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Renal > SM_187a: Body Fluid Compartments, Osmosis, and Basic Kidney Functions > Flashcards

SM_187a: Body Fluid Compartments, Osmosis, and Basic Kidney Functions Flashcards

1
Q

_____ of body fluid is intracellular, while _____ is extracellular

A

2/3 of body fluid is intracellular, while 1/3 is extracellular

(extracellular includes interstitial and plasma)

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2
Q

K+ predominates in ______ fluid

A

K+ predominates in intracellular fluid

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3
Q

Na+ predominates in ______ fluid

A

Na+ predominates in extracellular fluid

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4
Q

Small hydrophobic molecules ______ through the membrane

A

Small hydrophobic molecules freely diffuse through the membrane

(O2, CO2, N2, benzene)

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5
Q

Small uncharged polar molecules ______ through the membrane

A

Small uncharged polar molecules can diffuse through the membrane

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6
Q

H2O requires _______ to diffuse through the membrane

A

H2​O requires an aquaporin (protein channel) to diffuse through the membrane

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7
Q

Charged and polar solutes require ______, ______, or ______ to diffuse through the membrane

A

Charged and polar solutes require channels, transporters, or pumps to diffuse through the membrane

(ions and large uncharged polar molecules such as amino acids, glucose, and nucleotides)

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8
Q

Passive transport is driven by _____, while active transport requires ______

A

Passive transport is driven by gradients, while active transport requires metabolic energy (usually ATP)

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9
Q

Driving forces for diffusion are ______ and _______

A

Driving forces for diffusion are diffusion pressure (concentration gradient) and membrane potential (electrical gradient)

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10
Q

Water moves across a semipermeable membrane toward the direction of ______

A

Water moves across a semipermeable membrane toward the direction of higher solute concentration

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11
Q

Osmotic pressure is proportional to _______

A

Osmotic pressure is proportional to number of particles in solution

(an osmole is a unit of measure of osmotically active solute molecules)

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12
Q

Osmolality is expressed as ______

A

Osmolality is expressed as number of osmoles per kg of water

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13
Q

Serum osmolality can be estimated by:

A

Serum osmolality can be estimated by

2 * serum Na (mEq/L) + glucose (mg/dL) / 18 + BUN (mg/dL) / 2.8

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14
Q

Cells will _____ in hypotonic solution

A

Cells will swell in hypotonic solution

(RBCs will dessicate)

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15
Q

Cells will _____ in isotonic solution

A

Cells will not change in side in isotonic solution

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16
Q

Cells will _____ in hypertonic solution

A

Cells will shrink in hypertonic solution

(RBCs will lyse)

17
Q

Describe assumptions of the two chamber model to assess fluid losses and gains

A
  • Intracellular osmolality = extracellular osmolality
  • Water moves freely across membranes
  • Solutes (NaCl, NaHCO3, mannitol) do not move across membranes
18
Q

Describe the approach to assessing fluid losses and gains

A
  1. Identify change in ECF volume and osmolality - ∆ in solute and which compartment, ∆ in water
  2. Anticipate change in ECF osmolality
  3. Predict water movement between ECF and ICF
19
Q

Isosmotic fluid loss (secretory diarrhea)

  • ECF volume:
  • EFC osmolality:
  • ICF volume:
  • ICF osmolality:
A

Isosmotic fluid loss (secretory diarrhea)

  • ECF volume: decreases
  • EFC osmolality: no change
  • ICF volume: no change
  • ICF osmolality: no change
20
Q

Isosmotic fluid loss occurs in ______

A

Isosmotic fluid loss occurs in secretory diarrhea

21
Q

Pure water loss (dehydration, such as insensible water loss or diabetes insipidus)

  • ECF volume:
  • EFC osmolality:
  • ICF volume:
  • ICF osmolality:
A

Pure water loss (dehydration, such as insensible water loss or diabetes insipidus)

  • ECF volume: decreases
  • EFC osmolality: increases
  • ICF volume: decreases more than ECF volume
  • ICF osmolality: increases
22
Q

Pure water loss (dehydration) occurs in ______ and ______

A

Pure water loss (dehydration) occurs in insensible water loss and diabetes insipidus

23
Q

Hypoosmotic fluid loss (excessive sweating, diuretics)

  • ECF volume:
  • EFC osmolality:
  • ICF volume:
  • ICF osmolality:
A

Hypoosmotic fluid loss (excessive sweating, diuretics)

  • ECF volume: decreases more than ICF
  • EFC osmolality: increases
  • ICF volume: decreases
  • ICF osmolality: increases
24
Q

Hypoosmotic fluid loss occurs in ______ and ______

A

Hypoosmotic fluid loss occurs in excessive sweating and diuretics

25
Q

Summarize the effects of different types of fluid loss

A
26
Q

Isosmotic volume expansion (intravenous 0.9% NaCl: normal saline)

  • ECF volume:
  • EFC osmolality:
  • ICF volume:
  • ICF osmolality:
A

Isosmotic volume expansion (intravenous 0.9% NaCl, normal saline)

  • ECF volume: increases
  • EFC osmolality: no change
  • ICF volume: no change
  • ICF osmolality: no change
27
Q

Isosmotic volume expansion occurs with _____

A

Isosmotic volume expansion occurs with intravenous 0.9% NaCl (normal saline)

28
Q

Hypoosmotic volume expansion (intravenous 0.45% NaCl: half normal saline)

  • ECF volume:
  • EFC osmolality:
  • ICF volume:
  • ICF osmolality:
A

Hypoosmotic volume expansion (intravenous 0.45% NaCl: half normal saline)

  • ECF volume: increases more than ICF volume
  • EFC osmolality: decreases
  • ICF volume: increases
  • ICF osmolality: decreases
29
Q

Hypoosmotic volume expansion occurs with ______

A

Hypoosmotic volume expansion occurs with intravenous 0.45% NaCl (half normal saline)

30
Q

Acute water intoxication (oral, not IV)

  • ECF volume:
  • EFC osmolality:
  • ICF volume:
  • ICF osmolality:
A

Acute water intoxication (oral, not IV - pure water)

  • ECF volume: increases
  • EFC osmolality: decreases
  • ICF volume: increases more than ECF volume
  • ICF osmolality: decreases
31
Q

Acute water intoxication occurs with _____

A

Acute water intoxication occurs with oral intake of pure H2O

32
Q

Hyperoosmotic volume expansion (intravenous 3% NaCl)

  • ECF volume:
  • EFC osmolality:
  • ICF volume:
  • ICF osmolality:
A

Hyperoosmotic volume expansion (intravenous 3% NaCl)

  • ECF volume: increases
  • EFC osmolality: increases
  • ICF volume: decreases
  • ICF osmolality: increases
33
Q

Hyperoosmotic volume expansion occurs with _____

A

Hyperoosmotic volume expansion occurs with 3% NaCl

34
Q

Summarize the effects of the different types of fluid gain

A
35
Q

Describe the basic functions of the kidney

A
  • Waste management: nitrogenous wastes, acid (H+)
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance: water, acid-base, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
  • Regulation of extracellular fluid volume: regulation of blood pressure, Na+ balance
  • Endocrine: RAAS, natriuretic peptides, PTH, vitamin D, erythropoietin
  • Drug and hormone elimination: elimination of small peptides, clearance of insulin and other hormones, drug clearance

Renal (31 decks)

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