Diagnostic Imaging: The Urinary Tract Flashcards
Which kidney (left or right) is cranial to the other?
Right usually lies cranial to the left.
How should you measure the size of the kidneys?
Measure with respect to the length of L2.
Dogs: 2.5-3.5 x L2
Cats: 2.4-3 x L2
Where is the neck of the bladder?
Around the level of the pelvic brim.
List three things that contrast studies of the bladder will be able to show you.
Wall thickness
Mucosal surface
Filling defects
LIst three things that are retrograde contrast study of the urethra may be able to show you.
Rupture
Urethritis/tumour
Stricture
List four differential diagnoses of prostatomegaly.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatitis
Abscess
Neoplasia
List three reasons why a uterus may be enlarged on a radiograph
Pregnancy
Recent parturition
Pyometra
Why can’t you use barium as a contrast medium for urinary tract studies?
It is an irritant in the bladder, so may cause granulomatous cystitis.
Which contrast medium should you use for the urinary tract?
Water soluble iodinated contrast medium.
List three things that excretory urography can assess.
Identify/assess the kidneys
Assess ureters
Vesicoureteral junction.
List four indications for excretory urography
Persistent urinary tract infections
Urinary incontinence
Haematuria
Suspected renal abnormalities
What are two complications of excretory urography?
Contrast-induces renal failure
Anaphylaxis
What are the three options for cystography and briefly describe when you would use them?
Pneumocytsogram - bladder location/large masses/thickening
Positive contrast cystograph - leakage
Double contrast cystogram - deliniation of wall and contrast.
List five indications of cystography.
Dysuria
Haematuria
Persistent UTIs
Pelvic trauma
To identify bladder
List 6 potential complications of cystography.
Iatrogenic rupture
Damage to mucosa by catheter tip
Air leakage into broad ligament
‘Knotting’ of cathter
Catheterisation of ectopic ureter or reflux
Air embolism
