Small Animal Dz Flashcards by Madison Warnke

What general category of diseases can lead to osmotic diarrhea (excessive osmotically active solutes in the lumen)?

(Maldigestive/malabsorptive diseases)

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What general categories of disease can cause increased mucosal permeability which leads to the loss of fluids, electrolytes, proteins, and RBCs into the intestinal lumen?

(Inflammatory or ulcerative diseases)

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Decrease of what type of contractions leads to an increase in transport time of ingesta that is too fast for normal digestion and absorption?

(Decreased segmental contractions)

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Is small or large bowel disease associated with increased fecal volume?

(Small)

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How does blood in the feces differ between large and small bowel disease?

(Small → melena, large → hematochezia)

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Will you see vomiting and weight loss with small or large intestinal disease?

(Small)

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What is the treatment for hemorrhagic gastroenteritis?

(Aggressive fluid therapy and a bland diet when eating again for 3-5 days)

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What type of parasite is giardia?

(Protozoa)

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What is the most common coccidial parasite of dogs and cats?

(Isospora spp.)

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What tests can be used to aid in diagnosing coccidia?

(Direct smear or fecal float)

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What is the whipworm that affects dogs (genus and species)?

(Trichuris vulpis)

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How are whipworms diagnosed?

(ID of egg on fecal float)

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What is the treatment for whipworms?

(Fenbendazole for 3 days, repeat in 3 weeks and in 3 months)

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How is canine parvovirus diagnosed?

(Fecal ELISA → snap test)

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How is canine parvovirus treated?

(Supportive tx → fluids, electrolytes, nutrition, antiemetics, abx)

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(T/F) The canine parvovirus fecal ELISA (snap test) can detect feline panleukopenia virus.

(T)

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Is stress associated with large or small bowel diarrhea?

(Large, can be mixed)

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Are colonic +/- urogenital diseases associated with tenesmus or dyschezia?

(Tenesmus)

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Is hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism associated with constipation?

(Hypothyroidism)

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What are three intraluminal causes of mechanical constipation?

(Foreign bodies, masses, and strictures)

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What are three extraluminal causes of mechanical constipation?

(External masses, pelvic fractures, and pseudocoprostasis)

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What electrolyte abnormalities can cause constipation?

(Hypokalemia and hypercalcemia)

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Diets low in what substance can lead to constipation?

(Fiber)

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What is the most common cause of obstipation in cats?

(Idiopathic megacolon)

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Enemas containing what substance should not be used in dogs and cats in the treatment of constipation?

(Sodium phosphate → can cause severe hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hypernatremia)

How does bulk forming work as a laxative?

(By feeding lots of fiber → increases the fecal water content and can also improve colonic motility)

What two processes do lactulose laxatives stimulate to treat constipation?

(Stimulates colonic secretions and propulsive motility)

How do hyperosmotic laxatives work?

(By using poorly absorbed polysaccharides, water will be pulled into the lumen to soften the feces)

What are the two types of diets that animals can be placed on for long-term prevention of constipation?

(High fiber or low residue diets)

What drug is used as a colonic prokinetic and is used for megacolon or refractory constipation/obstipation?

(Cisapride)

What is the most common canine colonic neoplasia?

(Adenocarcinoma)

What is the term for the narrowing of the rectal lumen by fibrous or proliferative tissue?

(Rectal strictures)

How are rectal strictures treated?

(Balloon dilation or surgery)

What breed is most commonly affected by perianal fistulas?

(German shepherds)

What is the mainstay treatment for perianal fistulas?

(Immunosuppressive therapy)

Rectal prolapses can occur at any age but are more common in what age group of animals?

(Young)

What can be used to reduce the edema of a rectal prolapse to aid in the reduction and purse-string method treatment?

(Hypertonic saline or 50% dextrose)

Why do you want to avoid resection and anastomosis as a treatment for rectal prolapse in cats?

(Cats are more likely to form a stricture)

What two structures do you pexy in a colopexy?

(The descending colon and the left abdominal wall)

What age and sex of dogs is associated with perineal hernias?

(Old male dogs)

What are the four muscles related to the ‘pelvic diaphragm’?

(External anal sphincter muscle, levator ani, coccygeus, and internal obturator)

What vessels and nerves are related to the ‘pelvic diaphragm’?

(Pudendal nerve and the caudal rectal nerve branch off of it, and the internal pudendal artery and vein)

What two disorders combine to put an animal at risk for forming a perineal hernia?

(Weak pelvic diaphragm and something that causes straining)

What is the main surgical treatment for perineal hernias?

(Perineal herniorrhaphy)

Perianal adenomas are benign tumors of which glands of the anus?

(The circumanal glands)

(T/F) Marginal excision of perianal adenomas is curative.

(T)

What is the surgical treatment for recurrent or persistent anal sac problems?

(Anal sacculectomy)

What stage of round and hookworms is pyrantel pamoate effective in killing?

(Adults)

What is fenbendazole labeled for use against when used in dogs and cats?

(Hooks, rounds, whips, and Taenia tapeworms)

(T/F) Though not labeled for use against Giardia, fenbendazole is widely used for the treatment of Giardia.

(T)

What three drugs are combined in Drontal Plus?

(Pyrantel, febantel, and praziquantel)

What drug is the only current effective drug against multidrug-resistant hookworms that is labeled for use in cats only but is used in dogs?

(Emodepside)

Sulfadimethoxine and (although not approved for use in anything but horses) ponazuril are used to treat what parasite?

(Coccidia)

(T/F) Toxocara cati can be transmitted by ingestion of eggs, transplacentally, transmammar-ily, and by transport (paratenic) hosts.

(F, not transplacentally, that is Toxocara canis)

(T/F) Ancylostoma caninum can be transmitted percutaneously, transmammar-ily, by ingestion, and via paratenic hosts.

(T, cats (Ancylostoma tubaeforme) all the same except no transmammary)

What is the primary disorder induced by the infection of puppies with Ancylostoma caninum?

(Anemia)

Puppies need to be how old to have Ancylostoma caninum eggs in their feces?

(2 weeks old)

What species of animal can be infected with Trichuris vulpis?

Dogs only

Where does Trichuris vulpis live in an infected animal's GIT?

(Large intestine)

What is the common name for Trichuris vulpis?

(Whipworm)

If a dog were to ingest a Trichuris vulpis egg, would that dog become infected?

(Yes)

If a human were to ingest a Trichuris vulpis egg, would they become infected?

(No)

What diagnostic test is used to diagnose Trichuris vulpis?

(IDEXX antigen test)

How do you tell the difference between a packet of Dipylidium caninum eggs and an egg from ancylostoma?

(Size, Dipylidium caninum egg packets are much larger)

If a dog were to eat a rodent with Taenia taeniaeformis hitching a ride, would the dog become infected?

(No)

(T/F) Fleas are 100% necessary for Dipylidium caninum transmission and it cannot be transmitted without them.

(T)

What is another name for inflammatory bowel disease?

(Steroid-responsive enteropathy)

What type of diarrhea is caused by IBD?

(Small bowel malabsorptive +/- mixed)

What can you possibly see on AUS of a patient with IBD though they can also be completely normal? Two answers.

(Intestinal thickening and lymphadenopathy)

How is IBD diagnosed?

(Biopsy, histopath will show lymphoplasmacytic infiltration)

What is the treatment for IBD in dogs

(Prednisone +/- other immunosuppressives)

What is the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in dogs?

(Food hypersensitivity aka food responsive enteropathy)

How do you diagnose food hypersensitivity?

(Diet trial – if they get better, coolio, if they don’t, return to start)

Intestinal neoplasia is associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea.

(Small to mixed)

What is the treatment for cats with alimentary small cell lymphoma and is the prognosis good or bad?

(Pred and immunosuppressive (chlorambucil); good prognosis)

What is the treatment for cats/dogs with large cell lymphoma and is the prognosis good or bad?

(Chemotherapy; bad prognosis)

Lymphangiectasia is associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea, although some dogs may not have any GI signs.

(Small)

What additional clinical sign can indicate if a patient with lymphangiectasis also has a concurrent protein-losing enteropathy?

(Ascites)

What is the treatment for non-idiopathic lymphangiectasia?

(Tx underlying disease and a low-fat diet)

High/low (choose one) cobalamin and high/low (choose one) folate could be indicative of SIBO/ARD.

(Low cobalamin, high folate)

Are Clostridium infections associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea?

(Large)

What drugs can be used to treat Clostridium when increasing fiber does not work?

(Metronidazole or tylosin)

What species does tritrichomonas induce large bowel diarrhea in that is typically malodorous?

(Cats)

What is the treatment for tritrichomonas?

(Ronidazole)

Fiber-responsive diarrhea is associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea.

(Large)

Sulfasalazine is used to treat what disorder? Be specific.

(IBD involving the colon)

What induces the inflammatory response that characterizes histiocytic ulcerative colitis which is a disorder that affects primarily young boxers and french bulldogs, inducing large bowel diarrhea and anorexia?

(Escherichia coli)