SLP 622 Grammar

Question 1

Grammatical Development

Answer 1

Development of adult-like sentences typically begins ~2.5 to 3.0 years for children
-Sentences are comprised of noun phrases and verb phrases
-Complexity of phrase and sentence structure may vary considerably

Question 2

Developmental Sequence of Syntactic Forms

Answer 2

Stage 1: (MLU 1.0-2.0): Semantic roles and syntactic relations

Stage 2: (MLU 2.0-2.5): Modulated relations

Stage 3: (MLU 2.4-3.25): Modalities of simple sentences

Stage 4: (MLU 3.25-3.75): Advanced sentence modalities (embedding)

Stage 5: (MLU 3.75-4.0+): Categorization (coordination

Stage 6: (MLU 4.0+): Complex Structures

Question 3

Nouns

Answer 3

words that refer to people, places, things, or ideas

Question 4

Verbs

Answer 4

words that express an action or state of being

Question 5

Action verbs

Answer 5

Intransitive Verbs: Action verbs without a direct object

Transitive Verbs: Action verbs with a direct object

Question 6

Couplas

Answer 6

Copulas (AKA stative verbs or linking verbs) are verbs that indicate a state of being or provide a complement to a noun or adjective.

Copulas can “re-identify” (serve to re-introduce the subject).
Copulas can describe the subject.

Question 7

Helping Verbs

Answer 7

Auxiliaries are verbs that assist (or help) another verb to complete an action. They are the secondary verbs that offer assistance (or help) to the main verb in the utterance.

Question 8

Modifiers

Answer 8

Words that add some degree of description to a noun or verb

Question 9

Adjective

Answer 9

words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns; they usually provide answers to questions like whose, what kind, how many, and which one?

Question 10

Adverb

Answer 10

words that describe or modify verbs; they usually provide answers to questions like how, when, where, to what extent? they often end in -ly- but not always

Question 11

Phrases

Answer 11

is a group of words that go together, but do not make a complete sentence.
Phrases act as a single part of speech in a sentence.

Question 12

Prepositional Phrase

Answer 12

a. Have a preposition (on, in, under, between) and an object of the preposition
b. May serve as adjectives and adverbs
ex. “I saw a car under the bed.”

Question 13

Infinitive phrases

Answer 13

a. Consist of infinitive (to + verb) plus object (to catch flies)
b. Often serve as nouns, but may serve as adjectives or adverbs
ex. “She loved to eat fruit.” (Noun/direct object)

Question 14

Participle (or participial) phrases

Answer 14

a. Consist of a participle and an object
b. Often end in –ing, -ed, or –en
c. Often act as adjectives formed from verbs
ex. “The singing waiter was great.”

Question 15

Gerund phrase

Answer 15

a. Often a word that may look like a verb ending in –ing used as a noun
ex. “Swimming laps is great exercise.” (subject)
ex. “He loves doing his homework.”

Question 16

Clause

Answer 16

Clause: A group of words that contain a subject and verb.

Question 17

Independent Clause (IC)

Answer 17

a. Also called a main clause (MC)
b. It is a complete sentence that can stand alone
c. Contains the main thought of the sentence
d. Coordinating conjunctions serve to combine ICs

Question 18

Dependent Clause

Answer 18

a. Also called a subordinate clause
b. It does not express a complete thought
c. It must be added to an independent clause
d. May function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns
e. May be embedded within a sentence and started with a relative pronoun (who, whom, that) or a subordinating conjunction (e.g., before, after, because, since, if)

Question 19

Simple sentences

Answer 19

consist of one (main/independent) clause

Question 20

Complex Sentences

Answer 20

have at least one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

Question 21

Compound Sentences

Answer 21

consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction

Question 22

Compound-Complex Sentences

Answer 22

consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction and also contain at least a single dependent clause.

Question 23

Common Determiners – Remember, these are really adjectives!

Answer 23

*Quantifier (indicating a number or specific amount)
Examples: “All, both, half”
*Article (indefinite “a, an” or definite “the”)
*Possessive (Possessive PN)
Examples: “my, your, his, her, their”
*Demonstrative
Examples: “this, that, those”
*Numerical Terms
*Examples: “one, forty, five thousand”

Question 24

Nouns – Remember, personal pronouns count as nouns too!

Question 25

Adjectives – There are several types with different uses!

Question 26

Post-Noun Modifiers

Answer 26

*Prepositional phrase
*Examples: “in, on, under”
*Adjectival phrase (answers which one, how many, whose, and what kind)
*Examples: “next door, none of the…”
*Adverb/Adverbial phrase (answers where, how, when)
*Examples: “here, right now”
*Embedded Clause
** Remember, these may start with “who” or “that” known as relative pronouns.

Question 27

Verb Phrase Components

Answer 27

VP Modal Auxiliary + Perfective Auxiliary + Verb to be + Negative + Passive + Verb + Prepositional phrase, noun phrase, complement, or adverbial phrase

Question 28

Modal Auxiliary

Answer 28

*MODALS ARE USED TO INDICATE FEELING, MOOD, PERMISSION (“MAY”), DETERMINATION OR WILLINGNESS (“WILL”), PROMISE (“SHALL” MORE FORMAL), POSSIBILITY (“MIGHT”), AND ABILITY (“CAN”)
*“MAY, CAN, SHALL, WILL, MUST, MIGHT, SHOULD, WOULD, COULD”

Question 29

Perfective Auxiliary (Perfect tense)

Answer 29

*Used to create tenses known as the present perfect or past perfect
*“Have, has, had”

Question 30

Active/Passive Voice

Answer 30

Active Voice: There is a transitive verb and it transitions to the direct object.

Passive Voice: There is a transitive verb, but in this case the direct object transitions to the verb.
Look for words like “been and being.”

Question 31

Declarative Sentence/Statement

Answer 31

A sentence that tells something and/or provides information
Ends with a period

Question 32

Interrogative Sentence/Question:

Answer 32

A sentence that asks something
Ends with a question mark

Question 33

Imperative Sentence/Command

Answer 33

A sentence that requests or commands someone to do something
Ends with a period or an exclamation point
What is the subject?

Question 34

Exclamatory Sentence/Exclamation:

Answer 34

A sentence that displays strong feeling or emotion
Ends with an exclamation point

Question 35

Negative Sentences:

Answer 35

A sentence indicating negation
Five adult forms
negative attached to verb (may be in contraction form “not” or “don’t”)
words indicating negation (“nobody”)
“no” used before nouns
adverbs indicating negation (“never”  When; “nowhere”  Where)
prefixes indicating negation (un-, dis-)