SM52_CellularAdaptation

Question 1

Proliferation of breast tissue in a pregnant woman as well as calluses on an athletes palm are examples of what cell adaptation?

Answer 1

Hyperplasia

Question 2

_______ is the result of increased production of cellular proteins secondary to growth factors or mechanical stimulation

Answer 2

hypertrophy

Question 3

Neoplasms suffixes:
generally benign
malignant mesenchymal
malignant epithelial 
malignant lymphoid
malignant melanocytic

Answer 3

• oma
• sarcoma
• carcinoma
• lymphoma
• melanoma

Question 4

The suffix for change or transformation

Answer 4

-plasia

Question 5

suffix for nourishment

Answer 5

-trophy

Question 6

________ are reversible responses to normal physiological changes (puberty, pregnancy) or abnormal pathological stimuli (infection, toxins, injury)

Answer 6

adaptations

Question 7

Examples of conditionally dividing cells/tissues

Answer 7

Liver cells aka hepatocytes, kidney cells

Question 8

for tumors:

degree of histological differentiation =

extent of spread =

Answer 8

grade, stage

Question 9

Examples of cells with no capacity (or markedly limited capacity) to divide or enter cell cycle. The loss of these cells is permanent and lost tissue is replaced with ____

Answer 9

adult neurons, adult cardiac myocytes, adult skeletal muscle cells

scar tissue (collagen)

Question 10

Cellular response depends on cell types ______ and ____

Answer 10

differentiated state, ability to divide and replicate

Question 11

Exception to “oma” being benign suffix

Answer 11

Adenoma of the GI tract - not benign, but rather a dysplastic lesion that can evolve into invasive malignant neoplasms (carcinomas)

+ lymphoma and melanoma

Question 12

Dysplasia is characterized by:

Answer 12

accumulation of mutations
increases mitoses (dysregulated proliferation)
loss of cell uniformity
loss of architectural orientation
pleomorphism (variation in cell size and shape)
anaplasia (lack of differentiation)
increases nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

Question 13

Transformation of one differentiated cell type to another = ______

Increase in cell number = ______

disordered growth associated with exceeded adaption capacity= _______

unregulated clonal proliferation of abnormal cells associated with exceeded adaption capacity = ____

Answer 13

metaplasia, hyperplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia

Question 14

loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, tissue pressure/compression are all possible pathologic causes of _____

Answer 14

atrophy

Question 15

A decrease in cell size, cell number, and metabolic activity

Answer 15

atrophy

Question 16

Weight lifting –> increase in size of skeletal muscle cells. This is an example of what cell adaptation type?

Answer 16

hypertrophy

Question 17

T or F: all malignant epithelial neoplasms (carcinomas) are preceded by dysplasias

Answer 17

False; some, but not all are….

Question 18

A physiologic example of atrophy

Answer 18

many embryonic structures undergo atrophy during development

Question 19

Prefixes for neoplasms related to the following line of differentiation:

• glandular
• fatty
• bone
• cartilage

Answer 19

Adeno - glandular
Lipo - fatty
Osteo - bone
Chondro - cartilage