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Reproduction and the growing child > Maintaining balance and posture > Flashcards

Maintaining balance and posture Flashcards

1
Q

Posture =

A

Relative position of various parts of the body with respect to one another

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2
Q

2 types of postural equilibrium =

A

Static

Dynamic

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3
Q

Postural system afferents come from:

A
  • Somatosensory receptors on skin
  • Proprioceptions on muscles and joints
  • Visual system
  • Vestibular system
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4
Q

Where do the efferents for the postural system converge?

A

Brain stem

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5
Q

2 dorsolateral pathways:

A

Corticospinal

Rubrospinal

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6
Q

4 ventromedial pathways:

A

Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal (lateral and medial)
Pontine reticulospinal
Medullary reticulospinal

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7
Q

Another name for pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts

A

medial and lateral reticulospinal tracts

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8
Q

Which ventromedial tract decussates?

A

Tectospinal

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9
Q

Brainstem areas which go to the ventral horn of spinal cord to coordinate postural responses:

A 
Vesticular nuclei (medulla)
Superior colliculus (midbrain)
Pontine and medullary reticular formation
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10
Q

Superior colliculus is located in the

A

Midbrain

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11
Q

Vestibular nuceli is located in the

A

Medulla

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12
Q

What does the medial vestibulospinal and tectospinal tract have in common?

A

Act on head and neck muscles

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13
Q

2 pathways of vestibulospinal tract and their broad functions

A

Lateral - axial extensor muscles

Medial - head and neck extensors

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14
Q

Extensor muscles also known as

A

Antigravity muscles

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15
Q

What type of postural reflex is the vestibulospinal tract most involved in

A

Compensatory

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16
Q

Input to tectospinal tract from:

A

Optic nerves
Retina
Auditory

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17
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract decussate?

A

Midbrain - very early

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18
Q

Function of tectospinal tract:

A

Movements of head in relation to visual stimuli

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19
Q

Function of pontine reticulospinal tract:

A

Enhances antigravity reflex. Extensors of lower limbs. Increases tone.

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20
Q

Function of medullary reticulospinal tract:

A

Liberates antigravity muscles (flexors). Reduces muscle tone)

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21
Q

Transection studies allow us to

A

Remove components of brain (e.g. cerebrum) to study function of one part (e.g. brainstem)

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22
Q

If you transected the cerebrum away from the brainstem what would happen and why?

A

Decerebrate posturing/decerebrate rigidity: massive increase in tone of extensors as there is no tonic inhibition of the efferents from the cerebrum and cerebellum

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23
Q

Cause of decerebrate posturing:

A

Brainstem damage

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24
Q

Cause of decorticate posturing:

A

Cerebral damage

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25
Q

Which type of posturing is more ‘severe’

A

Decerebrate

26
Q

Function of vestibular system:

A
  • Sense of balance and motion detection

- Info about head orientation, movements in 3D space

27
Q

2 otolith organs:

A

urticle

saccule

28
Q

Urticle and saccule detect what using what

A

Linear movement using macule

29
Q

Urticle detects =

A

Horizontal acceleration

30
Q

Saccule detects =

A

Verticle acceleration

31
Q

Structures in the vestibular system:

A
  • Otolith organs
  • Semicircular canals
  • Ampulla
32
Q

Semicircular canals detect

A

Head roation, angular acceleration

33
Q

What does both the macule and ampulla contain?

A

Hair cells

34
Q

Describe the structure of the macule in otolith organs:

A

Hair cells connected to sensory nerve fibers
Gelatinous cap over the top
Otoliths covering cap which move

35
Q

Otoliths are

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

36
Q

Depolarisation of hair cells occurs when

A

Stereocillia move toward kinocillum

37
Q

Hyperpolarisation of hair cells occurs when:

A

Stereocilla move away from kinocillum

38
Q

3 semicircular canals:

A
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Lateral/horizontal
39
Q

Semiciruclar canals are filled with

A

Endolymph

40
Q

Main sensory structure of semicircular canals =

A

Ampulla

41
Q

What is found in the ampulla of semicircular canals:

A

Hair cells

Cupula

42
Q

Where do sensory nerve fibers of CN VIII project to:

A
  • cerebellum
  • down through spinal cord to limbs, neck
  • extraocular muscles
43
Q

Function of vestibulo-ocular reflex:

A

Compensatory mechanism of eyes, eyes move in opposite direction to head rotation (to maintain a steady image on back of retina)

44
Q

What would happen in head turns left (VOR reflex)

A
  • Endolymph of left horizontal canal moves right and is excited (left is inhibited).
  • Signal to vestibular nuclei which synapses with abducens (opposite side) and oculor motor (same side)
  • Right abducens flexes right lateral rectus
  • Left oculormotor flexes left medial rectus
  • Eye moves right
45
Q

Name of test for VOR in unconscious patient:

A

Caloric testing

46
Q

Calortic testing can be done with:

A

Cold water

Hot water

47
Q

Brainstem in tact with caloric testing:

A

eyes move away (cold)

towards (hot) - in fast nystagmus

48
Q

Nystagumus =

A

Involuntary movement of eye

49
Q

2 phases of physiologic nystagumus:

A

Slow - slow movement to opposite

Fast - quick movement to same

50
Q

If in caloric testing only one eye moved what might this suggest.

A

Bilateral MLF lesion (medial longitudinal fasiculus) lesion

51
Q

Low brainstem lesion caloric testing:

A

No movement

52
Q

What can be used to test the vestibular system

A

Posture platform studies

53
Q

What do you do to patient to test vestibular balance system

A

Blindfold

54
Q

Reticular formation is important in which kind of postural control:

A

Anticipatory

55
Q

Name 3 disorders of the vestibular system:

A

Menieres syndrome
BPPV - benign paroxysmal postural vertigo
MAV - migraine associated vertigo

56
Q

Cause of menieres syndrome =

A

Excess endolymph - distended ducts - damage to membranes

57
Q

Symptoms of menieres syndrome =

A

Tinnitus
Sensorineural hearing loss
Vertigo

58
Q

Treatment of menieres syndrome -

A

Symptomatic.
Prochlorperazine - nausea and vomiting
Antihistamines - nausea, vomiting, vertigo
Treat hearing

59
Q

Prochlorperazine moa

A

Dopamine antagonist (anti-psychotic)

60
Q

Symptoms of BPPV

A

Suddenly feeling dizzy on moving head or rolling in bed, nausea, vomiting

61
Q

Cause of BPPV

A

CaCO3 crystals from otolith organs dislodge and disrupt flow of endolymph in semicircular canals

62
Q

Which semicircular canal is involved when turning head left to right

A

Horizontal

Reproduction and the growing child (15 decks)

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