • Relaxation of the upper oesophageal spinchter (U.O.S)
38
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Upper oesophageal sphincter constricts and bolus passes downwards
  • Peristalsis drives bolus down the oesophagus. Oesophagus constricts above the bolus and dilates and shortens below it.
  • Lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes to admit bolus to stomach
39
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

40
Q

What can cause dysphagia?

A
  • Neuromuscular disease
  • Obstruction: strictures, spasm
  • Oesophageal cancer
  • Tumours: don’t notice symptoms until 30-50% reduction in diameter of oesophagus
  • Developmental abnormality
41
Q

What is a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

An abnormal connection between the oesophagus and the trachea. Normally these structures are not connected

42
Q

Describe the 3 types of T.O.F

A
  1. Lower end of the oesophagus joins the trachea. Acid in stomach goes to the trachea. Babies cough a lot and get chest infections. 90% of cases of T.O.F.
  2. Oesophagus tube not joined; doesn’t feed into stomach or trachea
  3. Oesophagus tube is joined but a bit feeds into the trachea. Babies get repeated chest infections.
43
Q

Where is the first point of entry of food/bolus into stomach?

A

Cardiac orifice

44
Q

Which type of tracheo-oesophageal fistula (T.O.F) is most common (90% of cases)?

A

The lower end of the oesophagus joins to the trachea. Acid in stomach goes to the trachea.

BDS1 BAMS: Alimentary System (8 decks)

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