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NAVLE > Bovine 2 > Flashcards

Bovine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A young calf with acute onset of watery diarrhea will likely be in a state of ___________, _____________ (A/B disturbance), with _____________

A

hypovolemia (acalves of this age with severe diarrhea develop this!)
metabolic acidosis
hyperkalemia (potassium leaves cells due to metabolic acidosis)

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2
Q

What is the Pulmonary Artery Pressure test that can be used to diagnose high mountain disease?

A

done at 600ft or above on animals 12 months of age, <40mmHg pressure means LEAST susceptible animals

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3
Q

High Mountain Disease

A

Pulmonary hypertension & cor pulmonale

caused by genetic predisposition to developing pulmonary hypertension when oxygen tension is reduced

hallmarks: lethargy, distended jugular vein, ventral edema

other predisposing factors: stress, cold, weather, pregnancy

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4
Q

What test can be used on fluid to determine if it is in fact urine?

A

markedely elevated fluid creatitine levels or fluid to serum creatitine > 2:1

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5
Q

Why are urea and potassium not reliable indicators to tell if a fluid sample is in fact urine or not?

A

they can freely diffuse back into the blood and lymph and this means they may only be slightly elevated.

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6
Q

CSF changes with meningitis

A

increased protein and wbc’s which are mainly neutrophils

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7
Q

Listeriosis CSF changes

A

monocytosis

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8
Q

Polioencephalomalacia CSF changes

A

Lower wbc (5-50) and protein (50ish)

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9
Q

CSF changes associated with salt poisoning

A

None

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10
Q

Perilla mint

A

pneumotoxin (atypical pneumonia, mortality high, no good tx)

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11
Q

Ponderosa pine needles

A

Abortion last trimester, retained placentas

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12
Q

Lupine

A

crooked calf syndrome (athrogryposis, malpositioning in the uterus, cleft palate)

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13
Q

Night Shade

A

atropine containing plant causing CNS signs

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14
Q

Water hemlock

A

grand mal seizures, salivation, tachypnea, tachycardia, birth defects, death

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15
Q

Prevention options for coccidiosis in young ruminants

A

Lascaloid, monensin, amprolium, decoquinate, diclazuril, toltrazuril daily

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16
Q

Leptospira interrograns servorar Hardjo

A

Cattle are carriers
causes reproductive problems (infertility and abortion) and poor milk yield
to rid a herd of it must use vaccination to prevent new carriers and treatment to eliminate existing carriers (tetraycline)

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17
Q

Cyanide toxicity

A

blocks cellular respiration and blocks oxidative tranpsort

C/S within 10-15 minutes, bright red blood and MM, bitter almond smell

treatment options: sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate, methylene blue

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18
Q

Eimeria

A

coccidiosis

not zoontoic

infection via ingestion

fecal float to dx

treatment options: amprolium, monensin- & sulfa- containing drugs (sulfamethazine)

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19
Q

most food born illness in the states are caused by ____

A

viruses

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20
Q

What can cause teat leasions?

A

pseudocow pox

blue tongue virus

vesicular stomatitis

herpes mammilitis

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21
Q

Pseudocow pox

A

parapox virus
proliferative teat and udder lesions
zoonotic

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22
Q

Anaplasmosis

A

Anaplasmosis marginale

causes EXTRAVASCULAR hemolysis (thus no hemoglobinuria)

pale, icteric, febrile

decreased milk production

new introduction adult

treatment: oxytetracycline

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23
Q

for a gas filled rumen you will hear a boink sound extending to the ________ and for a LDA you will hear a ping heard to the ______

A

hip

last rib

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24
Q

What is the best way to achieve the goal of maintaining a BVD free herd in the future

A

before purchase, test all heifer replacements for BVD virus using IHC on a skin biopsy

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25
Q

Freemartinism

A

normal result of mixed-sex twins in cattle

occurs due to shared circulation of chorionic blood vessels in utero, which allows antimullerian duct hormone & testosterone from male fetus to inhibit the development of the female tract resulting in a short vagina that ends blindly without communication to the uterus

outcome usually results in heifer that is intersex, infertile with masculinized behaviour, non-functioning ovaries, and isgenetically XX/XY.
the bull is phenotypically normal

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26
Q

persistent infection of a bovine fetus with BVD virus is most likely to occur when the non-immune dam is viremic with a non-cytopathic biotype of BVD at what stage of gestation

A

day 50-150 (or 40-120 depending on source)

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27
Q

a necropsy of an aborted fetus shows enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, destructive lesions to the thymus, and evidence of chronic granulomatous infection. What is the most likely cause of this abortion?

A

Epizootic bovine abortion (foot hills abortion)

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28
Q

Epizootic bovine abortion (foot hills abortion)

A

Aborted fetus lesions: enlarged LN & spleen, destructive lesions to thymus, evidence of chronic granulomatous infection.

Etiological agent: Pajaroellobacter abortibovis (bacteria)

vector: tick (ornithodoros coriaceus)

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29
Q

Oat toxicosis:

A

renal and GI signs (tannins dmg the mucosa)
marked perineum and vulva edema
hemorrgaic diarhea, renal tubular necrosis
elevated RR, HR, normal recctal temps

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30
Q

classical finding of aspiration pneumonia

A

cranioventral lung disease

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31
Q

pneumothorax key finding

A

no audible lung sounds DORSALLY

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32
Q

what is the DCAD used to help rpevent hypocalcemia in the last 2-3 weeks prior to calving?

A

DCAD = (Na +K) - (Cl+S)

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33
Q

at what stage are placentomes palpable?

A

75-90d of gestation

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34
Q

at what stage of gestation are placentomes the size of a hlaf-dollar coin?

A

150 d

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35
Q

at what stage can you feel the fremitus uterine artery bilaterally

A

6-7m

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36
Q

difference in life cycle between Hypoderma lineatum & Hypoderma bovis?

A

L1 larvae of H. lineatum migrate to esophagus
L1 larvae of H. bovis migrate to epidural fat of spinal cord

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

type 2 vagal indigestion

A

failure of omasal transport and appears as enlarged fluid filled rumen (most often associated iwth traumatic reticuloperitonitis)

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38
Q

most common pathogen causing fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia

A

Mannheimia hemolytica

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39
Q

Gossypol

A

cardiotoxin

can kill calves <4m

adults if fet at high levels it causes sterility in bulls and decreased conception rates in cows

39
Q

what are the effects on chloride and acid-base balance when pyloric outflow is impeded in a ruminant?

A

decreased serum chloride (hypochloride) & mtabolic alkalosis
- result of intestines not being able to re-absorb chloride back into the blood stream after it is secreated into the abomasum

39
Q

what is a predisposing factor of actinomyces bovis

A

scabrous feeds

39
Q

Moldy sweet clover

A

inhibits vit K & causes coagulopathy

chemical involved: 4-ipopromeol

treatment: whole blood transfusion

39
Q

St. Johns wort

A

contains hypercin

results in photosensitivity

39
Q

tansy ragword

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloid

causes liver disease

39
Q

what dietary deficiencies result in neurological disorders?

A
  • vit A –> encephalopathy (convulsions, blindness)
  • copper –>demyleniation & pathologic fractures of the vertebrae
    thiamine –> polioencephalmolacia
39
Q

Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis

A

johnes disease
2-5 year old cattle
voluinous diarrhea
wasting
thin

40
Q

Groundsel

A

PA causes secondary photosensitization & liver failure

41
Q

ragwort

A

PA causes liver dz and photosensitization

42
Q

fiddleneck

A

PA

43
Q

chokecherry

A

cyanide-containing plant

44
Q

in paradoxic aciduria in cows, which ion is exchanged for sodium in the renal tubules?

A

hydrogen

45
Q

in paradoxic aciduria what chem changes would you see

A

hypochloremia, alkalotic, hypokalmeia

46
Q

what is a key feature if a cecal displacement or volvulus have occured

A

on rectal there will be a soft loaf of bread that you can get all the way around
ping high in the right flank

47
Q

signs of intussusception

A

colicky & scant dark red feces

48
Q

what is the current recomendation for cows diagnosed with mycoplasma bovi smastitis

A

cull - very poor response to tx

49
Q

Moniezia

A

tapeowrm found in young cattle

life cycle involves oribatid mites (live in soil, ingested by host)

non-pathogenic usually but may cause intestinal stasis

tx: niclosamide

50
Q

Salmonella dublin

A

causes septicemia in dairy calves 4-8 weeks of age

Typical lesions: serosal & SC petechial hemorrhages & heavy wet red lungs

collapse and sudden death

transmission: carrier cows to neonates at birth or via their milk

control measures: cull carriers and vaccinate calves

51
Q

how does Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis manifest in cows?

A

sores & abscesses mostly on lateral thorax, neck, flank, head
usually self resolving

52
Q

Penile warts

A

young bulls, common

bovine papilomma virus 1

can cause worts on teats and nose

very contagious, spread by contamination of equipment or directly from bul to bul

not associated with health problems

surgically remove and sexual rest for 2-3 weeks

53
Q

Key sign of coliform mastitis

A

serum like secretion with clots
systemic signs of illness

54
Q

key signs of truperella pyogenes mastitis

A

thick pus, cow not systemically ill

55
Q

key signs with stap aureus mastitis

A

systemic signs or gangrenous mastitis

56
Q

mycoplasma bovis treatment?

A

tulthromycin, enrofloxacin, gamithromycin

57
Q

where would you hear a ping if a omasum and abomasum torsion had occured?

A

lower on the right and infront of last rib

58
Q

cecal displacement or torsion finding

A

rectal - strucure that feels like a loaf of bred
right sided ping heard from last rib to the pelvis high up

59
Q

what toxin does E.coli O157:H7 produce?

A

Shiga-like toxin

60
Q

clinical signs of cows infected with E.coli 0157:H7?

A

None

61
Q

guidelines for infected joint?

A

total protein >4.5 g/dl
total nucleated count >25,000/ul
polymorphonuclear cell count >20,000/ul

62
Q

what is the treatment for FPT?

A

1-2l bovine plasma (20-40ml/kg bw)

63
Q

Metritis

A

usually occurs within 2 weeks of calving
characterized by calves that are off-feed, depressed, decreased milk production
fetid reddish-brown discharge
may have failure to pass placenta

64
Q

what are the risk factors associated with the development of metritis

A

retained fetal membranes, dystoica, stillbirth, twinning

65
Q

Actions of PGF2-alpha in cow that has not been obsereved returning to estrus since calving?

A

lyse CL

increase uterine motility

evacuate uterus

bring her into estrus

66
Q

treatment of anaphylaxis

A

oxygen, epinephrine, antihistamine, dexamethasone

67
Q

when is a chorioallantoic membrane slip first palpable in a heifer?

A

30-35 days

68
Q

Features of tetralogy of fallot

A

Dextropositioned aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy
pulmonic valve stenosis
ventricular septal defect

69
Q

what kind of placenta does the cow have

A

epithelio-chorial placenta

70
Q

nitrate toxicity treatment

A

methylene blue

71
Q

signs of bovine pyometra

A

few if any overt signs

72
Q

what is the most common supraventricular arrthythmia in cattle?

A

Atrial fibrillation
- usually occurs as result of idgestive disturbances (associated with vagal tone, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, calcium therapy)
- on ECG no p waves and irregular WRS

73
Q

What is a key sign of trichomoniasis in a cattle herd?

A

poor calving percentage but the cow and bull appear do not appear to be overally affected clinically

74
Q

Sarcocystis cruzi

A

Ruminant is IH
Dog is DH
clinical signs are non specific (fever, anorexia, salivation, muscle fasiculations, weight loss).
Diagnosis at necropsy (microscopic cysts in myocardium)

75
Q

What does Mycoplasma bovis cause in very young dairy calves

A

otitis media with aural discharge, head tilt, nystagmus, ataxia, facial nerve paralysis

76
Q

Mycoplasma bovis in older calves

A

resp disdease, tenosynovitis

77
Q

synchronizing of cows with PGF2-alpha

A

2 injections 11-14d apart. this ensures thos that had immature unresponsive Cl during the first shot are synchronized on the second shot.

78
Q

anaplasmosis is a _____–borne disease

A

tick

79
Q

when should calves be vaccinated for clostridial diseases

A

4-6m of age with killed vaccine

80
Q

why are post milking teat dips not effective for E.coli

A

its an environmental contaminant and not a contagious organism

81
Q

electrolyte abnormalities expected in cases of uroabdome?

A

hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperphosphatemia

would also see azotemia

82
Q

phosphorous levels less than 2.0mg/dl will most likely result in ______

A

hemolysis

83
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

gram negative obligate anerobic bacteria

normal component of rumen microflora

something causes spread of the organism which can go to the liver and release local toxins leading to damage and potential abscess formation

typical lesions: yellow and spherical with irrugular outlines

84
Q

Fasciola hepatica lesions

A

liver fluke of cattle
can cause liver lesions but appear more as tracks and/or hemorrahges. typically animals will have abdominal pain or jaundice acutely, chronically become anemic

85
Q

bracken fern

A

neurotoxic

can result in bone marrow suppression with chronic ingestion

can also cause tumors which manifest as hemorrhages, hematuria, and cancers int he bladder

86
Q

what should you use to raise rumen Ph of a cow with rumen acidosis?

A

magnesium oxide (becomes MgOH in rumen)

87
Q

clinical signs of CNX lesion

A

dysphagia, abnromal vocalizing, inspiratory dyspnea, megaesophagus

88
Q

clinical signs of CN VII lesion

A

asymmetry of facial expression

89
Q

clinical signs of CN V lesion

A

atrophy of masticatory muscles & inability to close mouth, loss of sensation of face

90
Q

Clinical signs of CN III lesions

A

unable to move eye in horizontal and vertical planes

91
Q
A

NAVLE (13 decks)

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