SM_186a: Kidney Anatomy Flashcards
_____ and _____ overlap with left kidney
_____ overlaps with right kidney
Area for spleen and tail of pancreas overlap with left kidney
Area for liver overlaps with right kidney
The upper pole of the left kidney is at the _______, while the upper pole of the right kidney is at the _______
The upper pole of the left kidney is at the 11th and 12th ribs, while the upper pole of the right kidney is at the 12th rib
Kidneys are located in the _______
Kidneys are located in the retroperitoneum
Kidneys are surrounded by _____ and _____
Kidneys are surrounded by fat and renal (Gerota’s) fascia
Renal capsule is ________
Renal capsule is connective tissue covering of the kidney
Hilum is _______
Hilum is entry/exit point for blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and renal pelvis
Cortex of kidney consists of _______, _______, and _______
Cortex of kidney consists of cortical labyrinth, medullary rays, and renal columns
- Cortical labyrinth: renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules of nephron
- Medullary rays: straight tubules and collecting tubules/ducts
- Renal columns: cortical regions that extend between pyraminds of medulla
The medulla consists of ______
The medulla consists of pyramids
- Pyramids: straight tubules, loops of Henle, and collecting ducts
- 8-18 pyramids in each kidney
- Base of each pyramid is located at the cortico-medullary junction
- Apex extends toward the renal pelvis, forming a papilla
Lobe is _____ and associated _____
Lobe is medullary pyramid and associated cortex
______ cap the papillae of pyramids and feed into ______, which feed into ______ and then the ______
Minor calyces cap the papillae of pyramids and feed into major calyces, which feed into the renal pelvis and then the ureter
Renal sinus is ______ and is ______
Renal sinus is space containing the renal pelvis, vessels, lymphatics, and nerves and is filled with fat that is contiguous with the perirenal fat
_____ is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
Nephron consists of ______ and ______
Nephron consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubules
Renal corpuscle consists of ______ and ______
Renal corpuscle consists of glomerular capillary tuft and Bowman’s capsule
(beginning of nephron)
In the renal corpuscle, ______ provide structural support and phagocytic function to keep the filtration membrane clean
In the renal corpuscle, mesangial cells provide structural support and phagocytic function to keep the filtration membrane clean
Renal corpuscle is the _____ part of the nephron
Renal corpuscle is the first part of the nephron
Describe Bowman’s capsule
Bowman’s capsule
- Encircling parietal layer
- Open Bowman’s (urinary) space
- Visceral layer of podocytes surrounding the glomerular capillaries
Describe the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle
Vascular pole
- Afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus
- Divides into glomerular capillaries
- Exists as afferent arteriole
Molecules are filtered based on ______ and ______ in the filtration apparatus
Molecules are filtered based on size and charge in the filtration apparatus
Filtration apparatus consists of ______, ______, and ______
Filtration apparatus consists of fenestrated endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries, foot processes of the podocytes (visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule) with slit diaphragms, and glomerular basement membrane
Describe the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle
Urinary pole
- Urine exits the Bowman’s (urinary) space
- Consists of the beginning of the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron
Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of _____
Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
Macula densa are ______
Macula densa are modified distal tubule cells that have darker staining cytoplasm and more crowded nuclei
Juxtaglomerular cells are ______
Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells associated with the arteriole (afferent > efferent)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates ______ by activating the ______
Juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Juxtaglomerular apparatus is located where ______
Juxtaglomerular apparatus is located where distal convoluted tubule returns to contact the renal corpuscle at the vascular pole
Describe the progression of the nephron
- Renal corpuscle
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Proximal straight tubule / thick descending limb of loop of Henle
- Thin descending limb of the loop of Henle
- Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
- Distal straight tubule / thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
- Macula densa
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collecting duct
- Cortical collecting duct (within medullary ray)
- Outer medullary collecting duct
- Inner medullary collecting duct
Kidney receives _____ of the cardiac output
Kidney receives 25% of the cardiac output
_____ of total renal blood supply goes to the cortex, while _____ goes to the medulla
90-95% of total renal blood supply goes to the cortex, while 5-10% goes to the medulla
Describe the progression of blood supply of the kidney
- Renal artery
- Segmental arteries (5)
- Interlobar arteries
- Arcuate arteries
- Interlobular arteries
- Afferent arterioles
- Glomerular capillaries
- Efferent arterioles
- Peritubular capillaries (in cortex) and descending vasa recta (in medulla)
Describe venous return from the kidney
- Interlobular veins and ascending vasa recta
- Arcuate veins
- Interlobar veins
- And so on
