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Urinary > Small Animal Urinary Surgery 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Small Animal Urinary Surgery 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List four pre-operative considerations you should make before renal or ureteric surgery.

A

Hypoproteinemia
Electrolytes and fluid statues
Haematology
Clotting abnormalities

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2
Q

What drugs should you avoid for renal and ureteic surgery?

A

Avoid CP (due to hypotension) and NSAIDs

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3
Q

List three sampling methods of the kidneys

A

FNA
Tru-cut
Incisional

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4
Q

What is the prognosis for dogs with renal carcinomas, sarcomas and nephroblastomas?

A

Carcinoma > 16 months
Sarcoma > 9 months
Nephroblastoma > 6 months

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5
Q

What is the prognosis for cats with renal lymphoma?

A

> 3-6 months

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6
Q

What are cystoliths?

A

Urinary bladder calculi

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7
Q

What are choleliths?

A

Gallbladder calculi.

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8
Q

Which breed of dogs and which breed of cats are over-represented with renal calculi?

A

Siamese
Bichon frise

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9
Q

What are the three situations in which you would consider surgery for renal calculi?

A

Obstructive
Refractory UTI
Refractory haematuria

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10
Q

Describe the medical management that can be used for ureteric calculi

A

Diuresis - 405 days may encourage the ureterolith to move into the bladder
Lithotripsy - not in cats
Ureteral relaxants - glucagon/amitiptyline

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11
Q

What are the three main complications of a ureterotomy?

A

Breakdown
Leakage/uroabdomen
Stricture formation

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12
Q

What are the two methods of ureteral stenting?

A

Open or minimally invasive procedure requiring fluoroscopy

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13
Q

What is a subcutaenous ureteral bypass?

A

Artifical catheters from renal pelvis to bladder outside the ureter.

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14
Q

List three ways that hydronephrosis can present.

A

Urine accumulation
Dilation of the renal pelvis
Progressive destruction of the renal medulla

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15
Q

List three causes of hydronephrosis

A

Pyelonephritis
Obstruction
Congenital stenosis.

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16
Q

What breeds are presdisposed to ectopic ureters?

A

Golden retriever and labrador

17
Q

What is the imaging modaility of choic for ectopic ureters?

A

CT with contrast

18
Q

What are the two types of ectopic ureters and which is more easy to treat?

A

Intramural and extramural.
Intramural much more common.

19
Q

Why may males present with ectopic ureters later in life?

A

Compensate for abnormal opening fo may present later in life.

20
Q

Which type of ectopic ureters can be treated by laser ablation and in which animals?

A

Intramural, females.

21
Q

Which animals should you use open surgery to correct intramural ectopic ureters?

A

Males or very small females.

22
Q

What procedure if performed to extramural ectopic ureters?

A

Ureteroneocystostomy

23
Q

What is the success rate for ectopic ureters?

A

50-70%

24
Q

What type of surgery is bladder and uretheral surgery considered to be?

A

Clean/contaminated

25
Q

List four pre-operative considerations for bladder and urethral surgery

A

Renal function
Electrolytes and fluid status
Haematology
Clotting abnormalities

26
Q

Where are polypoid cystitis usually found?

A

At the bladder apex

27
Q

What is the only bladder calculi that can be dissolved?

A

Struvite

28
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to a urethral prolapse?

A

Brachycephalic breeds

29
Q

What is the point of retrohydropropulsion?

A

To avoid urethral surgery.

30
Q

What urethrostomies should you use in a dog or cat for recurrent urethral obstruction?

A

Cat - perineal urethrostomy
Dog - scrotal urethrostomy

31
Q

List three ways to treat an atonic bladder.

A

Keep bladder decompressed for 4-6 weeks
Detrusor stimulants - bethanecol
Urethral relaxant - phenoxybenzamine

32
Q

What percentage of bladder tumours in dogs and cats are malignant?

A

97%

33
Q

Where do transitional cell carcinomas tend to grow?

A

Around the bladder trigone

34
Q

List three palliative measures for bladder neoplasia?

A

Cystostomy for urine diversion when tumour is obstructing the urethra.
Urethral stening to relieve the obstruction.
Laser debulking.

35
Q

List three indications for a tube cystostomy

A

Obstructed bladder due to stone, atony and urethral rupture.

36
Q

What are three types of catheters that can be used in a tube cystostomy?

A

Foley catheter
Locking-loop pigtail catheter
Low profile tube

37
Q

What should you use to diagnose a urinary tract rupture?

A

IVU (intravenous urethrogram)

38
Q

What does USMIA stand for?

A

Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence

39
Q

What are the types of medical management you can use with USMI?

A

Oestrogen
Alpha-adrenergics - phenylpropanolamine
Testosterone supplementation in males

Urinary (14 decks)

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