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Reproduction and the growing child > Small babies > Flashcards

Small babies Flashcards

1
Q

Factors used to calculate the optimal weight of a newborn:

A 
Gestational age
Mothers weight and height
Fetal gender
Parity 
Ethnic group
Altitude
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2
Q

A bigger baby may be:

A

Male
2nd baby
Larger mother

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3
Q

Size vs Growth

A 
Size = one measurement
Growth = multiple measurements
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4
Q

After 40 weeks the placenta …

A

gets older, can slow growth

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5
Q

Baby’s growth slows or stops during pregnancy =

A

Intrauterine growth restriction

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6
Q

Dangers for bigger babies:

A

Can’t be delivered

Diabetic - may be hypoglycemic

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7
Q

Dangers for smaller babies:

A

Hypoperfusion inside uterus

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8
Q

Morbidity of small babies:

A 
Birth asphyxia
Mechanical aspiration
Hypoglycaemia
Hypothermia
Long-term problems
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9
Q

Mortality of small babies is related to:

A

Getational age

Severity of IUGR

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10
Q

Cell growth at 0-14 weeks:

A

Hyperplasia

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11
Q

Cell growth at 16-32 weeks

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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12
Q

Cell growth at 32 weeks +

A

Hypertrophy and fat deposition

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13
Q

Depending on the time of the insult, growth restriction can be:

A

Symmetrical

Asymmetrical

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14
Q

Symmetrical growth restriction:

A

Early insult

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15
Q

Asymmetrical growth restriction:

A

Later insult

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16
Q

Early/symmetrical growth restriction:

A

Effects number and size of cells. Proportional reduction.

Decrease in abdo and head circumferences

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17
Q

Late/asymmetrical growth restriction:

A

Affects cell size, reduces fat deposition and liver size. Decrease in abdomen greater than head.

18
Q

Ex of causes of symmetrical IUGR

A

Infection/Viral
Chemical exposure
Chromosomal

19
Q

Ex of causes of asymmetrical IUGR

A

Pre-ecclampsia

Placental insufficiency

20
Q

4 causes of fetal growth restriction:

A
  1. Maternal
  2. Fetal
  3. Placenta
  4. Uterine
21
Q

Maternal factors:

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Anaemia
Medical disease: CVD, renal, hypertension

22
Q

Fetal factors:

A

Structural abnormalities
Chromosomal abnormalities
TORCHS infections

23
Q

TORCH:

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
CMB
Herpes
Syphillis
24
Q

Placental factors:

A 
Abruptio placenta
Placenta praevia
Infarction
Vasculitis
Calcification
Umbilical abnormalities
25
Q

Abruptio placenta:

A

Placenta detaches from fetus early

26
Q

Placenta privia

A

Placenta lies over cervix/low in uterus

27
Q

Why may a placenta be big?

A

Multiple gestations
Big baby
Diabetes

28
Q

Chorangioma:

A

Non-neplastic haematoma like growth in placenta

29
Q

Uterine factors:

A

Decreased uterine blood flow
Pre-exlampsia
Atherosclerosis of uterine spiral arteries

30
Q

What may decrease uterine blood flow:

A

Uterine fibroids

31
Q

How to screen/diagnose IUGF:

A

Clinical
Biochemical
Ultrasound
Doppler analysis

32
Q

Clinical measurements of IUGF:

A

Fundal height

RIsk assessment

33
Q

Biochemical measurements:

A

Look at placental hormones to detect poor placenta function (HPL, oestradiol, HCG)

34
Q

Ultrasounds measure:

A

Abdominal circumference
Head circumference
Femur length
Liquor volume

35
Q

Doppler analysis should be used when

A

Abnormal ultrasound

36
Q

Doppler looks at:

A

Umbilical artery. Can detect whether hypoxic and acidotic

37
Q

Treatment before 34 weeks:

A

Steroids
Serial scans and dopplers
CTG

38
Q

Treatment after 34 weeks:

A

Deliver

39
Q

Bakers hypothesis describes:

A

Fetal programming arising from impaired growth in pregnancy and infancy

40
Q

Increased risk of what in the long term?

A

Adult metabolic syndrome:

  • hypertension
  • type 2 diabetes
  • stroke
  • ischemic heart disease

Reproduction and the growing child (15 decks)

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