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Reproduction and the growing child > Growth and development > Flashcards

Growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

What continues to grow after puberty?

A

Hair, skin, nails

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2
Q

How do tissues differ in their growth pattern?

A
  • Do not generate new cells
  • Germinative zone, tissues replace dead cells
  • Long-lived and stable, can regenerate
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3
Q

4 separate phases of growth:

A
  1. Intrauterine phase
  2. Infancy
  3. Early childhood phase
  4. Pubertal growth spurt
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4
Q

Factors in the intrauterine phase =

A

Genetic constitution
Nutrition
Placental function

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5
Q

Factors in the infancy phase =

A

Nutrition

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6
Q

Factors in the childhood phase =

A

GH

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7
Q

Factors in puberty =

A

GH

Sex hormones

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8
Q

Development =

A

Increase in the complexity of the organism

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9
Q

Development is due to =

A

Maturation of the nervous system

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10
Q

2 pathways of apoptosis =

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway

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11
Q

Intrinsic apoptosis pathways =

A

Biochemical stress
DNA damage
Lack of growth factors

Modulated by Bax and Blc

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12
Q

Extrinsic apoptosis pathways =

A

Trigger by TNFR or FAS

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13
Q

Common pathway of apoptosis aka ‘executioner’ is regulated by:

A

Caspases

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14
Q

Foetal growth is greatest at what weeks gestation?

A

16-20

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15
Q

Morphogenesis =

A

differentiation and specialisation of cells into tissues and organs

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16
Q

Max height for girls is reached at =

A

13.5 years

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17
Q

Max height for boys is reached at =

A

15.5 years

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18
Q

Aging is also known as

A

Senescence

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19
Q

Aging changes occur when

A

Sex hormones decline

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20
Q

Elderly are less able to…

A

Make homeostatic adjustments in response to internal or external environmental stresses

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21
Q

Why does the growth of the skeleton not end at puberty?

A

Vertebral column continues to grow until about 30

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22
Q

2 Principle mediators of growth =

A

Growth hormone

Insulin-like growth factors

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23
Q

Growth hormone is also known as

A

Somatotrophin

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24
Q

Growth hormone is produced by, where

A

Stomatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland

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25
Q

Direct actions of GH =

A

Liver: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis
Increase insulin resistance in tissues
etc
Fat metabolism

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26
Q

IGFs are synthesised in

A

Liver, bone etc.

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27
Q

IGF-II =

A

Largely independent of GH. Important role in fetus

28
Q

IGF-I =

A

Independent of GH before birth, stimulated by GH after. Rises in childhood

29
Q

IGF-1 peaks when?

A

Puberty

30
Q

Other mediators of growth:

A
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Growth factors
  • insulin
  • prolactin
  • hPL
  • vitamin D, PTH
  • sex hormones
  • glucocorticoids
31
Q

What are T3 and T4 essential for?

A

Protein synthesis in brain of fetus and young child
Normal differentiation and maturation of skeletal and nervous tissue
Linear growth of bone

32
Q

Inadequate levels of thyroid hormones during late fetal/early prenatal period leads to:

A

Severe mental retardation

  • decrease size and number of cerebral cortex neurones
  • reduced myelination
  • reduction of branching of dendrities
  • reduced blood supply to brain
33
Q

Ex of condition that leads to inadequate levels of thyroid hormone and severe mental retardation =

A

Congenital iodine deficiency

34
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism =

A

Primary - in thyroid
Secondary - TSH,TRH
Iodine deficiency

35
Q

Hypothyroidism is tested in the

A

Gurthrine test

36
Q

Classic features of hypothyroidism -

A 
Puffy face
Dry hair
Low hair line
Jaundice
Constipation
Sleep a lot
Slow growth
Poor school performance
37
Q

Treating hypothyrodism at birth =

A

T4

38
Q

What, if present in excess, can have an inhibitor effect on growth?

A

Cortisol

39
Q

Ex of glucocorticoid =

A

Cortisol

40
Q

How do glucocortcoids slow growth =

A

Interfere with cartilage and bone synthesis. Increased rate of skeletal maturation so potential for further growth reduced (not anything to do with GH)

41
Q

What do sex steroids promote?

A

GHRH

42
Q

Oestradiol-17b stimualtes =

A

Development of: breast, uterus, vagina

43
Q

Testosterone stimulates =

A

Deveopment: lean body mass, secondary sexual characteristics

44
Q

GH is structurally similar to

A

Prolactin

hPL

45
Q

GH is stimulated by

A

GHRH from hypothalamus

46
Q

GH is inhibited by

A

Somatostatin

47
Q

when does secretion of GH peak?

A

during deep/slow wave sleep

48
Q

GH has a … variation

A

Diurnal

49
Q

What stimulated GHRH

A

Sex steroids
Adrenaline
Low glucose

50
Q

What stimulated somatostatin?

A

High glucose

Glucocorticoids

51
Q

WHat inhibits somatostatin

A

Dopamine

Serotonin

52
Q

What does IGF-1 do in terms of negative feedback?

A

Inhibits GH
Inhibits GHRH
Stimulated somatostatin

53
Q

Ex of dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia
Hypopituitary
Laron

54
Q

Achondroplasia has what genetic link?

A

Autosomal dominant

55
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Up regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

56
Q

What does a patient with achondroplasia look like?

A

Short limbs
Large head, prominent forehead
Flattened nose
Short hands, stubby fingers

57
Q

Pituitary dwarfism =

A

GH deficiency

58
Q

Treatment for pituitary dwarfism =

A

Recombinant GH therapy

59
Q

Causes of pituitary dwarfism =

A

Pituitary or hypothalamic tumors
Infections
Infarction
Head trauma

60
Q

Larons dwarfism mimics

A

GH deficiency

61
Q

How to test for larons dwarfism?

A

GH high

IGF-1 low

62
Q

Treatment for larons dwarfism =

A

Recombinant IGF-1

63
Q

Acromegaly is due to

A

Hypersecretion of GH

64
Q

Difference between acromegaly and giantism

A 
Acromegaly = adult
GIantisms = children, growth plates not closed
65
Q

Signs and symptoms of acromegaly

A

Large head, hands, jaw

Increased: CVD, diabetes, carpal tunnel, colorectal cancer

66
Q

How to be sure of acromegaly diagnosis =

A

Give oral glucose, in normal individual GH should drop.

67
Q

Most common cause of growth failure worldwide =

A

Nutritional failure

Reproduction and the growing child (15 decks)

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