Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK-Derm by Minnie > SM MSK Anatomy - Back and Spine > Flashcards

SM MSK Anatomy - Back and Spine Flashcards

SM 221a, Lab 1

1
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Move the vertebral column

Extension, lateral bend, rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which structure is labeled by #3?

A

Vertebral foramen

(Spinal cord runs through here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the back attach to the ______

A

The intrinsic muscles of the back attach to the vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify the follwing on both the MRI and the bone

  • Vertebral body
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Spinous process
A

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224950784_Unexpected_neuroimaging_abnormalities_in_patients_with_apparent_C8_radiculopathy_Broadening_the_clinical_spectrum/figures?lo=1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which structure is indicated by #2?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

Gelatinous remnant of the embryonic notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false?

Back muscles attaching to the scapula will receive innervation from dorsal rami of the appropriate thoracic level

A

False

  • Back muscles attaching to the scapula are extrinsic muscles
  • They are innervated by ventral rami
    • Except trapezius, which is innervated by CN XI (the spinal accessory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where could this portion of spinal cord be taken from?

A

T1 through L1

Spinal nerves do not originate from cervical vertebrae
(cranial nerves exit cervical vertebrae)

The spinal cord ends at L1. The cauda equina takes spinal roots down to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, where they exit as spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 groups of intrinsic muscles of the back?

(From superficial to deep)

A
  • Splenius
  • Erector spinae
  • Transversospinalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structure is labeled by #5?

A

Spinal nerve

Emerges from the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or False?

The iliocostalis and the splenius are both extensors of the spine

A

True

  • Iliocostalis extends the lumbar and thoracic regions
    • Part of the erector spinae
  • Splenius extends the head and neck
  • All intrinsic back muscles function as extensors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which structure is labeled by #2?

A

Lamina (part of vertebral arch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which structure attaches the pia mater to the coccyx?

A

Filum terminale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is inside of the dural sac at the level of L3?

A

Cauda equina + arachnoid mater

The spinal cord ends at L1, giving rise to spinal roots that bundle together to form the cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which structure is labeled by #4?

A

Spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which structure is labeled by #6?

A

Vertebral foramen

(This is where the spinal cord would be)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most common sites for herniated discs?

A

Between L4-L5 in the lumbar region -> lower back/leg pain

May also occur in the cervical region -> neck/arm pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which structures hold the vertebrae together?

A

Ligaments and vertebral disks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What structure is labeled by #1?

A

Scapular spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which muscle is indicated by #1?

What is its function?

Attachments?

Innervation?

A
  • Muscle: Serratus posterior superior
    • Thin sheet of muscle underneath the trapezius and rhomoboids
    • Poorly developed
  • Function: Nobody knows!
    • Possible accessory respiratory function
  • Attachments: Ribs, spinous process
  • Innervation: Ventral rami of spinal nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which structure is labeled by #1?

A

Pedicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which structures make up the vertebral arch?

A

Lamina + pedicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

While stopped at a light, a man’s car is rear-ended at high speed. He is brought to the emergency room with difficulty breathing and a severe hyperextension neck injury. His MRI shows a rupture of the anterior annulus of C4-5 intervertebral disc, inflammation of the disc, and a preverterbal hematoma (the cause of his breathing difficulty). Which of the following ligaments was likely disrupted?

  1. Anterior longitudinal
  2. Ligamentum flavum
  3. Interspinous
  4. Supraspinous
  5. Posterior longitudinal
A

a. Anterior longitudinal

Often injured in whiplash injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This is an axial T2 MRI of the lumbar spine

How is the muscle group outlined in red innervated?

A

Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves

These are intrinsic back muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Vertebral foramen | (Spinal cord runs through here)
26
When does lordosis of the cervical and lumbar regions develop?
When a child starts to walk Development continues for 1-2 years
27
Which group of the intrinsic back muscles is shown in this image (outlined in blue)? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Transversospinalis** * Found in the notch between the transverse process and spinous process * Function: **Extension, rotation, and lateral bending** * Attachments: **Spinous process, transverse process** * Innervation: **Dorsal rami of spinal nerves**
28
Which muscles are active when you shrug your shoulders?
Levator scapulae (main) Trapezius helps a bit
29
Which vertebrae are the smallest? 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral
a. Cervical
30
What structure is labeled by #9?
Arachnoid mater Middle layer of the meninges covering the spinal cord
31
What structure is labeled by #2?
Inferior articular facet
32
Identify the following in the image * Spinal cord * CSF * Cauda equina * L1
The spinal cord ends at L1
33
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Pedicle (part of the vertebral arch)
34
Which muscles elevate the scapula?
**Levator scapulae** Rhomboids Trapezius
35
Which ligament is labeled by #3?
Ligamentum flavum
36
Which ligament is labeled by #4?
Supra-spinous ligament
37
What structures are indicated by the yellow arrows?
Osteophytes Sign of osteoporosis *http://rad.washington.edu/about-us/academic-sections/musculoskeletal-radiology/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/osteopenia/*
38
Which section of the spine is shown in this image? How do you know?
Lumbar Look for the "scotty dog" feature * Ear (D) = superior articular facet * Front leg (C) = inferior articular facet * Eye (B) = pedicle * (A) is the intervertebral disk
39
Which nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the back?
Ventral rami of the spinal nerve | (Anterior rami)
40
A hyperextension injury is most likely to injure which spinal ligament?
Anterior longitudinal ligament (a whiplash injury)
41
What structure is labeled by #3?
Acromion of the scapula
42
Which lines correspond with the following structures? * Line of the spinous process * Articular line * Anterior veterbral body line * Posterior vertebral body line
(In order from left to right) * Blue = Anterior vertebral body line * Red = Posterior vertebral body line * Orange = Articular line * Green = Line of the spinous process
43
Where is an epidural administered?
Outside of the dural sack - anesthetizes the nerve roots Usually accessed through lumbar vertebrae (L4-L5), sacral hiatus, or posterior sacral foramina (but can theoretically be done anywhere along the column - there is less risk of spinal cord injury because you are not puncturing the dural sac)
44
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Pedicle (part of vertebral arch)
45
Which intrinsic back muscle has fibers that extend superio-laterally? \\ //
Splenius
46
An 81 yo woman complains of weakness and loss of sensation in her legs. Radiological studies show bony spurs (osteophytes) narrowing the intervertebral foramina at levels T12-L3. Which of the following structures is most likely to be impinged by the osteophytes? ## Footnote A. Spinal cord B. Spinal nerve C. Sympathetic trunk ganglion D. Anterior rootlets of spinal nerve E. Ventral ramus of spinal nerve
B. Spinal nerve Dorsal root ganglion may also be affected These structures must pass through the intervertebral foramina - if the opening is smaller, they may be impinged
47
Which muscles are active when the scapula retracts?
Trapezius and rhomboids
48
Which extrinsic back muscle does NOT attach to the humorous?
Serratus posterior (inferior and superior) Attach to spinous process + ribs
49
What structure is labeled by #2?
Dura mater Outermost layer of meninges covering the spinal cord
50
Which muscle is outlined in yellow (labeled 2)? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Rhomboids** * Function: **Retract the scapula** * Attachments: **Scapula, spinous process** * Innervation: **Ventral rami of spinal nerves**
51
What structure is labeled by #1?
Superior articular facet
52
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Usually 5 May be 4-6
53
Which back muscles are derived from the hypomere?
Extrinsic muscles of the back
54
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
55
Which structure is labeled by #4?
Articular process
56
What is the deepest layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
Transversospinalis
57
Which muscles are found underneath the trapezius?
Levator scapulae Rhomboids
58
Describe the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae
* Smallest kind of vertebra * Small body relative to vertebral foramen * Has transverse foramen
59
Which muscle is indicated by #2? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Erector spinae** * Function: **Lateral bending, rotation,** extension **of the back** * Attachments: **Spinous process, transverse process, ribs** * Innervation: **Dorsal rami of spinal nerves**
60
Which muscle group is shown? Identify each part
Erector Spinae (intrinsic back muscle) 1. Spinalis 2. Longissimus 3. Illiocostalis Functions in extension, lateral flexion, rotation
61
Which intrinsic back muscle has fibers that are straight up and down? || ||
Erector spinae
62
Which intrinsic back muscle has fibers that extend superio-medially? // \\
Transversospinalis Deepest layer of the intrinsic back muscles
63
Which layer of the meninges is labled by #1?
Arachnoid mater | (Middle layer)
64
Which muscles retract the scapula?
Rhomboid Trapezius
65
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Ligamentum flavum
66
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
67
What structure is labeled by #5?
Filum terminale Extension of the pia mater that attaches to the coccyx
68
What muscle is outlined in red (labeled #2)? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Latissimus Dorsi** * Function: **Extends and adducts the arm** * Attachments: **Humerus + Spinous processes + Illiac crest + Sacrum** * Innervation: **Ventral rami of the spinal cord** * Via brachial plexus
69
What kind of vertebra is this?
Thoracic * Long spinous process (points down) * Kidney bean-shaped body
70
Which structure is labeled by #2?
Lamina
71
Which movements are controlled by the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Extension Lateral bending Rotation
72
Which structures of the vertebrae, strung together, create a space for the passage of the spinal cord?
Vertebral foramen Together they form the spinal foramen (Note: the **inter**vertebral foramen is the exit pathway for the spinal nerves associated with each vertebra)
73
Which structure is indicated by #1?
Annulus Fibrosus The thick fibrocartilage that keeps the nuclus pulposus contained
74
What structure is labeled by #6?
Denticulate ligament | (extension of the pia mater)
75
Which back muscles are derived from the epimere?
Inrinsic muscles of the back
76
What structure is labeled by #4?
Ventral (anterior) ramus of the spinal nerve
77
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Transverse process
78
Which ligaments limit flexion of the spine?
* Supraspinous ligament * Ligamentum flavum * Posterior longitudinal ligament
79
Which parts of the spine exhibit natural lordosis?
Cervical and Lumbar regions
80
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Transverse process
81
Which layer of the meninges is labled by #3?
Pia mater (Innermost layer) The arrow is pointing specifically to the denticulate ligaments, which are made of pia mater
82
Most herniations occur posteriorly, to one side or the other of the midline, due to ligamentous reinforcement in the midline of the vertebral bodies. The ligament reinforcing in this manner is the…
Posterior longitudinal ligament
83
A woman reports difficulty extending her back. Which of these muscles would you examine first? ## Footnote a. latissimus dorsi b. rhomboid major c. pectoralis major d. erector spinae e. external oblique
d. erector spinae This is the only choice that is an intrinsic muscle. Intrinsic muscles of the back participate in extension, lateral bending, and rotation
84
Which back muscles depress the scapula?
Lattisimus dorsi
85
Which muscles elevate and retract the scapula?
Rhomboid Trapezius
86
A whiplash injury is most commonly associated with injury to which spinal ligament?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
87
What are the consequences of a herniated disc?
Nucleus pulposus leaks out. Can compress the spinal nerve or spinal cord causing pain
88
What structure is labeled by #1?
Spinal ganglion
89
What structure is labeled by #1?
Spinal cord
90
Which ligament is labeled by #1?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
91
Which parts of the spine have a natural kyphosis?
Thoracic and Sacral regions
92
The vertebrae make up ____ of the height of the vertebral column, and the discs make up \_\_\_\_
The vertebrae make up **_~75%_** of the height of the vertebral column, and the discs make up **_25%_**
93
What structure is labeled by #4?
Cauda equina Spinal roots (dorsal and ventral) travel to their exits in the lumbar and sacral vertebrae, where they will join and become spinal nerves
94
Which layer of the meninges is labled by #2?
Dura mater | (outermost layer)
95
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
4
96
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
97
Which structure is labeled by #2
Lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
98
Through which structure do spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?
Intervertebral foramen | (#3)
99
The extrinsic muscles of the back attach to the \_\_\_\_\_\_
The extrinsic muscles of the back attach to the **_spinous process and limbs_** (Except the serratus poterior, which attaches to the spinous process and ribs)
100
What structure is labeled by #3? What is its purpose?
Intervertebral foramen The spinal nerves pass through here on their way to their final destinations
101
Which intrinsic back muscle is largest?
Erector spinae
102
What kind of vertebra is this? How do you know?
Lumbar vertebra * Broad spinous process * Spinous process points almost straight back * Articular processes * Superior faces inward * Inferior faces outward
103
Which ligaments limit the extension of the spine?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
104
What structure is labeled by #7?
Dura mater Most superficial layer of meninges covering the spinal cord
105
What structure is labeled by #8? | (space between layers)
Subdural space
106
What structure is labeled by #3?
Dorsal (posterior) ramus of the spinal nerve
107
Describe the distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae
* Larger than cervical vertebrae, smaller than lumbar * Body is kidney-bean shaped * Articular facets for ribs * Large spnious process (lots of muscles attach to these vertebrae)
108
Which structure is labeled by #3?
Spinous process
109
What are the functions of the spinous and transverse processes?
Attachment sites for muscles
110
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Body of the vertebra
111
True or false? In a typical spinal nerve the dorsal root contains motor fibers which will innervate the deep (intrinsic back musculature)
False * The dorsal **root** contains sensory fibers. * The ventral **root** contains motor fibers. * When the roots merge to form the spinal nerve... * Dorsal **ramus** innervates the intrinsic muscles of the back * Ventral **ramus** innervates the extrinsic muscles of the back
112
When you hunch over your computer, you are introducing unnatural [kyphosis/lordosis] into your spine
Kyphosis | (In the cervical spine)
113
What are the functions of the extrinsic back muscles?
Move the limbs (arms) by moving the scapula and the humerus
114
This is an axial T2 MRI of the lumbar spine What structure is outlined in blue? What traverses it?
Structure = **intervertebral foramen** The **spinal nerves** traverse the intervertebral foramen
115
What muscle is outlined in green (labeled #1)? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Trapezius** * Function: **Scapular motion** * Rotates the scapula * Moves it vertically * Pulls it back * Attachments: **Scapula + Spinous processes + Head** * Innervation: **Cranial Nerve XI** * One of the few extrinsic back muscles not supplied by the ventral ramus
116
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
117
Which muscle is responsible for extending and adducting the arm?
Latissimus dorsi
118
What is Scheurermann’s disease?
Abnormal kyphosis of the spine due to abnormally shaped vertebrae
119
Which muscle is indicated by #1? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Splenius** * Only seen in the neck and head region * Most superficial intrinsic back muscle * Function: **Head e****xtension, head rotation, and lateral bend of the neck** * Attachments: **Spinous process, head** * Innervation: **Dorsal rami of spinal nerves**
120
Where is spinal anethesia administered?
In the subarachnoid space Administer between L3-L4 (the spinal cord ends at L1) - this decreases the chance of a spinal cord injury. Note: in neonates, the spinal cord extends to L2-L3
121
The extrinsic muscles of the back develop from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The extrinsic muscles of the back develop from the **_hypomere_**
122
Which muscles lie superficial to serratus posterior superior?
Rhomboids Levator scapulae
123
Describe the make-up of the intervertebral disck
* Annulus Fibrosus (fibrocartilage) * Nuclus pulposus (gelatinous remnant of the notochord)
124
What pathology is shown in this picture?
Herniated disk
125
What structure is labeled by #2?
Coracoid process of the scapula
126
Which part of the vertebral arch articulates with the superior and inferior vertebrae?
Articular processes
127
What kind of vertebra is this? How do you know?
Cervical * Vertebral foramen is large comapared to the body * Spinous process is short * Contains transverse foramen
128
What bone is this?
Right scapula
129
Which structure is labeled by #7?
Body of the vertebra
130
What structure is labeled by #10?
Pia mater Deepest layer of the meninges covering the spinal cord Firmly attached to the spinal cord
131
The nucleus pulposus is a remnant of the embryonic \_\_\_\_\_
Notochord
132
Describe the distinguishing features of the lumbar vertebrae
* Larger than thoracic or cervical vertebrae * Body is large compared to vertebral foramen
133
Which ligament is labeled by #2?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
134
Which muscle is responsible for rotating and retracting the scapula?
Trapezius
135
Lateral curvature in the spine is called…
Scoliosis
136
When an intervertebral disk herniates, what is happening to the structures in the body?
The annulus fibrosus ruptures and the nucleus pulposus leaks out, **compressing the spinal nerve** * Normally, the annulus fibrosus is a tough fibrous ring (fibrocartilage) that keeps the nucleus pulposus contained
137
Which muscle is outlined in red (labeled 1)? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Levator scapulae** * Function: **Elevates the scapula** * Attachments: **Scapula, transverse processes C1-C4** * Innervation: **Ventral rami of spinal nerves**
138
Which nerves innervate the intrinsic muscles of the back?
Dorsal rami of the spinal nerve | (Posterior rami)
139
The intrinsic muscles of the back develop from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The intrinsic muscles of the back develop from the **_epimere_**
140
This vertebra comes from which region?
Thoracic Articulates with the ribs
141
Which structure is labeled by #1?
Spinous process
142
What structure is labeled by #2? | (between the two layers)
Subarachnoid space Usually filled with cerebrospinal fluid
143
Which extrinsic back muscle is NOT innervated by ventral rami of the spinal cord?
**Trapezius** Innervated by cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory)
144
Which muscle is indicated by #2? What is its function? Attachments? Innervation?
* Muscle: **Serratus posterior inferior** * Thin sheet of muscle underneath the trapezius and rhomoboids * Poorly developed * Function: **Nobody knows!** * Possible accessory respiratory function * Attachments: **Ribs, spinous process** * Innervation: **Ventral rami of spinal nerves**
145
Identify labeled parts in this Xray of a section of thoracic vertebrae
1. Rib 2. Pedicle 3. Spinous process 4. Transverse process
146
What structure is labeled by #3?
Arachnoid mater Middle layer of meninges covering the spinal cord (The pia mater ends with the spinal cord at L1)
147
Why is the lumbar region the most likely zone for herniated disks?
The lumbar region... * Bears more weight than the thoracic or cervical region * More mobile (flexion/extension) than other areas
148
Which structure is labeled by #5?
Vertebral Arch | (Lamina + Pedicle)
149
What conditions can cause abnormal lordosis of the lumbar spine?
* Obesity * Pregnancy * Achondroplasia * Spondylosthesis
150
Which structure is labeled by #6?
Transverse foramen Sympathetic nerve plexus + vertebral artery + vertebral vein pass through this
151
Which muscle lies on top of the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles?
Trapezius
152
What are the major extrinsic muscles of the back?
* Most superficial layer * **Trapezius** * **Latissimus dorsi** * Middle layer * **Levator scapula** * **Rhomboids** * Deepest layer * **Serratus posterior (inferior and superior)**
153
What are osteophytes?
Extra boney growths that can cause pain, especially if they gorw on the edges of vertebral bodies or articular facets

MSK-Derm by Minnie (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions