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Reproduction and the growing child > Growth and development > Flashcards

Growth and development Flashcards

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1
Q

What continues to grow after puberty?

A

Hair, skin, nails

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2
Q

How do tissues differ in their growth pattern?

A
  • Do not generate new cells
  • Germinative zone, tissues replace dead cells
  • Long-lived and stable, can regenerate
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3
Q

4 separate phases of growth:

A
  1. Intrauterine phase
  2. Infancy
  3. Early childhood phase
  4. Pubertal growth spurt
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4
Q

Factors in the intrauterine phase =

A

Genetic constitution
Nutrition
Placental function

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5
Q

Factors in the infancy phase =

A

Nutrition

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6
Q

Factors in the childhood phase =

A

GH

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7
Q

Factors in puberty =

A

GH

Sex hormones

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8
Q

Development =

A

Increase in the complexity of the organism

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9
Q

Development is due to =

A

Maturation of the nervous system

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10
Q

2 pathways of apoptosis =

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway

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11
Q

Intrinsic apoptosis pathways =

A

Biochemical stress
DNA damage
Lack of growth factors

Modulated by Bax and Blc

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12
Q

Extrinsic apoptosis pathways =

A

Trigger by TNFR or FAS

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13
Q

Common pathway of apoptosis aka ‘executioner’ is regulated by:

A

Caspases

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14
Q

Foetal growth is greatest at what weeks gestation?

A

16-20

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15
Q

Morphogenesis =

A

differentiation and specialisation of cells into tissues and organs

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16
Q

Max height for girls is reached at =

A

13.5 years

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17
Q

Max height for boys is reached at =

A

15.5 years

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18
Q

Aging is also known as

A

Senescence

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19
Q

Aging changes occur when

A

Sex hormones decline

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20
Q

Elderly are less able to…

A

Make homeostatic adjustments in response to internal or external environmental stresses

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21
Q

Why does the growth of the skeleton not end at puberty?

A

Vertebral column continues to grow until about 30

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22
Q

2 Principle mediators of growth =

A

Growth hormone

Insulin-like growth factors

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23
Q

Growth hormone is also known as

A

Somatotrophin

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24
Q

Growth hormone is produced by, where

A

Stomatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland

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25
Direct actions of GH =
Liver: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis Increase insulin resistance in tissues etc Fat metabolism
26
IGFs are synthesised in
Liver, bone etc.
27
IGF-II =
Largely independent of GH. Important role in fetus
28
IGF-I =
Independent of GH before birth, stimulated by GH after. Rises in childhood
29
IGF-1 peaks when?
Puberty
30
Other mediators of growth:
- Thyroid hormones - Growth factors - insulin - prolactin - hPL - vitamin D, PTH - sex hormones - glucocorticoids
31
What are T3 and T4 essential for?
Protein synthesis in brain of fetus and young child Normal differentiation and maturation of skeletal and nervous tissue Linear growth of bone
32
Inadequate levels of thyroid hormones during late fetal/early prenatal period leads to:
Severe mental retardation - decrease size and number of cerebral cortex neurones - reduced myelination - reduction of branching of dendrities - reduced blood supply to brain
33
Ex of condition that leads to inadequate levels of thyroid hormone and severe mental retardation =
Congenital iodine deficiency
34
Causes of hypothyroidism =
Primary - in thyroid Secondary - TSH,TRH Iodine deficiency
35
Hypothyroidism is tested in the
Gurthrine test
36
Classic features of hypothyroidism -
``` Puffy face Dry hair Low hair line Jaundice Constipation Sleep a lot Slow growth Poor school performance ```
37
Treating hypothyrodism at birth =
T4
38
What, if present in excess, can have an inhibitor effect on growth?
Cortisol
39
Ex of glucocorticoid =
Cortisol
40
How do glucocortcoids slow growth =
Interfere with cartilage and bone synthesis. Increased rate of skeletal maturation so potential for further growth reduced (not anything to do with GH)
41
What do sex steroids promote?
GHRH
42
Oestradiol-17b stimualtes =
Development of: breast, uterus, vagina
43
Testosterone stimulates =
Deveopment: lean body mass, secondary sexual characteristics
44
GH is structurally similar to
Prolactin | hPL
45
GH is stimulated by
GHRH from hypothalamus
46
GH is inhibited by
Somatostatin
47
when does secretion of GH peak?
during deep/slow wave sleep
48
GH has a ... variation
Diurnal
49
What stimulated GHRH
Sex steroids Adrenaline Low glucose
50
What stimulated somatostatin?
High glucose | Glucocorticoids
51
WHat inhibits somatostatin
Dopamine | Serotonin
52
What does IGF-1 do in terms of negative feedback?
Inhibits GH Inhibits GHRH Stimulated somatostatin
53
Ex of dwarfism
Achondroplasia Hypopituitary Laron
54
Achondroplasia has what genetic link?
Autosomal dominant
55
Achondroplasia
Up regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
56
What does a patient with achondroplasia look like?
Short limbs Large head, prominent forehead Flattened nose Short hands, stubby fingers
57
Pituitary dwarfism =
GH deficiency
58
Treatment for pituitary dwarfism =
Recombinant GH therapy
59
Causes of pituitary dwarfism =
Pituitary or hypothalamic tumors Infections Infarction Head trauma
60
Larons dwarfism mimics
GH deficiency
61
How to test for larons dwarfism?
GH high | IGF-1 low
62
Treatment for larons dwarfism =
Recombinant IGF-1
63
Acromegaly is due to
Hypersecretion of GH
64
Difference between acromegaly and giantism
``` Acromegaly = adult GIantisms = children, growth plates not closed ```
65
Signs and symptoms of acromegaly
Large head, hands, jaw | Increased: CVD, diabetes, carpal tunnel, colorectal cancer
66
How to be sure of acromegaly diagnosis =
Give oral glucose, in normal individual GH should drop.
67
Most common cause of growth failure worldwide =
Nutritional failure

Reproduction and the growing child (15 decks)

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