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MSK-Derm by Minnie > SM MSK Anatomy - Lower Limb, Femoral Triangle, Glute, Foot, Gait > Flashcards

SM MSK Anatomy - Lower Limb, Femoral Triangle, Glute, Foot, Gait Flashcards

SM 223a, Lab 2, Lab 3, Lab 4, Lab 5

1
Q

Which structure is labeled by #12?

Function?

Innervation?

A

Vastus lateralis

Knee extension (inserts on greater trochanter of femur)

Femoral nerve

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2
Q

What view of the femur is this?

A

Posterior view

(You can see the intercondylar notch in between the medial and lateral condyles)

Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B

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3
Q

Which structure is labeled by #12?

A

Semitendinosus

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4
Q

Which muscle is labeled by #4?

A

Piriformis

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5
Q

Which vessel is most likely to be damaged by a femoral neck fracture?

What is the consequence?

A

Medial femoral circumflex artery

This can lead to necrosis of the femoral head

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6
Q

Which gait phase is showin in picture 3?

Which muscles are active?

A

Mid stance

The foot on the ground is supporting the whole weight of the body

  • Quadriceps femoris is extending the knee as the body moves over the planted foot
  • Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, an dtensor fascia late are contracting to hold up the hip of the other (swinging) leg
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7
Q

Which structure is labeled by #9?

A

Semimembranosus

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8
Q

Which nerve supplies the big toe compartment of the foot?

What actions does it control?

A

Medial plantar nerve (branch of the tibial nerve)

Abduction and flexion of the hallux

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9
Q

Which structure is indicated by #2?

What is its primary function?

A

Piriformis

Lateral rotation of the hip

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10
Q

Which structure is labeled by #10?

What is its function?

What are its attachments?

A

Tibialis posterior

Foot inversion, plantarflexion

Tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane + sole of the foot (tarsals)

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11
Q

What are the components of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

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12
Q

Hip extensors are found in the _________ compartment of the thigh, and are supplied by the _________ nerve

A

Hip extensors are found in the posterior** compartment of the thigh, and are supplied by the **tibial (sciatic) nerve

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13
Q

Which structure is labeled by #2?

A

Inguinal ligament

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14
Q

Which structures are in group A?

A

Superficial femoral artery, and vein

Femoral nerve

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15
Q

Identify the structures of the lateral compartment of the leg.

What innervates them?

A

Fibularis longus (5)

Fibularis brevis (6)

Superficial fibular nerve

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16
Q

Which muscles acts to invert the foot?

A

Tibialis posterior, Tibialis anterior

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17
Q

What are the nerve branches of the lumbo-sacral plexus?

A
  • Obturator
  • Femoral
  • Superior gluteal
  • Inferior gluteal
  • Sciatic nerve
    • Tibial nerve
    • Common fibular nerve
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18
Q

Which structure is labeled by #5?

A

Tibial nerve

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19
Q

Which structure is labeled by #1?

A

Tibia

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20
Q

Which nerve supplies the areas indicated in yellow (#2 and #2a)?

A

2a is supplied by the saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve

Femoral nerve

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21
Q

A physician would like to block cutaneous nerves in order to remove a small subcutaneous lipoma from the medioanterior surface of the thigh. The branches of which nerve should be blocked?

A. sural

B. tibial

C. musculocutaneous

D. femoral

A

D. femoral

Supplies the anterior surface of the thigh. May also block branches fo the obturator nerve.

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22
Q

Which structure labels the anterior cruciate ligament?

Which structure labels the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament = #2

Posterior cruciate libament = #1

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23
Q

Which dermatomes are important for making the diagnosis of sciatica?

A

S1 and S2

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24
Q

Which structure is labeled by #3?

A

Femoral artery and femoral vein

Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.

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25
During which period of the gait is the gluteus medius most active? What is it doing?
Mid-stance It is pulling the torso over the weight-bearing leg so it doesn't droop to the swinging side
26
Hip adductors are found in the _________ compartment of the thigh, and are supplied by the ________ nerve
Hip adductors are found in the **_medial**_ compartment of the thigh, and are supplied by the _**obturator_** nerve
27
Which picture shows valgus knee? Which one shows varus knee?
A = valgus B = varus
28
Which areas are supplied by the femoral nerve?
Areas indicated in yellow and labeled #2 and #2a * #2 is supplied by the femoral nerve * #2a is supplied by the saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral nerve
29
Which is the best area (the one with the least possibility of overlap with other dermatomes) to test for normal sensation in the L1 dermatome?
Over the inguinal ligament (In the Anataomy Lab 2 ppt it says that this is FYI only, but one of the review questions was about this so...)
30
Which structure is labeled by #7? What is its function?
Medial collateral ligament Stabilizes the knee medially
31
Where will you find the neurovasculature of the posterior lower leg?
Deep to the soleus, superficial to flexor digitorum longus/tibialis posterior/flexor hallucis longus aka - between the superficial and deep compartments of the posterior leg
32
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Medial collateral ligament
33
Lateral compartment of the leg * Muscles: * Function: * Innervation:
Lateral compartment of the leg * Muscles: **Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis** * Motion: **Eversion of the foot**, plantarflexion (flexion) of the foot * Innervation: **Superficial fibular nerve (comes from sciatic)**
34
Which nerve supplies the little toe compartment of the foot? What actions does it control?
Lateral plantar nerve (branch of the tibial nerve) Abduction and flexion of the 5th digit
35
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Medial malleolus
36
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Medial epicondyle of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
37
Which structure is labeled by #10? Function? Innervation?
Short head of biceps femoris Hip extension, knee flexion Sciatic nerve (common fibular division)
38
Which structure is labeled by #17? What does it innervate?
Common fibular nerve Separates into the superficial fibular nerve (lateral compartment of the leg) and deep fibular nerve (anterior compartment of the leg)
39
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Iliacus | (Part of the iliopsoas)
40
Which vein is labeled by #2? Where does it join the deep venous system?
Greater saphenous vein Empties into the femoral vein at the saphenous opening (in the crease of the hip) (lesser saphenous vein = back of the leg, dumps into popliteal vein))
41
Which nerve is labeled by #21? What does it innervate?
Medial plantar nerve (branch of the tibial nerve) Flexor hallucis brevis, abductor hallucis, most medial lumbrical (analogous to the median nerve of the hand) The lateral plantar does everything else (like the ulnar nerve does in the hand)
42
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Anterior superior iliac spine
43
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Lateral malleolus (part of the fibula) *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
44
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Psoas major Part of the iliopsoas
45
Which actions are controlled by the inferior gluteal nerve?
Hip extension, lateral rotation The inferior gluteal nerve innervates the gluteus maxiumus
46
Which structure is indicated by #3? What is its primary function?
Quadratus femoris Lateral rotation of the hip
47
Which structure is labeled by #13?
Gracilis
48
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Popliteal artery
49
Which nerve is labeled by #3? What does it innervate?
Superficial fibular nerve (part of the sciatic nerve) Innervates the lateral compartment of the leg
50
#17 labels the plantar aponeurosis that has been removed. The view is immediately deep to this structure Describe the structure labeled by #11 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Flexor digitorum brevis** * Function: **Flex MTP and PIP in toes 2-5** * Attachments: **Calcaneal tuberosity, middle phalanges of toes 2-5** * Innervation: **Medial plantar nerve** (Branch of tibial nerve)
51
Posterior compartment of the leg * Motion: * Innervation:
Posterior compartment of the leg * Motion: **Flexion** aka **Plantarflexion** * Innervation: **Tibeal** **nerve (comes from sciatic)**
52
Which number labels the greater trochanter? Which muscle makes this mark?
9 Gluteus medius and minimus
53
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Adductor magnus
54
Which structure is labeled by #10?
Quadriceps femoris tendon All of the muscles of quadriceps femoris come together to form the quadriceps tendon
55
Which structure is labeled by **B?** Which movements occur here?
Upper ankle (talocrural) joint Flexion and extension
56
Which structure is circled?
Medial collateral ligament of the ankle
57
Which muscles insert into the IT band?
Gluteus maximus, tensor fasciae latae
58
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Calcaneus
59
What kind of bone is labeled by #1?
Distal phalanx of the foot | (This is the 5th distal phalanx)
60
Which structures are labeled by #13?
Extensor digiotorum brevis
61
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Iliofemoral ligament
62
What muscle "unlocks" the knee?
Popliteus
63
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Adductor magnus
64
Which structure is labeled by #16? What does it innervate?
Tibial nerve Posterior compartment of the leg
65
Describe the structure labeled by #8 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Quadratus femoris** * Function: **Extension, external rotation of the femur** * Attachments: **Ishcial tuberosity, femur** (Intertrochanteric crest) * Innervation: **Sacral plexus** (L5, S1)
66
Which structure is labeled by #18?
Gastrocnemius (lateral head)
67
Which structure is labeled by #20?
Tendon of extensor hallucis longus | (#8 = extensor hallucis longus)
68
What kind of bone is labeled by #8?
Proximal phalanx of the foot | (This is the 1st proximal phalanx)
69
Which structures are labeled by #12?
Tendons of extensor digitorum longus | (Extensor digiotorum longus = #7)
70
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Iliotibial tract
71
Describe the hip flexors * Primary muscles: * Nerve:
Hip flexors * Primary muscles: **Iliopsoas, rectus femoris** * Nerve: **Femoral**
72
Which muscles are important for lateral balance of the trunk during walking or running?
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus (Abduction to pull the trunk back over the leg)
73
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Lesser trochanter of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
74
Which structure is labeled by #15
Medial head of gastrocnemius
75
Which gait phase is showin in picture 2? Which muscles are active? What are the joints doing?
Loading response * Quadriceps femoris to prevent knee from flexing completely (this would cause us to collapse) * Eccentricallly active * Gluteus maximus and hamstrings extend the hip * Knee flexes passively to accept the weight of the body (shock absorption)
76
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Posterior tibial artery
77
A patient has lost feeling between their hallux and 2nd toe. Which nerve is damaged? Which other functions should you test?
Deep fibular nerve Innervates the anterior compartment of the leg, becomes cutaneous between the hallux and 2nd toe Test toe and ankle extension (dorsiflexion); More proximal injuries to the ulnar nerve will cause weakness with these movements
78
Which structure is labeled by #11?
Extensor digitorum longus
79
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Ischial tuberosity
80
Which structure is labeled by #14?
Tibialis posterior | (Also #11)
81
Describe gluteus maximus * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
Gluteus maximus * Function: **Thigh extension, external rotation**, abduction (superior fibers), adduction (inferior fibors) * Attachments: **Sacrum, ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, iliotibial tract, femur (gluteal tuberosity)** * Innervation: **Inferior gluteal nerve** (L5 to S2)
82
Describe the highlighted muscle * Collectively: * Function: * Part 1: * Attachments: Iliac crest, lesser trochanter of femur * Innervation: Femoral nerve * Part 2: * Attachments: Vertebrae, lesser trochanter of femur * Innervation: Ventral rami of spinal nerves * Part 3:
* Collectively: **Iliopsoas muscle** * Function: **Hip flexion** * Part 1: **Iliacus** * Attachments: Iliac crest, lesser trochanter of femur * Innervation: Femoral nerve * Part 2: **Psoas major** * Attachments: Vertebrae, lesser trochanter of femur * Innervation: Ventral rami of spinal nerves * Part 3: **Psoas minor**
83
If a patient cannot flex their hip, which nerve is most likely injured?
Femoral nerve Innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh; necessary for hip flexion and knee extension
84
Which structure is labeled by #11?
Adductor magnus
85
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Femoral artery
86
Which actions are controlled by the obturator nerve?
Hip adduction Obturator innervates the medial compartment of the thigh (where the hip adductors live)
87
Which artery is labeled by **C**?
Lateral circumflex artery (goes to the anterior side) Medial circumflex artery goes to the posterior side
88
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Biceps femoris
89
Which structures make up the illiopsoas?
1 - Psoas major 2 - Psoas minor 3 - Iliacus
90
Which structure is labeled by #13?
Tibia
91
Which structures are in group C?
Deep femoral artery and vein
92
Which structure is circled?
Lateral collateral ligament of the ankle
93
Which vessel is labeled by #9? Where does it come from? What does it supply?
lateral plantar artery * Branch of the posterior tibial artery * Lateral sole of the foot and toes * Contributes to the plantar arch (18), which anastomosis wtih the dorsalis pedis
94
The foot plantarflexes and extends (dorsiflexes) at the ___________ joint and inverts and everts at the ____________ joints
The foot plantarflexes and extends (dorsiflexes) at the **_upper ankle**_ joint and inverts and everts at the _**lower ankle and transverse tarsal_** joints
95
A 61-year-old male presents with symptoms of intermittent claudication in his left leg (pain/cramping in muscles due to blockage or narrowing of their arterial supply). Coronal maximum-intensity projection from a high-resolution magnetic resonance angiogram demonstrates a complete occlusion (large white arrow) with a large collateral (arrowhead) of the _____________ artery. His right leg is normal ## Footnote A. Common femoral B. Deep femoral C. Superficial femoral D. Popliteal E. Lateral femoral circumflex
C. Superficial femoral
96
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Medial head of the gastrocnemius (Triceps surae = gastrocnemius (5, 6) + soleus (7)
97
Which structure is labeled by #15?
Flexor digitorum longus (Also #12) Flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus cross each other at the heel
98
Which artery is labeled by #19?
Posterior tibial artery Branch of the popliteal artery (6)
99
Which structure is labeled by #7? Function? Innervation?
Rectus femoris Hip flexion, knee extension Femoral nerve
100
Which structure is labeled by **F?**
5th metatarsal
101
What actions are controlled by the superior gluteal nerve?
Hip abduction, lateral balance Innervates gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
102
Which compartment of the leg is supplied by the deep fibular nerve? What actions does this nerve control?
Anterior compartment * Ankle extension (dorsiflexion) * Toe extension (dorsiflexion) * Ankle inversion
103
Which structure is labeled by #9?
Extensor digitorum longus
104
Which strucutre is labeled by #6?
Semitendinosus
105
Which structure is labeled by **E?**
Shaft of the femur
106
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Lateral head of the gastrocnemius (Triceps surae = gastrocnemius (5, 6) + soleus (7)
107
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Patella
108
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Extensor hallucis longus
109
Which structure is labeled by #1? Which vessels can you see through this structure?
Saphenous opening Inside we can see the femoral artery and femoral vein
110
Which nerve is labeled by #5? What does it innervate? Where does it come from?
Sural nurve Provides sensory information in the calf region Made up of branches from the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve (Which come from the sciatic nerve) =\> Sciatic nerve pain can radiate to the calf
111
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Adductor longus
112
Which structure is labled by #2? (Flexor digitorum brevis has been reflected)
Flexor digitorum longus
113
Which joint is indicated by the red line? (#3)
Lower ankle aka subtalar joint
114
If a patient cannot extend (dorsiflex) their ankle, which nerve is most likely injured?
Deep fibular nerve Innervates the anterior compartment of the leg
115
Which nerve supplies the interossei of the foot? What actions does it control?
Lateral plantar nerve (branch of the tibial nerve) * Abduction of the toes * Adductionof the toes * Flex the MCP joints * Extend the IP joints
116
The structures outlined in purple are collectively called the...
Tarsals
117
A twenty five year old man receives a gunshot wound to the calf. The emergency room physician is concerned about damage to the vessels of the leg. The examiner pictured below is testing for patency of which vessel?
**Posterior tibial artery** The posterior tibial artery passes posterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia. This is where the posterior tibial artery passes through the tarsal tunnel
118
Which structures stabilize the knee medially?
* Medial (aka tibial) collateral ligament * Tendons of the “pes anserinus” * Semitendinosus * Gracilis * Sartorius
119
Which nerves of the lower leg originate primarily from the sacral region?
Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Sciatic (tibial and fibular) (Others are from lumbar)
120
Which structure is labeled by #8? List the names of each part (#9-#12)
Quadriceps femoris * 9: Vastus intermedius * 10: Rectus femoris (only part of quadriceps that flexes the hip) * 11: Vastus medialis * 12: Vastus lateralis *Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.*
121
Loss of sensation in the toes may indicate damage to which nerve?
Fibular nerve (superficial branch) The fibular nerve supplies the areas in blue, labeled #4 or #4a
122
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Head of the fibula *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
123
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Calcaneus
124
Which structure is labeled by #19?
Extensor hallucis brevis
125
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Prevents the tibia from sliding anteriorly relative to the femur
126
What is the purpose of the calcaneal tendon
Calcaneal tendon = Achilles tendon Attaches the gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads) and the soleus to the calcaneus This allows these muscles to felx (plantarflex) the foot)
127
What kind of bone is labeled by #7?
Metatarsal | (This is the 1st metatarsal)
128
What is the most common type of ankle sprain?
Injury to the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle Caused by hyperinversion
129
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Patella
130
Which strucutre is labeled by #7?
Semimembranosus
131
Which structure is labeled by #5? What is its function?
Posterior cruciate ligament Prevents the tibia from sliding too far backward
132
Describe the hip adductors * Primary muscles: * Nerve:
Hip adductors * Primary muscles: **Adductor group** * Adductor longus * Adductor magnus * Adductor brevis * Gracilis * Nerve: **Obturator**
133
Describe the posterior compartment of the leg * Muscles: * Actions: * Nerve: * Skeletal landmarks (attachments):
Posterior leg * Muscles: * Superficial: **Triceps surae** (Gastrocnemius) * Deep: **Flexor digitorum longus**, triceps surae (Soleus) Flexor hallucis longus, Tibialis posterior * Actions: * Superficial: **Plantarflexion of the ankle** * Deep: **Plantarflexion of the foot and toes,** inversion of the foot * Nerve: * **Tibeal nerve (comes from sciatic)** * Skeletal landmarks (attachments): * **Heel of calcaneus, medial malleolus of tibia**
134
Which muscles make up the deep posterior leg? What are their functions?
Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Plantarflex the foot, flex the toes Tibialis posterior inverts the foot at the ankle
135
Which view of the lower leg is this?
Posterior view *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
136
Which nerve is labeled by #3? What does it innervate?
Superficial fibular nerve Innervates the lateral compartment of the leg
137
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Medial meniscus
138
Which gait phase is showin in picture 1? Which muscles are active?
Initial contact * Quadriceps femoris is extending the knee * Hamstrings are preventing hyperextension * Eccectrically active
139
Which structure is labeled by #17
Tendon of tibialis anterior | (#6 = tibialis anterior)
140
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Gracilis
141
Which is the best area (the one with the least possibility of overlap with other dermatomes) to test for normal sensation in the S1 dermatome?
Pinkie toe (digit 5) (In the Anataomy Lab 2 ppt it says that this is FYI only, but one of the review questions was about this so...)
142
Which nerve runs with the lesser saphenous vein?
Sural nerve
143
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Greater trochanter of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
144
What causes IT band syndrome?
Friction between teh iliotibial band and the greater trochanter and/or the lateral condyle of the femur
145
The exercise depicted below (moving from position 1 to position 2) primarily involves contraction of the _________ muscles. Which nerve supplies these muscles?
The exercise depicted below (moving from position 1 to position 2) primarily involves contraction of the **_hip adductor_** muscles. Supplied by the **obturator** nerve
146
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Lateral condyle of the femur (Articulates with lateral condyle of the tibia) *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
147
Which structure is labeled by #26?
Fibular artery
148
A 75 year old woman fell and landed on her hip. The given X-ray reveals fragmentation of her proximal femur. Which of the following muscles is pulling on the detached piece of femur displacing it? ## Footnote A. Gluteus maximus B. Ilopsoas C. Rectus femoris D. Gluteus medius E. Adductor magnus
D. Gluteus medius Greater trochanter is fractured; the gluteus medius inserts here
149
What kind of bone is labeled by #9?
Distal phalanx of the foot (This is the 1st distal phalanx) The hallux does not have a middle phalanx
150
Which joint is indicated in red?
Upper ankle joint Articulaton between tibia, fibula, and talus
151
Which structure is labeled #4?
Calcaneus
152
List the pathway of the vein on the tibial side of the lower limb, from its most proximal point to its entry into the deep venous system
* Dorsal venous arch * Passes in front of the medial malleolus * Greater saphenous vein * Through saphenous opening * Femoral vein (part of the deep venous system)
153
If a patient cannot adduct their hip, which nerve is most likely injured?
Obturator nerve Innervates the medial compartment of the thigh, where the adductors live
154
Describe the medial rotators of the hip * Primary muscles: * Nerve:
Medial rotators of the hip * Primary muscles: **Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus** * Nerve: **Superior** **gluteal**
155
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Iliofemoral ligament
156
Which areas are supplied by the fibular nerve?
Areas indicated in blue and labeled #4 or #4a
157
Anterior compartment of the leg * Motion: * Innervation:
Anterior compartment of the leg * Motion: **Extension** aka **Dorsiflexion** * Innervation: **Deep fibular nerve (comes from sciatic nerve)**
158
Which number labels the ischial tuberosity? Which muscle makes this mark?
26 Hamstrings (except short head of biceps femoris)
159
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Medial meniscus of the knee
160
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Extensor digitorum longus
161
Which structure is labeled by #11?
Tibialis posterior | (Also #14)
162
Which structures together make up the gastrocnemius?
5 - Lateral head 6 - Medial head (Gastrocnemius heads + soleus = triceps surae)
163
Which structure is labeled #2?
Fibula
164
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Gluteus maximus
165
Describe varus knee
The knee is displaced laterallly Weight bearing results in further bowing (Picture B)
166
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Soleus (Triceps surae = gastrocnemius (5, 6) + soleus (7)
167
If a patient cannot flex their knee, which nerve is most likely injured?
Tibial nerve Innervates the posterior thigh and posterior leg
168
Which blood vessels supply the dorsum of the foot?
Dorsalis pedis (11), arcuate artery (19), deep plantar artery (15) These are branches from the anterior tibial artery
169
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Lesser trochanter of the femur
170
Which structure is labeled by #14?
Tibeal tuberosity
171
Which structure is labeled by **F?** Which muscle attaches here?
Adductor tubercle Adductor magnus
172
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve
173
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Extensor digitorum longus
174
Which artery is labeled by **D**?
Superficial femoral artery
175
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Ischial spine *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
176
List the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg What is their innervation? Which artery supplies them?
* Tibialis anterior (4, 14) * Extensor digitorum longus (5, 10) * Extensor hallucis longus (12, 16) Deep fibular nerve Anterior tibial artery
177
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Common iliac vein
178
Which nerve is labeled by #2? What does it innervate?
Common fibular nerve * Lateral leg via superficial fibular nerve (26) * Anterior leg via deep fibular nerve (24)
179
Which areas are supplied by the tibial nerve?
Areas indicated in purple and labled #5 or #5a
180
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Greater trochanter of the femur
181
Which structure is labeled by #2? What is its function? What is its innervation?
Gluteus medius ​Hip abduction Superior gluteal nerve
182
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Iliotibial tract
183
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Medial malleolus (of the tibia) *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
184
Which structure is labeled by #11?
Gastrocnemius (medial head)
185
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Flexor digitorum longus
186
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Patelar ligament
187
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active?
Pre-swing * Adductor longus * Rectus femoris
188
Which gait phase is showin in picture 4? Which muscles are active?
Initial swing * Rectus femoris and iliopsoas flex the hip to swing it forward * Hamstrings flex the knee to shorten the swing leg (The next panel would be quadriceps femoris contracting to extend the knee later in the swing)
189
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Deep fibular nerve (Also #1 - both branches are the deep fibular nerve)
190
Describe triceps surae * Muscles + Attachments: * Location: * Function: * Innervation:
* Muscles: * **Medial head of gastrocnemius** * **​**Femur + Calcaneus via calcaneal (achilles) tendon * **Lateral head of gastrocnemius** * **​**Femur + Calcaneus via calcaneal (achilles) tendon * **Soleus** * Tibia, fibula + Calcaneus via calcaneal (achilles) tendon * Location: **Superficial posterior compartment of the leg** * Function: **Flex the foot (plantarflex) the foot** * Innervation: **Tibial nerve**
191
Which structures together make up the triceps surae?
5 - Lateral head of the gastrocnemius 6 - Medial head of the gastrocnemius 7 - Soleus
192
Which nerve is labeled by #2? Which compartment does it innervate?
Femoral nerve Innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh
193
Which bones make up the upper ankle joint? Describe teh movement at this joint
Tibia, fibula, talus Hinge joint Flexion and extension only (Inversion and eversion occur at the subtalar (aka lower ankle) joint)
194
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Flexor hallucis longus The only muscle of the deep posterior leg that descends posterior to the posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve
195
Which structure is labled by #10? (Flexor digitorum brevis has been reflected)
Abductor hallucis
196
Which movement shows eversion? Which shows inversion? Which ligament is stretched in each motion?
* A = inversion * Stretches the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament * B = eversion * Stretches the medial (deltoid or tibular) collateral ligament
197
Which nerve supplies the areas indicated in purple (#5 or #5a)?
Tibial nerve
198
What kind of bone is labeled by #3?
Proximal phalanx of the foot | (This is the 5th proximal phalanx)
199
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Tibial tuberosity
200
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Anterior tibeal artery | (Also #7)
201
Which structures are labeled by #3? What do they supply?
Inferior gluteal artery, vein, and nerve Supplies the gluteus maximus
202
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Ischiofemoral ligament
203
Describe the lateral rotators of the hip * Primary muscles: * Nerve:
Lateral rotators of the hip * Primary muscles: **Gluteus maximus, small rotators** * Nerve: **Inferior gluteal** (Gluteus maximus), **various** (small rotators)
204
Which structure is labeled by **H?**
Navicular (boat shaped, aritculates with the talus)
205
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Lateral malleolus (part of the fibula) *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
206
Describe structure #5 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Piriformis** * Function: **External rotation, abduction, extension of thigh, stabilize hip joint** * Attachments: **Sacrum, greater trochanter of femur** * Innervation: **Sacral plexus** (S1, S2)
207
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Medial condyle of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
208
Which structure is labeled by #11? (Where the artery and vein are emerging)
Adductor hiatus The popliteal artery and vein are emerging through it The femoral artery and vein become the popliteal when they cros through the adductor hiatus
209
Which structure is labeled by #9? What is its function?
Quadriceps femoris tendon Connects quadriceps femoris to the patella
210
Which structure is labeled by #12?
Extensor hallucis longus
211
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active? What are they doing?
Initial swing * **Biceps femoris** * Flex the knee * **Anterior leg muscles** (dorsiflexors aka extensors) * Prevent toe from draging * **Iliopsoas + rectus femoris** * **​**Flex the hip
212
What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?
Prevents the tibia from sliding posteriorly relative to the femur
213
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Extensor hallucis longus
214
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Ilium (body of th ilium) *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
215
Which nerves of the lower leg originate primarily from the lumbar region?
Femoral and obturator (Others are from sacral)
216
What is this gait called? Damage or weakness in which structures might cause this?
Trendelenbrg gait Caused by any of the following on the side of the hip that is _raised_ * Gluteus medius or minimus weakness * Superior gluteal nerve damage Results in the person leaning toward the side of the weakness or damage
217
Which structure is labeled by #12?
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
218
Which structure is labeled by #3? What is its function
**Plantar aponeurosis** Thick layer of fascia deep to the skin of the sole of the foot; **supports the longitudinal arch of the foot** Inflammation -\> **plantar fasciitis**
219
Which structure is labeled by #11? Function? Innervation?
Biceps femoris Hip extension, knee flexion 9: Long head; sciatic nerve (tibial division) 10: Short head, sciatic nerve (common fibular division)
220
Which structure is labeled by #12?
Patellar ligament Attaches patella to tibial tuberosity
221
What kind of bone is labeled by #2?
Middle phalanx of the foot | (This is the 5th middle phalanx)
222
Describe the structure labeled by #16 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Abductor hallucis** * Function: **Abdux the hallux** * Attachments: **Calcaneus, proximal phalanx of the hallux** * Innervation: **Medial planter nerve** (Branch of the tibial nerve)
223
What is a sesamoid bone?
A bone that develops within a tendon | (ex: patella)
224
Which structures form the ball and socket part of the hip joint?
Acetabulum of the pelvis Femoral head
225
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Sciatic nerve
226
If a patient cannot flex their knee, which nerve is most likely injured?
Tibial nerve Innervates the posterior thigh and posterior leg
227
Which structure is labeled by #2? What is its function?
Anterior cruciate ligament Prevents the tibia from sliding anteriorly relative to the femur
228
Which is the best area (the one with the least possibility of overlap with other dermatomes) to test for normal sensation in the L5 dermatome?
Medial side of the second toe (In the Anataomy Lab 2 ppt it says that this is FYI only, but one of the review questions was about this so...)
229
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Pubis (medial portion of the pubis) *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
230
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Transverse ligament of the knee
231
Which muscle is labeled by #3?
Gluteus minimus
232
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Biceps femoris (Short head)
233
Identify the ischial tuberoisty
234
Which structure is labeled by #14?
Tibial tuberosity
235
Which structure is labeled by **C?** Which muscles attach to it?
Lesser trochanter of the femur Iliopsoas
236
What are the functions of the cruciate ligaments?
The cruciate ligaments act to prevent anterior-posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur. * ACL – prevents tibia from sliding forward * PCL – prevents the tibia from sliding backward
237
Which structures are labeled by #6?
Gemellus superior and inferior
238
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Adductor brevis
239
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active? What are they doing?
Mid swing * **Hip flexors** (Iliopsoas, rectus femoris) * **Dorsiflexors** (extensors) * Prevent foot from slapping down
240
The bones of the knee joint (Tibia, fibula, femur) do not fit snugly together. Which pieces of cartilage improve this fit?
The medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
241
Describe the hip extensors * Primary muscles: * Nerve:
Hip extensors * **Hamstrings** - Sciatic nerve * Tibeal portion, except short head of biceps femoris (common fibular nerve) * **Gluteus maximus -** Inferior gluteal nerve
242
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active? What are they doing?
Mid-stance * **Gluteus medius** - prevents the pelvis on the swinging leg from dropping; contract to keep the torso above the leg on the ground, rather than drooping over the swinging leg * **Gastrocnemius, soleus** - Late mid-stance as we get ready to push off of the foot?
243
Which structure is labeled by #20? What is its function?
Popliteus It unlocks the knee (Note: the knee locks when you fully extend it and put weight on it; this decreses the muscular effort required for standing)
244
Which artery is labeled by **E**?
Popliteal artery
245
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Lateral condyle of the tibia *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
246
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Lateral epicondyle of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
247
Which structures are labeled by #4? What do they supply?
Superior gluteal vein, artery, and nerve Supply gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
248
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Medial epicondyle of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
249
During a softball game a ball hits a player on the lateral side of the knee. She presents with the inability to dorsiflex her foot. What nerve is damaged?
Deep fibular nerve -\> inability to dorsiflex the foot However, if she is hit in the lateral knee, the **common fibular nerve** is likely injured; it has not yet split into its superficial and deep branches. **Eversion of the foot is likely absent as well.**
250
Which areas are supplied by the obturator nerve?
Areas indicated in orange and labeled #3
251
Which structures are labeled by #9?
Extensor digitorum brevis
252
Describe the muscle shown in this picture * Muscle + Attachments * 1. * 2. * 3. * 4. * Function: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Hamstrings** * 1. **Semimembranosus** * **​**Ischial tuberosity, medial condyle of tibia * 2. **Semitendinosus** * Ischial tuberosity, tibial tuberosity * 3. **Biceps femoris (long head)** * **​**Ischial tuberosity, lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula * 4. **Biceps femoris (short head)** * **​****​**_Femur_, lateral condyle of tibia, head of fibula * Function: **Extend hip, flex knee** * Innervation: **Sciatic nerve** * Tibial tract for all except the short head of biceps femoris
253
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Lateral epicondyle of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
254
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Talus
255
Which structure is labeled by#5?
Tibial nerve Runs alongside the tibeal artery
256
Which structures is labeled by #7? What does it supply?
Sciatic nerve Supplies the **back of the thigh** and **all of the leg** * Tibial tract * Most of the posterior thigh, except the short head of biceps femoris * Posterior leg (deep and superficial compartments * Fibular tract * Short head of biceps femoris * Anterior leg (deep fibular nerve) * Lateral leg (superficial fibular nerve)
257
Identify the pubis
258
Describe the structure labeled by #10 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Adductor longus** * Function: **Adduct the femur, stabilize the hip joint** * Attachments: **Pubis, femur** * Innervation: **Obturator** (L2-L4)
259
What are the primary ligaments of the ankle?
* Lateral (fibular) collateral * Injured during hyperinversion * Medial (deltoid or tibial) collateral * Injured during hypereversion
260
Which actions are controlled by the superficial fibular nerve?
Ankle flexion Ankle eversion The superficial fibular nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg
261
Label the boundaries of the femoral triangle * A: * B: * C: Label the structures within the femoral triangle * 1: * 2: * 3:
Label the boundaries of the femoral triangle * A: Inguinal ligament * B: Sartorius * C: Adductor longus Label the structures within the femoral triangle * 1: Femoral nerve (most lateral structure) * 2: Femoral artery * 3: Femoral vein (most medial structure)
262
Which vessel is labeled by #3? Where does it join the deep venous system?
Great saphenous vein Empties into the femoral vein at the saphenous opening (#1)
263
If a patient cannot invert their ankle, which nerves might be injured?
Tibial nerve and/or deep fibular nerve Both participate in ankle inversion
264
Which strucutre is labeled by #3?
Biceps femoris
265
Which actions are controlled by the tibial nerve?
* Hip extension * Knee flexion * Ankle, toe flexion * Plantarflexion * Ankle inversion * Toe adduction and abduction Tibial nerve innervates the posterior thigh and leg
266
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Deep femoral artery *Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.*
267
Hip flexors are found in the _________ compartment of the thigh, and are supplied by the ________ nerve
Hip flexors are found in the **_anterior**_ compartment of the thigh, and are supplied by the _**femoral_** nerve
268
Which structures comprise the rotator cuff of the hip?
* Hip extensors * Gluteus maximus * Lateral rotators * Piriformis * Quadratus femoris * Hip Abductors * Gluteus medis * Gluteus minimus
269
Where is the fibular nerve most likely to be injured? What deficits will result?
As it winds around the fibula At this point, it is the common fibular nerve; both superficial and deep branches will be affected * Loss of superficial fibular nerve -\> loss of lateral leg muscle function (fibularis longus and fibularis brevis) * -\> loss of foot eversion * Loss of deep fibular nerve -\> loss of anterior leg muscle function (extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and tibialis anterior) * -\> Loss of foot and ankle extension (dorsiflexion) - \> Foot drop/slapping gait
270
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Dorsalis pedis artery (Branch off of the anterior tibeal nerve)
271
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Psoas minor | (Part of the iliopsoas)
272
Which structure is labeled by #6
Obturator foramen *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
273
Which structure is labeled by #13?
Gracilis
274
Which structure is labeled by #2
Talus
275
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Lesser trochanter of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
276
Identify the iliac crest
277
A former ballet dancer shows severe arthritic change in the talus and all bones that articulate with it. Which bone has been spared? ## Footnote A) Calcaneus B) Cuboid C) Fibula D) Navicular E) Tibia
B) Cuboid (Note: The tarsals were not listed in the structures we had to know, but this was one of the review questions in the slide)
278
What features of the hip joint limit its range of motion in comparison to the shoulder joint?
* Deep socket of the acetabulum * Tight articulation between the femoral head and the acetabulum * There is more overlap between the femoral head and the acetabulum than between the head of the humerus and the glenoid * Thick, strong intrinsick ligaments * Iliofemoral and ischiofemoral
279
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Common fibular nerve
280
Cardiac catheterization is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart. The femoral artery is often utilized for this purpose. The pulses of the femoral artery will be felt... ## Footnote A. Medial to the femoral nerve B. Medial to the femoral vein C. Medial to the femoral canal
A. Medial to the femoral nerve Pulses are felt in arteries The femoral artery (2) is between the femoral nerve (1) and the femoral vein (3)
281
Which compartment of the leg is supplied by the superficial fibular nerve? What actions does this nerve control?
Lateral compartment Ankle eversion
282
Which view of the lower leg is this?
Anterior view *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
283
Which nerve supplies the areas indicated in blue (#4 and #4a)?
Fibular nerve
284
Which nerve is labeled by #1? What does it innervate?
Saphenous nerve Provides sensory innervation to the skin along the saphenous vein (Surface of the medial leg, medial malleolus, part of the sole of the foot)
285
Which number labels the lesser trochanter? Which muscle makes this mark?
20 Iliopsoas
286
List the pathway of the vein on the fibular side of the lower limb, from its most proximal point to its entry into the deep venous system
* Dorsal venous arch * Passes behind the lateral malleolus * Lesser saphenous vein * Through popliteal fossa * Popliteal vein (part of the deep venous system)
287
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Lateral condyle of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
288
Which strucutre is labeled by #2?
Vastus lateralis
289
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Rectus femoris | (Part of quadriceps femoris)
290
Which structure is indicated by #1? What is its primary function?
Gluteus maximus Hip extension
291
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Lateral head of gastrocnemius
292
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Tibialis posterior In the lower leg, it sits between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus However, flexor digitorum longus crosses both tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus as it descends behind the medial malleolus (but anterior to the tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery)
293
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Calcaneus
294
The nerves on the dorsal side of the foot are branches of the ____________ nerves
The nerves on the dorsal side of the foot are branches of the **_superficial and deep fibular_** nerves
295
Which structure is labeled by #11?
Patella
296
Which nerve is labeled by #16? What does it innervate?
Deep fibular nerve * Anterior compartment of the leg * Becomes cutaneous between the hallux and 2nd toe =\> sensory innervation * Testing sensation between the hallux and 2nd toe can test the integrity of the deep fibular nerve
297
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Fibularis brevis | (#8 = tendon of fibularis brevis)
298
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Tensor fasciae latae
299
The saphenous nerve is a terminal branch of the ______ nerve
The saphenous nerve is a terminal branch of the **_femoral_** nerve
300
Loss of sensation in the medial thigh and medial leg may idicate damage to which nerve?
Femoral nerve (Yellow, #2 and #2a) #2 = femoral nerve #2a = saphenous nerve, a branch of the femoral
301
Which vein is labeled by #4? Where does it join the deep venous system?
Lesser saphenous vein Empties into the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa
302
Which structure is labeled by #12? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
Flexor digitorum longus (Also #15) Flex (plantarflex) the foot and toes Tibia, distal phalanges (Analagous to flexor digitorum profundus of hand) Tibial nerve
303
A girl steps on piece of glass and reports loss of sensation on the lateral third of the sole of the foot. What muscle is also likely paralyzed? ## Footnote A) Third lumbrical B) Fibularis longus C) Flexor hallucis brevis D) First lumbrical E) Abductor hallucis
A) Third lumbrical The lateral plantar nerve is damaged; it innervates all of the lumbricals except the first lumbrical (The medial plantar nerve innervates flexor hallucis brevis, first lumbrical, and abductor hallucis; the lateral plantar nerve does everything else)
304
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active? What are they doing?
Terminal swing * **Quadriceps femoris** * Exend the knee * **Hamstrings** * Prevent hyperextension of the knee * **Ankle dorsiflexors (extensors)** * **​**Prevent foot from slapping down * **Iliopsoas, rectus femoris** * Flex the hip
305
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Ischial spine
306
If a patient cannot abduct their hip, which nerve is most likely injured?
Superior gluteal nerve Innervates gluteus medius and minimus; necessary for hip abduction
307
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Adductor longus
308
What is the difference between the patellar tendon and the patellar ligament?
Patellar tendon: Attatches quadriceps femoris to the patella Patellar ligament: Attaches the patella to the tibia
309
Which structure is labeled by #10?
Popliteal artery and vein
310
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Ischial tuberosity *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
311
Where in the gluteal region are intramuscular injections made? Why?
Superiolateral region Avoid damage to nerves and vessels
312
Damage to which nerve would result in pain or sensory loss on the medial side of the lower leg?
Saphenous nerve Cuteneous branch of the femoral nerve Note: This would not result in any motor deficit
313
Which structure is labled by #3? What is their action? (Flexor digitorum brevis has been reflected)
Lumbricals Flex MTP and extend PIP and DIP joints of the toes They attach to the tendons of flexor digitorum longus
314
Describe the hip abductors * Primary muscles: * Nerve:
Hip abductors * Primary muscles: **Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus** * Nerve: **Superior** **gluteal**
315
Describe the muscle labeled by #4 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Tibialis anterior** * Function: **Foot dorsiflexion (extension) and inversion** * Attachments: **Tibia, medial foot** * Innervation: **Deep fibular nerve**
316
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Head of the tibia *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
317
Which structure is labeled by #15?
Flexor hallucis brevis
318
Which structure is labeled #1?
Tibia
319
If a patient cannot climb stairs, which nerve is most likely injured?
Inferior gluteal nerve Innervates gluteus maximus; necessary for hip extension and lateral rotation
320
Which structure is indicated by #5? What is its primary function?
Gluteus medius Hip abduction
321
Which structure is labeled by **A?**
Acetabulum | (Head of the femur is right there too)
322
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Iliac crest
323
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Femoral vein
324
Which structure is labeled by **I?**
Tibia
325
Identify the ischium
326
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Iliotibial tract
327
Which structure is labeled by #10
Tibialis anterior
328
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Lateral meniscus
329
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Tibialis anterior
330
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Neck of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
331
Which structure is labeled by #10? Which nerve runs alongside it?
Posterior tibial artery Tibial nerve
332
What is the purpose of most of the muscles and ligaments of the foot?
Support the longitudinal and transverse arches
333
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Medial condyle of the tibia *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
334
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Iliac crest *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
335
What view of the femur is this?
Anterior view (Patellar surface is at the bottom between the medial and lateral condyles) *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
336
Which structure is labeled by **E?**
Cuboid | (Most inferior tarsal)
337
Which structure is labeled by **B?**
Great saphenous vein | (In the superficial fascia)
338
Describe the structure labeled by #4 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Fibularis longus** * Function: **Evert the foot,** plantarflex (flex) the foot * Attachments: **Fibula, Medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal** * **​**Forms a sling underneath the foot * Innervation: **Superficial fibular nerve**
339
Which structure is labeled by #7? What innervates it?
Gastrocnemius Tibial nerve
340
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Internal iliac vein
341
Which structure is labeled by #9?
Vastus medialis | (Part of quadriceps femoris)
342
Which structure is labeled by **G?**
Lateral epicondyle
343
Which spinal nerves supply the lumbo-sacral plexus?
L2 - S3
344
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Inferior vena cava
345
Which nerve runs with the greater saphenous vein?
Saphenous nerve
346
Which artery is labeled by **B**?
Common femoral artery
347
Which structure is labeled #3?
Talus
348
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Tibial tuberosity *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
349
Which structure is labeled by #9?
Medial malleolus of the tibia
350
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Popliteal vein
351
Which nerve supplies the lumbricals of the foot? What actions does it control?
1st and 2nd lumbrical - Medial plantar nerve 3rd and 4th lumbrical - Lateral plantar nerve * Flex MCP * Extend IP
352
What actions are controlled by the deep fibular nerve?
* Ankle and toe extension * Dorsiflexion * Ankle inversion
353
Which structure is labeled by #7? What does it innervate?
Saphenous nerve Skin of the medial leg *Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.*
354
A girl falls off a bicycle and gets a cut immediately posterior to the medial malleolus. Which of the following structures might be damaged? ## Footnote A) Tendon of the tibialis anterior muscle B) Tendon of the fibularis (peroneus) longus muscle C) Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve D) Sural nerve E) Tibial nerve
E) Tibial nerve
355
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Femoral nerve
356
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active? What are they doing?
Terminal stance * **Gastrocnemius, soleus** * **​**Flex (plantarflex) the foot at the ankle joint to push of the ground and into the next step
357
Which nerve is labeled by #8? What does it innervate?
Lateral plantar nerve Adductor hallucis, lateral lumbricals, interossei, quadratus plantae (Analogous to the ulnar nerve - it innervates all of the intrinsic muscles of the foot except the most medial)
358
Which structure is labeled by #10?
Popliteus
359
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Femoral nerve (Innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh) *Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.*
360
If a patient cannot evert their ankle and has weakness with plantarflexion (flexion), which nerve is most likely injured?
Superficial fibular nerve Innervates the lateral compartment of the leg Note: the tibeal nerve also participates in ankle flexion (plantarflexion), but does not participate in ankle eversion
361
Which structure is labeled by #4
Soleus
362
Which structure is labeled by **C?** What movements occur here?
Lower ankle (subtalar) joint Eversion and inversion
363
Which view of the foot is this?
Plantar (inferior) view
364
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Head of the fibula *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
365
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Iliotibeal tract
366
A physician asks a patient to stand on his tiptoes so she can evaluate lower limb function. What nerve is she evaluating? Which muscles?
Tibial nerve - innervates the posterior compartment of the leg * **Triceps surae** * **Gastrocnemius** * **Soleus** * Flexor digitorum longus * Tibialis posterior * Flexor hallucis longus
367
Which structure is labeled by **H?**
Medial epicondyle
368
Which vein is labeled by #2? Where does it join the deep venous system?
Great saphenous vein Empties into the femoral vein at the saphenous opening (in the crease of the hip)
369
The sural nerve is a terminal branch of the ________ nerve
The sural nerve is a terminal branch of the **_tibial and fibular_** nerves
370
After an auto accident a woman presents with a foot that is dorsiflexed and everted. Knee extension is normal, but she cannot stand on her toes. She has little sensation on the distolateral part of her calf. What nerve is damaged? ## Footnote A) Common fibular B) Deep fibular C) Femoral D) Superficial fibular E) Tibial
E) Tibial
371
Describe the posterior compartment of the thigh * Muscles: * Actions: * Nerve: * Skeletal landmarks (attachments):
Posterior compartment of the thigh * Muscles: **Hamstrings** * **​Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris** * Actions: **Hip extension, knee flexion** 1. Nerve: **Sciatic (tibeal),** fibular for short head of biceps femoris * Skeletal landmarks (attachments): **Ischial tuberosity**
372
Describe valgus knee
The knee is displaced medially | (Picture A)
373
Which structure is labeled by **G?** Which movements occur here?
Transverse tarsal joint Talus + navicular and calcaneus + cuboid Inversion and eversion
374
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Sartorius
375
What kind of bone is labeled by #4?
Metatarsal | (This is the 5th metatarsal)
376
Which structure is labeled by #11?
Tendon of fibularis brevis
377
Which structure is labeled by #4? | (The part of the bone)
Head of the fibula
378
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Pectineus
379
Which structure is labeled by #13?
Flexor hallucis longus | (Also #16)
380
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Anterior superior iliac spine | (Part of ilium)
381
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Calcaneal tendon
382
The tendon of what muscle inserts at the location labeled above? 1. Gluteus medius 2. Gluteus maximus 3. Iliopsoas 4. Rectus femoris
a. Gluteus medius (and minimus)
383
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Greater trochanter of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
384
Which structure is labeled by **A?**
Talus
385
Which structures make up the hamstring?
3 - Biceps femoris 6 - Semitendinosus 7 - Biceps femoris
386
Which actions are controlled by the femoral nerve?
Hip flexion, knee extension Femoral nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh
387
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Adductor magnus
388
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Fibularis brevis | (Also #6)
389
What view of the foot is this?
Dorsal (superior) view
390
Which structures are labeled by #6? What are their more distal destinations?
Femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve Femoral artery and femoral vein will pass through adductor hiatus on their way to the posterior leg/popliteal fossa Saphenous nerve will travel with the great saphenous vein to innervate the skin of the medial leg *Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.*
391
Identify the ischial spine
392
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Common fibular nerve
393
Describe the structure outlined in blue (middle outlined structure) * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation
* Muscle: **Adductor longus** * Function: **Adduct the thigh** * Attachments: **Pubis, femur** * Innervation: **Obturator nerve** Other superficial adductors in this picture: Yellow = pectineus Green = gracilis
394
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active? What are they doing?
Initial contact (heel-strike) * **Quadriceps** - knee extension * **Hamstrings** - eccentric action to prevent the leg from hyperextending * **Dorsiflexors (extenstors)** - dorsiflex the foot to prevent it from slapping * Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
395
Which muscle is labeled by #1?
Gluteus medius
396
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Saphenous vein
397
List the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh. Which nerve supplies this compartment?
* Pectineus * **Adductor longus** * Gracilis * Adductor brevis * **Adductor magnus** Supplied by the obturator nerve
398
Which strucutre is labeled by #4?
Medial malleolus
399
Which structure is labeled by #5?
External iliac vein (Femoral vein becomes external iliac vein when it crosses from the leg into the pelvis
400
The tibial tuberosity has its own secondary ossification center and it may separate to varying degrees from the tibial shaft in a physically active adolescent (Osgood-Schlatter’s disease). Which muscle inserts on the tibial tuberosity causing the pull of the epiphysis away from the tibial shaft? ## Footnote A. Adductor magnus B. Iliopsoas C. Quadriceps femoris D. Sartorius E. Gracilis
C. Quadriceps femoris
401
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Iliac crest
402
Which structure is labeled by **D?** Which muscles attach to it?
Ischial tuberosity Hamstrings
403
Which artery is labeled by **A**?
Deep femoral artery
404
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Ischium (body of the ischium) *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
405
What type of gait deviation might yous ee in someone with a common fibular nerve injury?
Foot drop The muscles of the anterior (dorsiflexor) compartment will not work, so they cannot hold the foot up; it will slap to the ground Eversion will also be lost
406
Which structure is labeled by #6? Function? Innervation?
Sartorius Hip: Flexion, abduction external rotation Knee: Flexion, internal rotation Femoral nerve
407
Describe the lateral compartment of the leg * Muscles: * Actions: * Nerve: * Skeletal landmarks (attachments):
Lateral leg * Muscles: **Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis** * Actions: **Eversion of the foot, some plantarflexion** * Nerve: **Superficial fibular nerve (comes from sciatic)** * Skeletal landmarks (attachments): * **Head of fibula, lateral malleolus**
408
Which structure is labeled by **D?**
Calcaneus
409
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Medial malleolus (part of the tibia) *Fig. 56.3 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 27.1 A, 27.1 B.*
410
List the labeled structures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Gluteus Medius 2. Piriformis 3. Gemellus 4. Quadratus Femoris 5. Adductor Longus
411
Describe the anterior compartment of the leg * Muscles: * Actions: * Nerve: * Skeletal landmarks (attachments):
Anterior leg * Muscles: * **Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus** * Actions: * **Extension (dorsiflexion) of the ankle, inversion of the ankle** * Nerve: * **Deep fibular nerve (comes from sciatic)** * Skeletal landmarks (attachments): * **Lateral malleolus, medial malleolus of tibia**
412
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Fibularis longus | (Also #5)
413
Which nerve is labeled by #8? What does it innervate
Tibial nerve Innervates the posterior compartment of the leg (superficial and deep)
414
A physician suspects that a patient has a herniated disc that is affecting the 4th lumbar spinal nerve (L4). Which is the best area (the one with the least possibility of overlap with other dermatomes) for the physician to test for normal sensation in the L4 dermatome? ## Footnote A. The medial surface of the big toe B. The anterior surface of the knee C. The gluteal fold D. The lateral malleolus
A. The medial surface of the big toe (In the Anataomy Lab 2 ppt it says that this is FYI only, but one of the review questions was about this so...)
415
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Greater trochanter of the femur
416
Describe the highlighted muscle * 1: * 2: * 3: * Which part of the larger muscle is hidden? * Which highlighted muscle acts to flex the hip? * What function do all of these muscles share?
Quadriceps femoris * 1: Vastus lateralis * 2: Rectus femoris * 3: Vastus medialis * Hidden: Vastus intermedius * Hip flexor: Rectus femoris * All: Knee extension
417
Which structure is labeled by #8? What is its function?
Patellar ligament Attaches the patella to the tibial tuberosity
418
Which structure is indicated by #4? What is its primary function?
Gluteus minimus Hip abduction
419
List the 7 phases of the gait cycle
1. Initial contact 2. Loading response 3. Mid-stance 4. Terminal stance 5. Pre-swing 6. Mid-swing 7. Terminal swing
420
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Inguinal ligament *Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.*
421
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Vastus laterais | (Part of quadriceps femoris)
422
Which structure is labeled by #29? Which nerve follows this artery?
Anterior tibial artery Deep fibular nerve
423
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Lateral meniscus of the knee
424
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Fibularis longus
425
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Obturator nerve Innervates the medial compartment of the thigh (adductors) *Fig. 59.7 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, second edition, Fig. 29.34 B.*
426
Which structure is labeled by #16?
Flexor hallucis longus (Also #13) Note: Flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus cross each other at the heel
427
Which vessel is labeled by #20? Where does it come from? What does it supply?
Medial plantar artery Branch of the posterior tibial artery Medial sole of the foot and toes
428
Which structure is labeled by #1? What is its function?
Posterior cruciate ligament Prevents the tibia from sliding posteriorly relative to the femur
429
Which structure is labeled by #11?
Flexor hallucis longus
430
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Adductor magnus
431
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Ischial spine
432
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Talus
433
Which bones make up the lower ankle (subtalar) joint? Describe the movement at this joint
Talus, calcaneus Inversion and eversion (Flexion and extension take place at the upper ankle joint)
434
Which nerve supplies the area indicated in orange (#3)?
Obturator nerve
435
Which strucutre is labeled by #5?
Sartorius
436
Which structure is labled by #9? (Flexor digitorum brevis has been reflected)
Flexor hallucis longus
437
Which structure is labeled by #1?
1st proximal phalanx
438
Which is the best area (the one with the least possibility of overlap with other dermatomes) to test for normal sensation in the S2 dermatome?
Back of the thigh (In the Anataomy Lab 2 ppt it says that this is FYI only, but one of the review questions was about this so...)
439
Which structure is labeled by #16?
Soleus
440
Describe the muscle labeled by #5 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Extensor digitorum longus** * Function: **Dorsiflexion (extension) of the foot and toes 2-5** * Attachments: **Tibia, toes 2-5** * Innervation: **Deep fibular nerve**
441
A woman has bloody stools and is unable to completely empty her rectum. Physical exam shows weakness in her ability to flex the knee against resistance and a neoplasm of the posterior rectum. Knee extension and hip adduction are normal. The cancer has compressed which nerve causing the muscle weakness?
Sciatic nerve Innervates the hamstrings, which are the primary flexors of the knee
442
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Saphenous nerve
443
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Head of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
444
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Deep fibular nerve (Also #5 both branches are the deep fibular nerve)
445
Inflammation in which structure results in plantar fasciitis?
Plantar Aponeurosis
446
Which structure is labeled by #4? What is its function?
Lateral collateral ligament Stabilizes the knee laterally
447
Describe the medial compartment of the thigh * Muscles: * Actions: * Nerve: * Skeletal landmarks (attachments):
Medial compartment of the thigh * Muscles: * **​Adductor longus** * **Adductor magnus** * Adductor brevis * Gracilis * Actions: **Hip adduction** * Nerve: **Obturator** * Skeletal landmarks (attachments): * **Ischiopubic ramus** * **Linea aspera** * **Adductor tubercle**
448
Which strucutre is labeled by #4?
Gracilis
449
Which structure is labeled by **B?** Which muscles attach to it?
Greater trochanter of the femur Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
450
Which bone is labeled by #9?
Ischial tuberosity
451
Which structure is labeled by #10?
Lateral malleolus
452
Which structure is labeled by #8?
Iliotibial tract
453
Which muscle is labeled by #2?
Gluteus maximus
454
Which structure is labeled by #5? Function? Innervation?
Tensor fasciae latae Hip abduction, internal rotation, flexion Superior gluteal nerve
455
Identify the ilium
456
Which phase of the gait is shown in this picture? Which muscles are active? What are they doing?
Loading response * **Quadriceps** - prevent the knee from collapsing * **Gluteals** - prevent hip from collapsing
457
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Head of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
458
Which structure is labeled by **D?**
Sciatic nerve
459
Which muscles flex the foot? What is their innervation?
Flexion = plantarlexion **Triceps surae: gastrocnemius + soleus** They are in the posterior compartment of the leg, so they are innervated by the **tibial nerve**
460
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Anterior tibeal artery | (Also #2)
461
Which nerve supplies the muscles of the foot?
Tibial nerve branches * Medial plantar nerve * Lateral plantar nerve Remember: Tibial nerve = part of sciatic nerve
462
Damage to which nerve would result in pain or sensory loss on the lateral side of the lower leg and foot?
Sural nerve Cuteneous branch of the tibial and fibular nerves Note: This would not result in any motor deficit
463
Describe the fate of the common femoral artery
Common femoral artery -\> * -\> Superficial femoral artery * Descends in the thigh between the anterior and medial compartments * Travels through the adductor hiatus * -Becomes the popliteal artery * Anterior tibial artery * Posterior tibial artery * Fibular artery * -\> Deep femoral artery * -\> Lateral circumflex artery + Medial circumflex artery * Both of these wrap around the back of the femoral neck to form an anastomosis * The rest goes on to supply the hip joint, thigh, and femur
464
Which motions will be difficult for a patient with nerve damage to their inferior gluteal nerve?
Going up stairs Stanind from sitting Other motions that involve extension of the hip
465
Which strucutre is labeled by #1?
Adductor magnus
466
Describe the highlighted muscle * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Tensor fasciae latae** * Function: **Abduct, flex, internally rotate the femur** * Attachments: **Iliac spine, Iliotibial tract** (Aka IT band) * Innervation: **Superior gluteal nerve** * Even though it technically belongs to the anterior compartment of the thigh
467
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Tibeal nerve
468
During which phases of the gait cycle does the knee flex?
Loading response (2) as a shock absorber Initial swing (4) to shorten the swing leg
469
Describe structure #2 * Muscle: * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
* Muscle: **Gluteus medius** * Function: **Hip abduction** * Attachments: **Ilium, greater trochanter of femur** * Innervation: **Superior gluteal nerve** (L4-S1)
470
Which vein empties into the femoral vein? Which vein empties into the popliteal vein?
The greater saphenous vein (#2) empties into the femoral vein at the saphenous opening (in the crease of the hip) The lesser saphenous vein (#4) empties into the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa (behind the knee)
471
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Tibialis anterior
472
Which compartment of the leg is supplied by the tibial nerve? What actions does this nerve control?
Posterior compartment * Ankle flexion (plantarflexion) * Toe flexion (plantarflexion)
473
Which structure is labeled by #1? What is its function?
Anterior cruciate ligament Prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward
474
A patient presents with extreme pain due to arterial insufficiency in the posterior compartment of the thigh. This compartment receives its blood supply mainly from the perforating arteries. An arteriogram confirms partial obstruction of the artery that gives rise to these perforating arteries. What artery is occluded in the arteriogram?
Deep femoral artery
475
Which structure is labeled by #9? Function? Innervation?
Long head of biceps femoris (part of the hamstring) Hip extension, knee flexion Sciatic nerve (tibial division)
476
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Flexor digitorum longus Passes posterior to the medial malleolus, but anterior to the poster tibial artery and tibial nerve
477
Describe the anterior compartment of the thigh * Muscles: * Actions: * Nerve: * Skeletal landmarks (attachments):
Anterior compartment of the thigh * Muscles: * **Quadriceps femoris** * Rectus femoris * Vastus lateralis * Vastus medialis * Vastus intermedius * **Sartorius** * **Iliopsoas** * Actions: **Hip flexion,** knee extension * Nerve: **Femoral** * Skeletal landmarks (attachments): * **Patella** * **Lesser trochanter** * **Tibeal tuberosity**
478
What artery supplies the femoral head?
Medial femoral circumflex artery | (Branch from the deep femoral artery)
479
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Medial condyle of the femur (Articulates wiwht the medial condyle of the tibia) *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
480
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Lesser trochanter of the femur
481
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Lateral malleolus
482
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Fibularis longus | (#7 = tendon of fibularus longus)
483
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Biceps femoris (long head)
484
Sensory loss on the lateral side of the leg in foot is due to damage of which nerve? What other deficits might be present?
Superficial fibular nerve Eversion of the foot will be lost
485
Which structure is labeled by #40?
Tibial nerve Innervates the superficial and deep posterior compartments of the leg
486
Which blood vessel is labeled by #11? Where does it come from? Where does it go?
Dorsalis pedis * Comes from the anterior tibial artery * Branches into the arcuate artery (19) and deep plantar artery (15) * Deep plantar artery -\> deep plantar arch
487
Which nerve supplies the sole of the foot?
Tibial nerve (Branches into medial plantar and lateral plantar nerves
488
Which structure is labeled by #4? Function? Innervation? Attachments?
Gluteus maximus Hip extension Inferior gluteal nerve Dorsal surface of the sacrum, gluteal surface of the ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of the femur
489
Which nerve is labeled by #1? What does it innervate? It is a branch from which larger nerve?
Saphenous nerve Sensory nerve that provides innervation to the skin around the saphenous vein (medial aspect of the lower leg, medial malleolus, and a small portion of the arch of the foot) It comes from the femoral nerve
490
Which structure is labeled by #18?
Medial malleolus
491
Describe gluteus medius * Function: * Attachments: * Innervation:
Gluteus medius * Function: **Hip abduction** * Attachments: **Ilium, greater trochanter of the femur** * Innervation: **Superior gluteal nerve**
492
Which structure is labeled by #9?
Fibular artery Branch of the popliteal artery (6)
493
Which structures stabilize the knee laterally?
Lateral (aka fibular) collateral ligament Iliotibial tract Tendon of the biceps femoris (wraps from behind the knee)
494
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Neck of the femur *Fig. 56.2 Adapted from Gilroy et al. Atlas of Anatomy, 2nd edition, Figs. 26.4 A, 26.4 B*
495
How is the ACL most commonly injured?
Usually noncontact injuries Lateral twisting of the femur on a planted foot carres the femur **backward relative to the tibia**, stretching the ACL

MSK-Derm by Minnie (48 decks)

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