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E&E Exam 3 > Small Animal Dz > Flashcards

Small Animal Dz Flashcards

1
Q

What general category of diseases can lead to osmotic diarrhea (excessive osmotically active solutes in the lumen)?

A

(Maldigestive/malabsorptive diseases)

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2
Q

What general categories of disease can cause increased mucosal permeability which leads to the loss of fluids, electrolytes, proteins, and RBCs into the intestinal lumen?

A

(Inflammatory or ulcerative diseases)

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3
Q

Decrease of what type of contractions leads to an increase in transport time of ingesta that is too fast for normal digestion and absorption?

A

(Decreased segmental contractions)

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4
Q

Is small or large bowel disease associated with increased fecal volume?

A

(Small)

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5
Q

How does blood in the feces differ between large and small bowel disease?

A

(Small → melena, large → hematochezia)

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6
Q

Will you see vomiting and weight loss with small or large intestinal disease?

A

(Small)

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7
Q

What is the treatment for hemorrhagic gastroenteritis?

A

(Aggressive fluid therapy and a bland diet when eating again for 3-5 days)

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8
Q

What type of parasite is giardia?

A

(Protozoa)

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9
Q

What is the most common coccidial parasite of dogs and cats?

A

(Isospora spp.)

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10
Q

What tests can be used to aid in diagnosing coccidia?

A

(Direct smear or fecal float)

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11
Q

What is the whipworm that affects dogs (genus and species)?

A

(Trichuris vulpis)

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12
Q

How are whipworms diagnosed?

A

(ID of egg on fecal float)

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13
Q

What is the treatment for whipworms?

A

(Fenbendazole for 3 days, repeat in 3 weeks and in 3 months)

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14
Q

How is canine parvovirus diagnosed?

A

(Fecal ELISA → snap test)

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15
Q

How is canine parvovirus treated?

A

(Supportive tx → fluids, electrolytes, nutrition, antiemetics, abx)

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16
Q

(T/F) The canine parvovirus fecal ELISA (snap test) can detect feline panleukopenia virus.

A

(T)

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17
Q

Is stress associated with large or small bowel diarrhea?

A

(Large, can be mixed)

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18
Q

Are colonic +/- urogenital diseases associated with tenesmus or dyschezia?

A

(Tenesmus)

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19
Q

Is hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism associated with constipation?

A

(Hypothyroidism)

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20
Q

What are three intraluminal causes of mechanical constipation?

A

(Foreign bodies, masses, and strictures)

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21
Q

What are three extraluminal causes of mechanical constipation?

A

(External masses, pelvic fractures, and pseudocoprostasis)

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22
Q

What electrolyte abnormalities can cause constipation?

A

(Hypokalemia and hypercalcemia)

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23
Q

Diets low in what substance can lead to constipation?

A

(Fiber)

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of obstipation in cats?

A

(Idiopathic megacolon)

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25
Q

Enemas containing what substance should not be used in dogs and cats in the treatment of constipation?

A

(Sodium phosphate → can cause severe hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hypernatremia)

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26
Q

How does bulk forming work as a laxative?

A

(By feeding lots of fiber → increases the fecal water content and can also improve colonic motility)

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27
Q

What two processes do lactulose laxatives stimulate to treat constipation?

A

(Stimulates colonic secretions and propulsive motility)

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28
Q

How do hyperosmotic laxatives work?

A

(By using poorly absorbed polysaccharides, water will be pulled into the lumen to soften the feces)

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29
Q

What are the two types of diets that animals can be placed on for long-term prevention of constipation?

A

(High fiber or low residue diets)

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30
Q

What drug is used as a colonic prokinetic and is used for megacolon or refractory constipation/obstipation?

A

(Cisapride)

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31
Q

What is the most common canine colonic neoplasia?

A

(Adenocarcinoma)

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32
Q

What is the term for the narrowing of the rectal lumen by fibrous or proliferative tissue?

A

(Rectal strictures)

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33
Q

How are rectal strictures treated?

A

(Balloon dilation or surgery)

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34
Q

What breed is most commonly affected by perianal fistulas?

A

(German shepherds)

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35
Q

What is the mainstay treatment for perianal fistulas?

A

(Immunosuppressive therapy)

36
Q

Rectal prolapses can occur at any age but are more common in what age group of animals?

A

(Young)

37
Q

What can be used to reduce the edema of a rectal prolapse to aid in the reduction and purse-string method treatment?

A

(Hypertonic saline or 50% dextrose)

38
Q

Why do you want to avoid resection and anastomosis as a treatment for rectal prolapse in cats?

A

(Cats are more likely to form a stricture)

39
Q

What two structures do you pexy in a colopexy?

A

(The descending colon and the left abdominal wall)

40
Q

What age and sex of dogs is associated with perineal hernias?

A

(Old male dogs)

41
Q

What are the four muscles related to the ‘pelvic diaphragm’?

A

(External anal sphincter muscle, levator ani, coccygeus, and internal obturator)

42
Q

What vessels and nerves are related to the ‘pelvic diaphragm’?

A

(Pudendal nerve and the caudal rectal nerve branch off of it, and the internal pudendal artery and vein)

43
Q

What two disorders combine to put an animal at risk for forming a perineal hernia?

A

(Weak pelvic diaphragm and something that causes straining)

44
Q

What is the main surgical treatment for perineal hernias?

A

(Perineal herniorrhaphy)

45
Q

Perianal adenomas are benign tumors of which glands of the anus?

A

(The circumanal glands)

46
Q

(T/F) Marginal excision of perianal adenomas is curative.

A

(T)

47
Q

What is the surgical treatment for recurrent or persistent anal sac problems?

A

(Anal sacculectomy)

48
Q

What stage of round and hookworms is pyrantel pamoate effective in killing?

A

(Adults)

49
Q

What is fenbendazole labeled for use against when used in dogs and cats?

A

(Hooks, rounds, whips, and Taenia tapeworms)

50
Q

(T/F) Though not labeled for use against Giardia, fenbendazole is widely used for the treatment of Giardia.

A

(T)

51
Q

What three drugs are combined in Drontal Plus?

A

(Pyrantel, febantel, and praziquantel)

52
Q

What drug is the only current effective drug against multidrug-resistant hookworms that is labeled for use in cats only but is used in dogs?

A

(Emodepside)

53
Q

Sulfadimethoxine and (although not approved for use in anything but horses) ponazuril are used to treat what parasite?

A

(Coccidia)

54
Q

(T/F) Toxocara cati can be transmitted by ingestion of eggs, transplacentally, transmammar-ily, and by transport (paratenic) hosts.

A

(F, not transplacentally, that is Toxocara canis)

55
Q

(T/F) Ancylostoma caninum can be transmitted percutaneously, transmammar-ily, by ingestion, and via paratenic hosts.

A

(T, cats (Ancylostoma tubaeforme) all the same except no transmammary)

56
Q

What is the primary disorder induced by the infection of puppies with Ancylostoma caninum?

A

(Anemia)

57
Q

Puppies need to be how old to have Ancylostoma caninum eggs in their feces?

A

(2 weeks old)

58
Q

What species of animal can be infected with Trichuris vulpis?

A

Dogs only

59
Q

Where does Trichuris vulpis live in an infected animal’s GIT?

A

(Large intestine)

60
Q

What is the common name for Trichuris vulpis?

A

(Whipworm)

61
Q

If a dog were to ingest a Trichuris vulpis egg, would that dog become infected?

A

(Yes)

62
Q

If a human were to ingest a Trichuris vulpis egg, would they become infected?

A

(No)

63
Q

What diagnostic test is used to diagnose Trichuris vulpis?

A

(IDEXX antigen test)

64
Q

How do you tell the difference between a packet of Dipylidium caninum eggs and an egg from ancylostoma?

A

(Size, Dipylidium caninum egg packets are much larger)

65
Q

If a dog were to eat a rodent with Taenia taeniaeformis hitching a ride, would the dog become infected?

A

(No)

66
Q

(T/F) Fleas are 100% necessary for Dipylidium caninum transmission and it cannot be transmitted without them.

A

(T)

67
Q

What is another name for inflammatory bowel disease?

A

(Steroid-responsive enteropathy)

68
Q

What type of diarrhea is caused by IBD?

A

(Small bowel malabsorptive +/- mixed)

69
Q

What can you possibly see on AUS of a patient with IBD though they can also be completely normal? Two answers.

A

(Intestinal thickening and lymphadenopathy)

70
Q

How is IBD diagnosed?

A

(Biopsy, histopath will show lymphoplasmacytic infiltration)

71
Q

What is the treatment for IBD in dogs

A

(Prednisone +/- other immunosuppressives)

72
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in dogs?

A

(Food hypersensitivity aka food responsive enteropathy)

73
Q

How do you diagnose food hypersensitivity?

A

(Diet trial – if they get better, coolio, if they don’t, return to start)

74
Q

Intestinal neoplasia is associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea.

A

(Small to mixed)

75
Q

What is the treatment for cats with alimentary small cell lymphoma and is the prognosis good or bad?

A

(Pred and immunosuppressive (chlorambucil); good prognosis)

76
Q

What is the treatment for cats/dogs with large cell lymphoma and is the prognosis good or bad?

A

(Chemotherapy; bad prognosis)

77
Q

Lymphangiectasia is associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea, although some dogs may not have any GI signs.

A

(Small)

78
Q

What additional clinical sign can indicate if a patient with lymphangiectasis also has a concurrent protein-losing enteropathy?

A

(Ascites)

79
Q

What is the treatment for non-idiopathic lymphangiectasia?

A

(Tx underlying disease and a low-fat diet)

80
Q

High/low (choose one) cobalamin and high/low (choose one) folate could be indicative of SIBO/ARD.

A

(Low cobalamin, high folate)

81
Q

Are Clostridium infections associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea?

A

(Large)

82
Q

What drugs can be used to treat Clostridium when increasing fiber does not work?

A

(Metronidazole or tylosin)

83
Q

What species does tritrichomonas induce large bowel diarrhea in that is typically malodorous?

A

(Cats)

84
Q

What is the treatment for tritrichomonas?

A

(Ronidazole)

85
Q

Fiber-responsive diarrhea is associated with small/mixed/large (choose) bowel diarrhea.

A

(Large)

86
Q

Sulfasalazine is used to treat what disorder? Be specific.

A

(IBD involving the colon)

87
Q

What induces the inflammatory response that characterizes histiocytic ulcerative colitis which is a disorder that affects primarily young boxers and french bulldogs, inducing large bowel diarrhea and anorexia?

A

(Escherichia coli)

E&E Exam 3 (8 decks)

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