Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK-Derm by Minnie > SM MSK Anatomy - Back and Spine > Flashcards

SM MSK Anatomy - Back and Spine Flashcards

SM 221a, Lab 1

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Move the vertebral column

Extension, lateral bend, rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which structure is labeled by #3?

A

Vertebral foramen

(Spinal cord runs through here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the back attach to the ______

A

The intrinsic muscles of the back attach to the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify the follwing on both the MRI and the bone

  • Vertebral body
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Spinous process
A

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224950784_Unexpected_neuroimaging_abnormalities_in_patients_with_apparent_C8_radiculopathy_Broadening_the_clinical_spectrum/figures?lo=1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which structure is indicated by #2?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

Gelatinous remnant of the embryonic notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false?

Back muscles attaching to the scapula will receive innervation from dorsal rami of the appropriate thoracic level

A

False

  • Back muscles attaching to the scapula are extrinsic muscles
  • They are innervated by ventral rami
    • Except trapezius, which is innervated by CN XI (the spinal accessory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where could this portion of spinal cord be taken from?

A

T1 through L1

Spinal nerves do not originate from cervical vertebrae
(cranial nerves exit cervical vertebrae)

The spinal cord ends at L1. The cauda equina takes spinal roots down to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, where they exit as spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 groups of intrinsic muscles of the back?

(From superficial to deep)

A
  • Splenius
  • Erector spinae
  • Transversospinalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structure is labeled by #5?

A

Spinal nerve

Emerges from the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False?

The iliocostalis and the splenius are both extensors of the spine

A

True

  • Iliocostalis extends the lumbar and thoracic regions
    • Part of the erector spinae
  • Splenius extends the head and neck
  • All intrinsic back muscles function as extensors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which structure is labeled by #2?

A

Lamina (part of vertebral arch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which structure attaches the pia mater to the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is inside of the dural sac at the level of L3?

A

Cauda equina + arachnoid mater

The spinal cord ends at L1, giving rise to spinal roots that bundle together to form the cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which structure is labeled by #4?

A

Spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which structure is labeled by #6?

A

Vertebral foramen

(This is where the spinal cord would be)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most common sites for herniated discs?

A

Between L4-L5 in the lumbar region -> lower back/leg pain

May also occur in the cervical region -> neck/arm pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which structures hold the vertebrae together?

A

Ligaments and vertebral disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What structure is labeled by #1?

A

Scapular spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which muscle is indicated by #1?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Serratus posterior superior
    • Thin sheet of muscle underneath the trapezius and rhomoboids
    • Poorly developed
  • Function: Nobody knows!
    • Possible accessory respiratory function
  • Attachments: Ribs, spinous process
  • Innervation: Ventral rami of spinal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which structure is labeled by #1?

A

Pedicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which structures make up the vertebral arch?

A

Lamina + pedicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

While stopped at a light, a man’s car is rear-ended at high speed. He is brought to the emergency room with difficulty breathing and a severe hyperextension neck injury. His MRI shows a rupture of the anterior annulus of C4-5 intervertebral disc, inflammation of the disc, and a preverterbal hematoma (the cause of his breathing difficulty). Which of the following ligaments was likely disrupted?

  1. Anterior longitudinal
  2. Ligamentum flavum
  3. Interspinous
  4. Supraspinous
  5. Posterior longitudinal
A

a. Anterior longitudinal

Often injured in whiplash injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This is an axial T2 MRI of the lumbar spine

How is the muscle group outlined in red innervated?

A

Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

These are intrinsic back muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which structure is labeled by #4?

A

Vertebral foramen

(Spinal cord runs through here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does lordosis of the cervical and lumbar regions develop?

A

When a child starts to walk

Development continues for 1-2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which group of the intrinsic back muscles is shown in this image (outlined in blue)?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Transversospinalis
    • Found in the notch between the transverse process and spinous process
  • Function: Extension, rotation, and lateral bending
  • Attachments: Spinous process, transverse process
  • Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which muscles are active when you shrug your shoulders?

A

Levator scapulae (main)

Trapezius helps a bit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which vertebrae are the smallest?

  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
A

a. Cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What structure is labeled by #9?

A

Arachnoid mater

Middle layer of the meninges covering the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What structure is labeled by #2?

A

Inferior articular facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Identify the following in the image

  • Spinal cord
  • CSF
  • Cauda equina
  • L1
A

The spinal cord ends at L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which structure is labeled by #6?

A

Pedicle (part of the vertebral arch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which muscles elevate the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

Trapezius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which ligament is labeled by #3?

A

Ligamentum flavum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which ligament is labeled by #4?

A

Supra-spinous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What structures are indicated by the yellow arrows?

A

Osteophytes

Sign of osteoporosis

http://rad.washington.edu/about-us/academic-sections/musculoskeletal-radiology/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/osteopenia/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which section of the spine is shown in this image?

How do you know?

A

Lumbar

Look for the “scotty dog” feature

  • Ear (D) = superior articular facet
  • Front leg (C) = inferior articular facet
  • Eye (B) = pedicle
  • (A) is the intervertebral disk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Ventral rami of the spinal nerve

(Anterior rami)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A hyperextension injury is most likely to injure which spinal ligament?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

(a whiplash injury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What structure is labeled by #3?

A

Acromion of the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which lines correspond with the following structures?

  • Line of the spinous process
  • Articular line
  • Anterior veterbral body line
  • Posterior vertebral body line
A

(In order from left to right)

  • Blue = Anterior vertebral body line
  • Red = Posterior vertebral body line
  • Orange = Articular line
  • Green = Line of the spinous process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is an epidural administered?

A

Outside of the dural sack - anesthetizes the nerve roots

Usually accessed through lumbar vertebrae (L4-L5), sacral hiatus, or posterior sacral foramina (but can theoretically be done anywhere along the column - there is less risk of spinal cord injury because you are not puncturing the dural sac)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which structure is labeled by #1?

A

Pedicle (part of vertebral arch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which intrinsic back muscle has fibers that extend superio-laterally?

\ //

A

Splenius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

An 81 yo woman complains of weakness and loss of sensation in her legs. Radiological studies show bony spurs (osteophytes) narrowing the intervertebral foramina at levels T12-L3. Which of the following structures is most likely to be impinged by the osteophytes?

A. Spinal cord

B. Spinal nerve

C. Sympathetic trunk ganglion

D. Anterior rootlets of spinal nerve

E. Ventral ramus of spinal nerve

A

B. Spinal nerve

Dorsal root ganglion may also be affected

These structures must pass through the intervertebral foramina - if the opening is smaller, they may be impinged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which muscles are active when the scapula retracts?

A

Trapezius and rhomboids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which extrinsic back muscle does NOT attach to the humorous?

A

Serratus posterior (inferior and superior)

Attach to spinous process + ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What structure is labeled by #2?

A

Dura mater

Outermost layer of meninges covering the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which muscle is outlined in yellow (labeled 2)?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Rhomboids
  • Function: Retract the scapula
  • Attachments: Scapula, spinous process
  • Innervation: Ventral rami of spinal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What structure is labeled by #1?

A

Superior articular facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

Usually 5

May be 4-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Which back muscles are derived from the hypomere?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Which structure is labeled by #4?

A

Articular process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the deepest layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Transversospinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Which muscles are found underneath the trapezius?

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Describe the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae

A
  • Smallest kind of vertebra
  • Small body relative to vertebral foramen
  • Has transverse foramen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which muscle is indicated by #2?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Erector spinae
  • Function: Lateral bending, rotation, extension of the back
  • Attachments: Spinous process, transverse process, ribs
  • Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Which muscle group is shown?

Identify each part

A

Erector Spinae (intrinsic back muscle)

  1. Spinalis
  2. Longissimus
  3. Illiocostalis

Functions in extension, lateral flexion, rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which intrinsic back muscle has fibers that are straight up and down?

|| ||

A

Erector spinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which intrinsic back muscle has fibers that extend superio-medially?

// \

A

Transversospinalis

Deepest layer of the intrinsic back muscles

63
Q

Which layer of the meninges is labled by #1?

A

Arachnoid mater

(Middle layer)

64
Q

Which muscles retract the scapula?

A

Rhomboid

Trapezius

65
Q

Which structure is labeled by #3?

A

Ligamentum flavum

66
Q

Which structure is labeled by #2?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

67
Q

What structure is labeled by #5?

A

Filum terminale

Extension of the pia mater that attaches to the coccyx

68
Q

What muscle is outlined in red (labeled #2)?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Latissimus Dorsi
  • Function: Extends and adducts the arm
  • Attachments: Humerus + Spinous processes + Illiac crest + Sacrum
  • Innervation: Ventral rami of the spinal cord
    • Via brachial plexus
69
Q

What kind of vertebra is this?

A

Thoracic

  • Long spinous process (points down)
  • Kidney bean-shaped body
70
Q

Which structure is labeled by #2?

A

Lamina

71
Q

Which movements are controlled by the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Extension

Lateral bending

Rotation

72
Q

Which structures of the vertebrae, strung together, create a space for the passage of the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral foramen

Together they form the spinal foramen

(Note: the intervertebral foramen is the exit pathway for the spinal nerves associated with each vertebra)

73
Q

Which structure is indicated by #1?

A

Annulus Fibrosus

The thick fibrocartilage that keeps the nuclus pulposus contained

74
Q

What structure is labeled by #6?

A

Denticulate ligament

(extension of the pia mater)

75
Q

Which back muscles are derived from the epimere?

A

Inrinsic muscles of the back

76
Q

What structure is labeled by #4?

A

Ventral (anterior) ramus of the spinal nerve

77
Q

Which structure is labeled by #3?

A

Transverse process

78
Q

Which ligaments limit flexion of the spine?

A
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
79
Q

Which parts of the spine exhibit natural lordosis?

A

Cervical and Lumbar regions

80
Q

Which structure is labeled by #5?

A

Transverse process

81
Q

Which layer of the meninges is labled by #3?

A

Pia mater

(Innermost layer)

The arrow is pointing specifically to the denticulate ligaments, which are made of pia mater

82
Q

Most herniations occur posteriorly, to one side or the other of the midline, due to ligamentous reinforcement in the midline of the vertebral bodies. The ligament reinforcing in this manner is the…

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

83
Q

A woman reports difficulty extending her back.
Which of these muscles would you examine first?

a. latissimus dorsi
b. rhomboid major
c. pectoralis major
d. erector spinae
e. external oblique

A

d. erector spinae

This is the only choice that is an intrinsic muscle. Intrinsic muscles of the back participate in extension, lateral bending, and rotation

84
Q

Which back muscles depress the scapula?

A

Lattisimus dorsi

85
Q

Which muscles elevate and retract the scapula?

A

Rhomboid

Trapezius

86
Q

A whiplash injury is most commonly associated with injury to which spinal ligament?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

87
Q

What are the consequences of a herniated disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus leaks out. Can compress the spinal nerve or spinal cord causing pain

88
Q

What structure is labeled by #1?

A

Spinal ganglion

89
Q

What structure is labeled by #1?

A

Spinal cord

90
Q

Which ligament is labeled by #1?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

91
Q

Which parts of the spine have a natural kyphosis?

A

Thoracic and Sacral regions

92
Q

The vertebrae make up ____ of the height of the vertebral column, and the discs make up ____

A

The vertebrae make up ~75% of the height of the vertebral column, and the discs make up 25%

93
Q

What structure is labeled by #4?

A

Cauda equina

Spinal roots (dorsal and ventral) travel to their exits in the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, where they will join and become spinal nerves

94
Q

Which layer of the meninges is labled by #2?

A

Dura mater

(outermost layer)

95
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

4

96
Q

Which structure is labeled by #1?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

97
Q

Which structure is labeled by #2

A

Lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

98
Q

Through which structure do spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

Intervertebral foramen

(#3)

99
Q

The extrinsic muscles of the back attach to the ______

A

The extrinsic muscles of the back attach to the spinous process and limbs

(Except the serratus poterior, which attaches to the spinous process and ribs)

100
Q

What structure is labeled by #3?

What is its purpose?

A

Intervertebral foramen

The spinal nerves pass through here on their way to their final destinations

101
Q

Which intrinsic back muscle is largest?

A

Erector spinae

102
Q

What kind of vertebra is this?

How do you know?

A

Lumbar vertebra

  • Broad spinous process
  • Spinous process points almost straight back
  • Articular processes
    • Superior faces inward
    • Inferior faces outward
103
Q

Which ligaments limit the extension of the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

104
Q

What structure is labeled by #7?

A

Dura mater

Most superficial layer of meninges covering the spinal cord

105
Q

What structure is labeled by #8?

(space between layers)

A

Subdural space

106
Q

What structure is labeled by #3?

A

Dorsal (posterior) ramus of the spinal nerve

107
Q

Describe the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Larger than cervical vertebrae, smaller than lumbar
  • Body is kidney-bean shaped
  • Articular facets for ribs
  • Large spnious process (lots of muscles attach to these vertebrae)
108
Q

Which structure is labeled by #3?

A

Spinous process

109
Q

What are the functions of the spinous and transverse processes?

A

Attachment sites for muscles

110
Q

Which structure is labeled by #5?

A

Body of the vertebra

111
Q

True or false?

In a typical spinal nerve the dorsal root contains motor fibers which will innervate the deep (intrinsic back musculature)

A

False

  • The dorsal root contains sensory fibers.
  • The ventral root contains motor fibers.
  • When the roots merge to form the spinal nerve…
    • Dorsal ramus innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back
    • Ventral ramus innervates the extrinsic muscles of the back
112
Q

When you hunch over your computer, you are introducing unnatural [kyphosis/lordosis] into your spine

A

Kyphosis

(In the cervical spine)

113
Q

What are the functions of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Move the limbs (arms) by moving the scapula and the humerus

114
Q

This is an axial T2 MRI of the lumbar spine

What structure is outlined in blue?

What traverses it?

A

Structure = intervertebral foramen

The spinal nerves traverse the intervertebral foramen

115
Q

What muscle is outlined in green (labeled #1)?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Trapezius
  • Function: Scapular motion
    • Rotates the scapula
    • Moves it vertically
    • Pulls it back
  • Attachments: Scapula + Spinous processes + Head
  • Innervation: Cranial Nerve XI
    • One of the few extrinsic back muscles not supplied by the ventral ramus
116
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

117
Q

Which muscle is responsible for extending and adducting the arm?

A

Latissimus dorsi

118
Q

What is Scheurermann’s disease?

A

Abnormal kyphosis of the spine due to abnormally shaped vertebrae

119
Q

Which muscle is indicated by #1?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Splenius
    • Only seen in the neck and head region
    • Most superficial intrinsic back muscle
  • Function: Head extension, head rotation, and lateral bend of the neck
  • Attachments: Spinous process, head
  • Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
120
Q

Where is spinal anethesia administered?

A

In the subarachnoid space

Administer between L3-L4 (the spinal cord ends at L1) - this decreases the chance of a spinal cord injury.

Note: in neonates, the spinal cord extends to L2-L3

121
Q

The extrinsic muscles of the back develop from the _______

A

The extrinsic muscles of the back develop from the hypomere

122
Q

Which muscles lie superficial to serratus posterior superior?

A

Rhomboids

Levator scapulae

123
Q

Describe the make-up of the intervertebral disck

A
  • Annulus Fibrosus (fibrocartilage)
  • Nuclus pulposus (gelatinous remnant of the notochord)
124
Q

What pathology is shown in this picture?

A

Herniated disk

125
Q

What structure is labeled by #2?

A

Coracoid process of the scapula

126
Q

Which part of the vertebral arch articulates with the superior and inferior vertebrae?

A

Articular processes

127
Q

What kind of vertebra is this?

How do you know?

A

Cervical

  • Vertebral foramen is large comapared to the body
  • Spinous process is short
  • Contains transverse foramen
128
Q

What bone is this?

A

Right scapula

129
Q

Which structure is labeled by #7?

A

Body of the vertebra

130
Q

What structure is labeled by #10?

A

Pia mater

Deepest layer of the meninges covering the spinal cord

Firmly attached to the spinal cord

131
Q

The nucleus pulposus is a remnant of the embryonic _____

A

Notochord

132
Q

Describe the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Larger than thoracic or cervical vertebrae
  • Body is large compared to vertebral foramen
133
Q

Which ligament is labeled by #2?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

134
Q

Which muscle is responsible for rotating and retracting the scapula?

A

Trapezius

135
Q

Lateral curvature in the spine is called…

A

Scoliosis

136
Q

When an intervertebral disk herniates, what is happening to the structures in the body?

A

The annulus fibrosus ruptures and the nucleus pulposus leaks out, compressing the spinal nerve

  • Normally, the annulus fibrosus is a tough fibrous ring (fibrocartilage) that keeps the nucleus pulposus contained
137
Q

Which muscle is outlined in red (labeled 1)?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Levator scapulae
  • Function: Elevates the scapula
  • Attachments: Scapula, transverse processes C1-C4
  • Innervation: Ventral rami of spinal nerves
138
Q

Which nerves innervate the intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Dorsal rami of the spinal nerve

(Posterior rami)

139
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the back develop from the _______

A

The intrinsic muscles of the back develop from the epimere

140
Q

This vertebra comes from which region?

A

Thoracic

Articulates with the ribs

141
Q

Which structure is labeled by #1?

A

Spinous process

142
Q

What structure is labeled by #2?

(between the two layers)

A

Subarachnoid space

Usually filled with cerebrospinal fluid

143
Q

Which extrinsic back muscle is NOT innervated by ventral rami of the spinal cord?

A

Trapezius

Innervated by cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory)

144
Q

Which muscle is indicated by #2?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Serratus posterior inferior
    • Thin sheet of muscle underneath the trapezius and rhomoboids
    • Poorly developed
  • Function: Nobody knows!
    • Possible accessory respiratory function
  • Attachments: Ribs, spinous process
  • Innervation: Ventral rami of spinal nerves
145
Q

Identify labeled parts in this Xray of a section of thoracic vertebrae

A
  1. Rib
  2. Pedicle
  3. Spinous process
  4. Transverse process
146
Q

What structure is labeled by #3?

A

Arachnoid mater

Middle layer of meninges covering the spinal cord

(The pia mater ends with the spinal cord at L1)

147
Q

Why is the lumbar region the most likely zone for herniated disks?

A

The lumbar region…

  • Bears more weight than the thoracic or cervical region
  • More mobile (flexion/extension) than other areas
148
Q

Which structure is labeled by #5?

A

Vertebral Arch

(Lamina + Pedicle)

149
Q

What conditions can cause abnormal lordosis of the lumbar spine?

A
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Achondroplasia
  • Spondylosthesis
150
Q

Which structure is labeled by #6?

A

Transverse foramen

Sympathetic nerve plexus + vertebral artery + vertebral vein pass through this

151
Q

Which muscle lies on top of the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles?

A

Trapezius

152
Q

What are the major extrinsic muscles of the back?

A
  • Most superficial layer
    • Trapezius
    • Latissimus dorsi
  • Middle layer
    • Levator scapula
    • Rhomboids
  • Deepest layer
    • Serratus posterior (inferior and superior)
153
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Extra boney growths that can cause pain, especially if they gorw on the edges of vertebral bodies or articular facets

MSK-Derm by Minnie (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions