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NAVLE > Small Animal - CVS > Flashcards

Small Animal - CVS Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

First degree AV block:

A
  • increased distance between P waves and QRS complex
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3
Q

2nd degree AV block

A

occasional p wave without a corresponding QRS complex

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4
Q

3rd degree AV block:
- what is it
- tx

A

no association between P waves and QRS complex (complete dissociation b/w pacemaker firing and ventricular contraction)

pacemaker

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5
Q

3 things that are associated with LV concentric hypertrophy

A
  1. systemic hypertension
  2. hyperthyroidism
  3. HCM
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6
Q

tests indicated for a patient with LV concentric hypertrophy

A
  1. BP measurement
  2. examination of fundus
  3. thyroid testing
  4. urinalysis (r/o renal dz that results in hypertension)
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7
Q

Pulmonic stenosis
1. what is it
2. signalment
3. key findings
4. treatment

A
  1. congenital defect that causes pressure overload of the RIGHT heart
  2. small breed dogs
    • characterized by sytolic murmur heard best over LEFT BASE
      - concentric hypertrophy of RV due to pressure overload
      - enlarged pulmonary artery
  4. balloon valvuloplasty
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8
Q

Aortic stenosis:
1. predispoed breeds
2. key findings
3. treatment
4. sequelae

A
  1. boxers
    • murmur heard best over LEFT BASE
    • concentric hypertrophy of LV
    • enlarged LV, LA, ascending aorta
  3. beta blockers (atenolol) w/ reduce the myocardial oxygen damnd which reduces ventricular arrythmias
  4. endocarditis
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9
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect in dogs?

A

PDA

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10
Q

PDA
1. signalment
2. what is it
3. key findings
4. treatment.

A
  1. young dogs
  2. failure of cductus closure after birth causing LEFT TO RIGHT shunting from aorta to pulmonary artery
    • continous loud (Washing machine) murmur at LEFT BASE,
    • enlarged left heart and pulmonary vasculature
    • bounding pulses
  4. ligation of ligamentum arteriosum.
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11
Q

What is the most common congenital defect in all species BUT the dog

A

VSD

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12
Q

VSD
1. what is it
2. what does it cause

A
  1. communication b/w LV and RV causing left to right shunting
  2. left- CHF, pulmonary hypertension
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13
Q

Tetralogy of fallot:
- its a congenital defect that causes what 5 things?

A
  1. pulmonic stenosis
  2. dextropositioned aorta
  3. rV hypertrophy
  4. VSD
  5. right to left shunting which results in polycythemia
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14
Q

what part of the heart becomes enlarged with tetralogy of fallot

A

RV

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15
Q

Myoxmatous mitral valve degeneration
1. who gets it

A

small breed older dogs

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16
Q

Tricuspid Dysplasia
1. predisposed breeds
2. clinical signs
3. key findings
4. prognosis

A
  1. Labs, GS, large breed MALES
  2. consisntent w/ right sided heart failure (ascites, hepatomegaly)
  3. enlarged right heart, murmur heard on RIGHT side
  4. guarded-poor
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17
Q

Pericardial effusion
1. key radiographic findings
2. treatment

A
  1. markedely enlarged globoid cardiac silhouette
  2. pericardiocentesis
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18
Q

what are contraindicated treatments in pericardial effusion, why?

A
  1. furosemide –> decrease preload and makes diastolic filling worsen
  2. atenolol –> decreases contractility
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19
Q

valves most commonly affected with endocarditis in dogs vs large animal

A

dogs - mitral and aortic valves

large animals - tricuspid and pulmonic valves

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20
Q

clinical signs of infective endocarditis

A
  • new murmur
  • waxing/waning fever
  • lameness
  • usually systemically ill
21
Q

what is DCM

A
  • pressure overload starting in the LV leading to eccentric hypertrophy and poor contractility
22
Q

different treatment options for DCM

A
  1. anti arrythmics
    - beta blockers (atenolol) - decreases contractility and HR
    - calcium channel blocker (diltiazem) - decrase HR and contractilty
  2. diuretic (spironolactone, furosemide) - vasodilation decreasing cardiac preload
  3. acei (enalparil, benazapril) - vasodilation and lowers BP
  4. pimobendane (vasodilation, incraeses myocardial contractilty and increased blood flow) - increases survival by 3m-1 year
23
Q

what is the treatment of HCM aimed at

A

improving diastolic filling by decreasing HR

24
Q

treatment options for HCM

A
  1. slow HR
    - Beta blocker
    - CCB
  2. for cases with severe LA enlargement or heart failure
    - acei (enalapril).
    - furosemide
    - preventing thromboembolic dz with aspirin or clopidogrel
25
Q

drug of choice for feline hypertension

A

amlopidine (CCB)

26
Q

treatment for canine hypertension

A
  1. enalparil (ACEi)
  2. amlopidine (CCB)
  3. sodium nitroprusside (acute mngt, can cause cyanide toxicity within 48hours)
27
Q

what can cause canine hypertension

A
  1. renal dz
  2. cushings
  3. pheochromocytoma
28
Q

common clinical signs of CHF in felines

A
  1. bradycardia
  2. hypotensive
  3. hypothermic
29
Q

commonly affected organs by hypertension

A
  1. heart
  2. brain
  3. bones
  4. eyes
30
Q

typical signs of right sided heart failure

A
  1. tachypnea
  2. hepatomegaly
  3. exercise intolerance
  4. muscle wasting
  5. lethargy, weakness, venous distension, ascites, peripheral edema
31
Q

what is FCE a common cause of

A

acute, non -pregressive spinal cord injuries

32
Q

clinical signs of FCE

A

acute, non-painful, non-progressive neuro deficits that are usually hemiparesisis

33
Q

what are poor prognostic indicators of FCE

A
  1. loss of pain perception
  2. LMn signs
34
Q

Afib
1. ecg findings

A

irregularly irregular rythm
variable R-R interval
no p waves

35
Q

treatment options for Afib

A
  1. atenolol (beta blocker)
  2. procainamide (class 1 anti arrythmic) - attempts to convert to normal sinus rhythm
  3. diltiazem (CCB)
  4. digoxin
36
Q

what arrythmia is DCM commonly associated iwth

A

afib

37
Q

what does taurine deficiency cause in cats

A

retinal degeneration
dcm

38
Q

What is electrical alternans and how is it supportive of a diagnosis of pericardial effusion

A

ecg finding where the height of the QRS complexes alternate due to physical swinging of the heart as it ocntracts within the pericardial effusion

39
Q

what is pulsus paradoxus and how is it supportive of a diagnosis of pericardial effusion

A

exaggerated decrase in arterial pulse quality during inspiration caused by increased right-sided filling at the expense of reduced left ventricular filing because the heart is constrained by the pericardial effusion

40
Q

ECG findings consistent with hyperkalemia

A
  • increased P-R interval
  • widened QRS
  • absent p waves
  • tall tented T waves
41
Q

which abnormal heart sound are you least likely to be able to auscultate in a dog?

A

1st degree av block

42
Q

what is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in dogs?

A

systemic hypoxia

43
Q

diagnostic tests for heartworm in dogs vs cats

A

dogs- HW antigen test (detects antigens from adult female worms only)

cats - antibody test (indicates exposure not necessarily infection)

44
Q

what radiographic findings are suggestive of heartworm?

A
  1. right sided cardiac hypertrophy
  2. prominent pulmonary arteries
45
Q

what is the treatment of heart worm in dogs

A

doxycyline for 30 days then 1month after doxycyline, give immiticide (melarsomaine) to limit effects of a large worm die off

46
Q

treatment of HW in cats

A

symptomatic with HW preventative, bronchodilators and/or corticosteroids until worms die (2-3 years). do not tolerate melarsomine well

47
Q

what primary organ is affected in cats with HW

A

lungs!

48
Q

why in an occulr heart worm infection in a dog would the knotts test be negative and the heartworm antigen test be positive

A

negative knots - can occur when single sex infection (female only), only immature adult worms are presnt, immune system cleared the microfilariae, or animal is on tx that clears the microfilariae

antigen test positive- sensitive and should be positive most of the time

49
Q
A

NAVLE (13 decks)

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