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Reproduction and the growing child > Initiation of pregnancy > Flashcards

Initiation of pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts of the uterine tube;

A

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum

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2
Q

Common site of fertilisation:

A

Ampullary-isthmic junction

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3
Q

Female fertility is

A

Episodic

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4
Q

Male fertility is

A

Continual

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5
Q

2 phases of the ovarian cycle:

A

Follicular

Luteal

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6
Q

Phases of the uterine cycle:

A

Menstration
Proliferation
Secretary

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7
Q

Match the ovarian cycle and uterine cycle phases

A

Follicular phase: menstration and proliferative

Luteal phase: secretory phase

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8
Q

Follicular phase ends at…

A

Ovulation (day 14)

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9
Q

Mentration begins at…

A

Start of cycle (14 days after ovulation)

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10
Q

Most fertile at what point in menstrual cycle?

A

5 days before and 1 day after ovulation

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11
Q

What is released from the hypothalamus?

A

GnRH

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12
Q

What is released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

FSH LH

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13
Q

Follicular phase:

A

LH acts on theca cells to produce androgens
FSH acts on granulosa cells to produce aromatase, inhibin and ostrogen

Oestrogen has a -ve feedback on LH and inhibin has a -ve feedback on FSH

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14
Q

What causes the LH surge?

A

High levels of oestrogen, changes from -ve to +ve feedback

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15
Q

Events of the luteal phase:

A

Follicle becomes corpus luteum which produces progesterone and some oestrogen. This has a -ve feedback on LH

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16
Q

If no pregnancy occurs …

A

Corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans. Stops producing progesterone so endometrial lining is shed.

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17
Q

If pregnancy occurs …

A

hCG is produced which is structurally similar to LH. Maintains endometrium and CL

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18
Q

What produces progesterone at the start of pregnancy and what takes over?

A

Corpus luteum

Placenta

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19
Q

Average time sperm can survive:

A

5 days

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20
Q

Average survival of occyte

A

24 hrs

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21
Q

Sperm must undergo what to be able to fertilise the egg?

A

Capacitation

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22
Q

Capacitation involves:

A
  • Acquiring characteristic ‘whiplash’ movement

- Acrosome reaction (shedding glycoprotein coat by rubbing on oviduct epithelia)

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23
Q

What is capacitation dependent on?

A

Calcium

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24
Q

2 enzymes in acrosome:

A

Hyaluronidase

Acrosin

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25
Acrozene =
Digests zona pellucida
26
Hyaluronidase =
Digests hyaluronic acid made my cumulus cells
27
Acrosome reaction occurs in response to ...
Oocyte being near
28
What does sperm bind to to fuse with oocyte?
ZP 2/3 (zona pellucida glycoproteins 2 and 3)
29
How does sperm activate the egg?
- Release phospholipase gamma C - Ca2+ influx - Breaks down MPF - Resumes meiosis II
30
MPF =
cyclin B + cdk 1
31
Before activation, egg is arrested at
Meiosis II
32
How does an egg prevent polyspermia:
Cortical granules release contents, conformational change of Zp 2/3
33
2nd polar body is shed to form:
Female pronucleus
34
Multiple sperm bind =
Polyspermia
35
Meiotic error within egg, 2 female pronuclei =
Digynic
36
Artificial triggering of Ca2+ transcience causes resumption of meosis II without sperm =
Parthenogenetic
37
What hormone dominated the luteal phase?
Progesterone
38
What inhibits FSH?
Inhibin from granulosa cells
39
Enzyme which converts androgens to oestrogens
Aromatase
40
What occurs at cell 4 stage?
Zygotic genome activation
41
Zygotic genome activation =
Genetic reprogramming. Genome is wiped of all methylation marks and re-methylated
42
What implants into uterus?
Blastocyst
43
What day does blastocyst form/implant?
5-9
44
Describe the strucutre of a blastocyst before it hatches
Zona pellucida Trophoepiblasts Inner cell mass Blastocoel cavity
45
What is the ICM become?
Trilaminary disc/foetus
46
What does a blastocyst produce?
hCG
47
hCG =
Human chorionic gonadotropin
48
hCG has a similar chemical structure to...
LH
49
Why do hCG levels drop mid pregnancy?
Placenta is established and begins steroid synthesis
50
How do the fetus and placenta work together to produce oestrogens?
``` Foetus = C19 androgens from adrenal Placenta = Aromatises these to oestrogens ```
51
2 types of twins =
Monozygotic | Dizygotic
52
Dizygotic twins most likely due to =
Hyperovulation due to increased FSH
53
Types of monozygotic twins =
Dichorionic-diamnionic Monochorionic-diamnionic Monochorionic-monoamnionic
54
Dichornionic-diamnionic =
Splits before blastocyst stage. Own placenta and amniotic sac
55
Monochorionic-diamnionic
Occurs when blastocyst hatches. Share placenta but different amniotic sacs
56
Monochorionic-monoamnionic =
Occurs at blastocyst stage. Same placenta and amniotic sac
57
What is the risk with monochorionic-monoamnionic twins?
Twin-Twin transfusion syndrome
58
Where are eggs aspirated from for IVF?
The follicle
59
In IVF how are the egg and sperm fertilised?
Co-incubated for 24 hrs
60
ICSI =
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
61
When is ICSI used?
Low sperm count/male infertility
62
PESA =
Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration
63
MESA =
Microepididymal sperm aspiration
64
TESE =
Testicular sperm extraction (biopsy)
65
TESA =
Testicular sperm aspiration
66
Most common causes of infertility =
``` Male Unexplained Ovulatory disorder Tubual disease Endometriosis ```
67
Meds used for down-regulation =
GnRH agonists = Lupron, zoladex | GnRH antagonists = Antagon, cetrotide
68
Zoladex =
GnRH antagonist
69
Cerotide =
GnRH agonist
70
Superovulation =
FSH
71
Why down regulation?
Stop LH surge and spontaneous rupture of follicle
72
Some IVF criteria:
``` <42, >23 19-29 BMI Non-smoker for 6 mnths No existing children Stable 2 year relationship Regular unprotected intercourse for 2 years ```

Reproduction and the growing child (15 decks)

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