SA Urinary Tract Surgery Seminar

Question 1

List three things that intra-venous urography will show.

Answer 1

Information on kidney morphology and function
Give information on shape and size of ureters
Can show opening of ureters in trigonal region

Question 2

When should you not use retrograde urography?

Answer 2

On a bitch in season

Question 3

List three medical options for USMI

Answer 3

Alpha-agonist: phenylpropanolamine (Propalin)
Oestrogens
Testosterone supplementation in males

Question 4

List four surgical options for USMI

Answer 4

Colposuspension
Cystopexy-urethropexy
Artificial sphincter
Intra-urethral injection of collagen

Question 5

When can you not use oestrogen to treat USMI?

Answer 5

In entire bitches

Question 6

Where anatomically will stranguria usually come from?

Answer 6

Lower urinary tract +/- genital tract

Question 7

What is the most common type of bladder neoplasia in the dog and where in the bladder is it most often located?

Answer 7

Transitional cell carcinoma.
Most often found at the neck of the bladder

Question 8

List three methods to diagnose a transition cell carcinoma in the bladdr

Answer 8

Transurethral biopsy
Diagnostic imaging (as an adjunct)
Urine cytology

Question 9

LIst 5 options in the treatment of a transitional cell carcinoma in the bladder

Answer 9

Surgical excision
COX2 NSAIDs
Chemotherapy
Urehtral stenting
Bladder diversion (tube cystostomy)

Question 10

What is the prognosis for a transitional cell carcinoma when treated with just NSAIDs and then with NSAIDs plus chemotherapy?

Answer 10

NSAIDs - 6 months
NSAIDs and chemotherapy - 9-11 months

Question 11

Which anatomical sites will cause a uroabdomen if ruptured?

Answer 11

Bladder
Urethra

Question 12

If free abdominal fluid is present, what test is diagnostic of urinary tract rupture?

Answer 12

Fluid/blood ratio for K or creatinine

Question 13

List the values for mild, moderate and severse hyperkalaemia in cats.

Answer 13

Mild: >5.5mmol/l
Moderate: >6.5mmol/l
Severe: >9mmol/l

Question 14

List four medications you could use to manage a blocked cat in hospital

Answer 14

Opioid analgesia
Mirtazapine (appetite stimulant)
Prazosin (reduce urinary sphincter tone)
Dantrolene (relaxes urinary sphincter tone)

Question 15

List three options if a cat repeatedly obstructs?

Answer 15

Persist with medical management
Consider a perineal urethrostomy (PU)
Euthanasia

Question 16

How would you empty the bladder when blocked by a urolith?

Answer 16

Cystocentesis
Urethral catheterisation
Retrohydropropulaion
Placing a cystostomy tube

Question 17

If medical management of urolithiasis fails, what are the options in a dog?

Answer 17

Urethrostomy (scrotal location)
Euthanasia