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Equine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the test for EIA and what is it testing for.

A

Coggins test
antibdoy

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2
Q

what are 2 cons of the coggins test

A
  1. in acute episodes often not adedquate production of antibody to detect by test
  2. in foals false positive can occur due to acquisition of antibody in colostrum
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3
Q

what neuromuscular condition results in involuntary exaggerated flexion/upward movement of the hindlimb that is usually bilateral? what is the tx?

A
  1. string halt
  2. lateral digital extensor tenectomy
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4
Q

what MSK issue causes the ability to simultaneously extend the hock and flex the stifle

A

ruptured peroneus tertius

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5
Q

what is the classical presentation for asacroiliac luxation/subluxation?

A

short strided gait (non specific), raised coup

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6
Q

classical presentation for upward fixation of the patella?

A

hind limb rigid in extension that is unable to flex, toe dragging

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7
Q

what doeds the auriculopalpebral nerve block do?

A

blocks motor innervation of the auriculopalpebral nerve (branch of facial nerve) primarily to orbicularis oculi allowing manipulation of EYELID

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8
Q

does auriculopalpebral nerve block provide any sensory denervation?

A

No, motor only

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9
Q

what does supraorbitalfrontal nerve block do?

A

blocks the branch of the opthalmic divison of the trigeminal nerve which desiniztes the middle 2/3s of the uppereyelid and forehead skin

(sensory not motor primarily)

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10
Q

Potomac horse fever:
1. causative agent
2. when does it usually occur
3. what does it cause
4. clinical signs
5. dx
6. tx
7. main differential

A
  1. neorickettsi risticii
  2. summer
  3. acute enterocolitis
  4. high fever, diarrhea, colic, LAMINITIS, dehyration, PROFOUND LEUKOPENIA
  5. PCR of blood or feces
  6. oxytetracycline
  7. salmonella (no laminitis)
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11
Q

How do you calculate the likelihood that an offspring will be born affected by a disorder if the disease is recessive?

A

multiply the chances of both parrents being carriers (given) and multiply that by 25% (rate of passage of both diseased alleles)

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12
Q

what is the most common cause of acute hepatitis or hepatic failure in horses and what is it normally associated with

A

Acute serum hepatitis (Theilers dz)

tetanus antitoxin

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13
Q

microscopic changes seen with theilers disease

A

widespread hepatic necrosis & inflammatory cells infiltrate w/ mononuclear cells & neutrophils in portal areas and prolifeation of bile ductules

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14
Q

clinical signs of theilers

A

acute depression, severe icterus, photosensitization, hepatoencephalopahty , pica

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15
Q

what are clinical signs of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity

A

nonspecific signs of liver dz including weight loss, icterus, photosensitization

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16
Q

whcih plants contain PA’s

A

senecio, crotalaria, heliotropium

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17
Q

diagnosis of PA toxicity

A

fibrosis, megalocytosis, bild duct proliferation (hyperplasia) on microscopy

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18
Q

what signs can gastrophilus (bot fly larvae) thatembed in mucosa of the equine stomach cause

A

none or mild gastritis

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19
Q

what are possible causes of hypothyrodisim in foals?

A

xs iodine intake by the mare or foal
inadequate intake by the foal or mare

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20
Q

what are resultant abnormalities of hypothyroidism inf oals

A
  • physeal dysgenesis
  • incoordination
  • limb deformities
  • tendon ruptures
  • stillbirths
  • weakknesss
  • death
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21
Q

what is the most commonly occuring congenital defect in horses?

A

ventricular septal defect

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22
Q

what are the typical PE findings of VSD

A

holostolic murmur heard bilaterally
PMI = right side

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23
Q

where is the point of maximum intensity that you would hear the charactersitic washing machine murmur associated with PDA

A

LEFT side b/w 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces

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24
Q

what is the lung worm of horses, who is the definitive host

A

Dictyocaulus arnfeldi
dh= Donkeys

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25
what species can Lawsonia intracellularis infect?
horses and pigs (and others technically)
26
what age is usually affected by Lawsonia intracellularis
weanling age
27
what does Lawsonia intracellular cause?
thickening of small intestine and hypoprotenemia (low protein = ventral edema
28
What would you expect to aspirate from an enlarged lymph node on a suspected strangles horse?
purulent inflammation gram positive cocci w/ large capsules
29
what are 4 possible complications of strangles
internal abcessation (bastard strangles) purpura hemorrhagica guttural pouch empyema septicemia/encaphlitis
30
What cytologic finding of BAL fluid would be supportive of recurrent airway obstruction in horses?
neutrophilic inflammation (normal BAL fluid= macrophges)
31
are horses with carpal hygroma lame?
not usually lame but restricted ROM of the joint
32
what is the treatment of carpal hygroma
surgical exploration and drain replacement
33
In the horse, how can you identify if an anemia is regenerative or not?
bone marrow aspirate
34
what are the shock organs of the horse
lungs (dyspnea/ severe resp disease) colon (diarrhea)
35
culicoides HS in horses is caused by ...
biting midge
36
what is the most common cause of blindness in the horse
equine recurrent uveitis
37
what are typical signs of equine recurrent uveitis
blepharospasm photophobia lacrimation miosis aqueous flare
38
what is the classical presentation of salmonella in horses
subclinical infection self limiting diarrhea acute diarrhea w/ endotoxemia
39
what is the treatment for chronic laminitis?
deep digital flexor tenotomy
40
what bacteria causes thrush
fusobacterium necrophorum
41
what is the most common parasitic cause of uveitis in the horse
onchocerca cevicallis
42
what does EHV-3 cause?
coital exanthema
43
what are the clinical signs of EHV3 and what is the tx
papules, pustules, ulcers on vestibular mucosa and vulvular skin/penis/prepuce usually spontaneous recovery wihtin 2 weeks
44
what do granulosa theca cell tumors cause? what are typical findings of them
infertility and abnormal sexual behaviour large multicystic ovary and atrophy of contralateral ovary
45
why can hepatic disease result in photosensitization in horses?
with hepatic dz the phylloerythin is depositited in the skin for UV light to react with and cause dermal damage
46
What does Tyzzers disease cause and in who?
acute necrotizing disease in foals (1-6wks)
47
what are typical BW findings of Tyzzers disease?
hyperfibrinogenemmia hypoglycemia elecated liver enzymes
48
what breed of horse is predisosed to developing combined immunodeficiency
arabians - heritable immunodeficwincy of B and t lymphocytes (no curatie tx)
49
what cells does anaplasma phagocytophilum affect
neutrophils
50
what can occur secondary to a strangles infection
guttural pouch empyema
51
ruptured longus capitus acan cause epiztaxis and varying degree of brainstem signs, where does this muscle insert
onto basiphenoid and occiptal bones
52
what causes guttural pouch mycosis
aspergillus
53
what can be damaged by guttural pouch mycosis and what are 3 typical signs
CN 7, 9 , 10, 11, 12; sympathetic trunk; internal carotid artery epistaxis, dysphagia, horners syndrome
54
signs of tetanus
lock jaw, quidding, dysphagia sweating edtended tail extensor rigidity
55
what is the equine round worm
parascaris equorum
56
what worm can cause intestinal impaction in foals
parascaris equorum
57
What are key findings in horses with renal failure?
hypercalcemia --> due to high amounts of calcium prsent in the diet hypophosphatemia --> due to high calcium
58
what is the normal position for an equine fetus ready to be delivered?
anterior presentation dorsosacral position forelimbs extended
59
what does pigment nephropthy occur as a result of
myositis/tying up
60
what can pigment nephropathy lead to?
neprhosis & susbequent renal fialure due to large amounts of myoglobin being filtered by the kidney
61
What does the PD nerve block do?
blocks palmar part of footat
62
what does the abaxial nerve block do?
blocks the foot, proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint)
63
what does the low 4 point nerve block do ?
blocks the foot, pastern joint, fetlock joint
64
what does the subcarpal nerve block do?
blocks the metacarpal region and below
65
what percentage of horses dry matter intake should be protein for an adult horse w/ maintenance requirements?
12%
66
what does fescue ingestion/toxicity cause in horses? why? how does it present?
reproductive failure in mares due to causing prolactin suppression results in thickened palcenta, dystocia, agalactia
67
what does red maple toxicity cause?
RBC lysis - icterus - heinz body anemia - hemoglobinuria/emia
68
clinical finidngs of pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity? what plants can cause this?
- senecio (ragworts) - crotalaria (rattle pods) - helioptropium (cherry pie) - megalocytosis, fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia
69
what does cantharidin ingestion cause?
colic
70
what are the radiographic hallmarks of navicular syndrome?
osteophyte formation bony remodelling enlarged vascular channels
71
do hygromas cause lameness?
no usually just reduced ROM
72
What type of HS is prupurua hemorrhagica?
3 (immune complexes deposit int he BV walls and vasculitis)
73
what are the common findings of purpura hemorrhagica
- anemia - hyperproteinemia - hyperfibrinogenmia- hyperglobulinemia - neutrophilia
74
what type of worm is oxycuris equi? how do you dx it? what is the tx?
- pin worm - scotch tape test - fenbendazole
75
what is the most common infectious cause of infertility in equids in the US?
streptococcus equi sbsp zooepidemicius
76
what does Tayroella equigenitalis cause?
contagious equine metritis
77
how long after parturition is a placenta considered retained in a horse?
3-6hrs
78
assocaited complications with a retained plaenta?
metritis laminitis
79
what is the treatment for a persistent CL that will allow a return to estrus in the mare?
PGF2-alpha
80
what is scratches?
a chronic seborrheic dermatitis of the plantar/palmar aspect of the pastern associated with wet/muddy environments
81
what causes summer sores?
hparonema or Draschia spp (Stomach worms of the horse)
82
how does summer sores occur
larvae in feces are ingested by maggots of flies w/ deposit them into suscpetible areas and cause eosinophilic granulomas
83
what are summer sores
eisonphilic granulomas caused by hapronema spp or draschia spp
84
what is the underlying pathophysiology of osteochondrosis in horses?
defect in the endochondral ossification
85
what is the most common pathologic arrythmia in horses? whats the tx?
afib quinidine
86
what is the most common non-pathlogic arrythmia in horses?
av block
87
Pigeon fever: 1. causative agent 2. what does it cause? 3. tx
1. corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 2. ulcerative lymphaginitis and abscesses in the pectoral region 3. aimed at hot packing the swellings and draininga bscesses
88
what are typical causes of crusting lesions?
pemphigus folliacious generalized granulomatous dz dermaptophilosis dermatophytosis
89
what type of worm is strongyle vulgaris and what is the treatment?
round worm pyrantel,, ivermectin, benzimadozles
90
what is a possible sequelae of strongylus vulgaris infections?
mesenteric artery thrombosis
91
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis: 1. predisposed breeds 2. what is it 3. clinical signs 4. treatment
1. QH 2. point mutation in a key part of skeletal muscle sodium channel subunit that causes the resting membrane potential to increase the likelihood of depolarizing and the xs potassium concentrations result in failure of sodium channels to activate (autuosomal dominant) 3. facial myotonia, 3rd eyelid prolapse (= main ones); sweating, muscle fasciulations, weakness, paralysis of resp muscles, death 4. directed at decreasing dietary potassium
92
what causes myotonia?
genetic component possible
93
what are the classic clinical signs of myotonia
- abnormal gait at initiation of exercise that diminishes - very heavily muscled
94
what is the electromyographic finding of myotonia that is pathognomonic
dive bomber sound produced by repetitive firing after contraction of affected muscles
95
What is the most common tumor in horses? is it benign or metastatic? what causes it?
sarcoids considered non-metastatic papillomavirus suspected
96
how can you treat sarcoids?
small lesions can be treated with benign neglect but will not regress advances lesions can be surgically excised but 50% recurrence rate
97
what is a cause of diarrhea that is seasonal and commonly associated with laminitis? what is the treatment
neoricketssi ricsticii (potomac fever) oxytetraycyline
98
what type of worm is trichostrongylus axei? clinical signs? tx?
round worm (sm stomach worm) chronic gastrointeritis tx: bendizamzoles or ivermectinw
99
what causes arteritis and thrombosis in horses
strongylus spp
100
when in pregnancy does a fetus become palpable
90-120d
101
Second degree av blocks: 1. who are they commonly seen in 2. does it cause issues?
1. athletic horses 2. not predisposed to electrical-mechanical dissociation
102
why are the use of corticosteroids contraindicated in a horse with IMHA that has a positive combs and coggins test?
because likely the cause of anemia is EIA retrovirus and corticosteroid tend to cause recrudesnce of viremia and worsen the anemiaw
103
which aminoglycoside is most nephrotoxic to horses?
neomycin > gentamicin > amikacin
104
what are clinical signs of uterine torsion?
- colic - frequent urination in late term mare - tight broad ligament coursing over uterus on rectal palp
105
what are 4 causes of icterus in horses?
clostridium piliformis (tyzzers) theilers anorexia hemolysis
106
what larvae are known to migrate through the portal veinand into the liver of a horse?
strongylus edentaus and equinus
107
what is the traetment of papilloma virus (i.e aural plaques)
topical imiquimod
108

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