SLP 622 Grammar Flashcards
Grammatical Development
Development of adult-like sentences typically begins ~2.5 to 3.0 years for children
-Sentences are comprised of noun phrases and verb phrases
-Complexity of phrase and sentence structure may vary considerably
Developmental Sequence of Syntactic Forms
Stage 1: (MLU 1.0-2.0): Semantic roles and syntactic relations
Stage 2: (MLU 2.0-2.5): Modulated relations
Stage 3: (MLU 2.4-3.25): Modalities of simple sentences
Stage 4: (MLU 3.25-3.75): Advanced sentence modalities (embedding)
Stage 5: (MLU 3.75-4.0+): Categorization (coordination
Stage 6: (MLU 4.0+): Complex Structures
Nouns
words that refer to people, places, things, or ideas
Verbs
words that express an action or state of being
Action verbs
Intransitive Verbs: Action verbs without a direct object
Transitive Verbs: Action verbs with a direct object
Couplas
Copulas (AKA stative verbs or linking verbs) are verbs that indicate a state of being or provide a complement to a noun or adjective.
Copulas can “re-identify” (serve to re-introduce the subject).
Copulas can describe the subject.
Helping Verbs
Auxiliaries are verbs that assist (or help) another verb to complete an action. They are the secondary verbs that offer assistance (or help) to the main verb in the utterance.
Modifiers
Words that add some degree of description to a noun or verb
Adjective
words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns; they usually provide answers to questions like whose, what kind, how many, and which one?
Adverb
words that describe or modify verbs; they usually provide answers to questions like how, when, where, to what extent? they often end in -ly- but not always
Phrases
is a group of words that go together, but do not make a complete sentence.
Phrases act as a single part of speech in a sentence.
Prepositional Phrase
a. Have a preposition (on, in, under, between) and an object of the preposition
b. May serve as adjectives and adverbs
ex. “I saw a car under the bed.”
Infinitive phrases
a. Consist of infinitive (to + verb) plus object (to catch flies)
b. Often serve as nouns, but may serve as adjectives or adverbs
ex. “She loved to eat fruit.” (Noun/direct object)
Participle (or participial) phrases
a. Consist of a participle and an object
b. Often end in –ing, -ed, or –en
c. Often act as adjectives formed from verbs
ex. “The singing waiter was great.”
Gerund phrase
a. Often a word that may look like a verb ending in –ing used as a noun
ex. “Swimming laps is great exercise.” (subject)
ex. “He loves doing his homework.”
Clause
Clause: A group of words that contain a subject and verb.
Independent Clause (IC)
a. Also called a main clause (MC)
b. It is a complete sentence that can stand alone
c. Contains the main thought of the sentence
d. Coordinating conjunctions serve to combine ICs
Dependent Clause
a. Also called a subordinate clause
b. It does not express a complete thought
c. It must be added to an independent clause
d. May function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns
e. May be embedded within a sentence and started with a relative pronoun (who, whom, that) or a subordinating conjunction (e.g., before, after, because, since, if)
Simple sentences
consist of one (main/independent) clause
Complex Sentences
have at least one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
Compound Sentences
consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Compound-Complex Sentences
consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction and also contain at least a single dependent clause.
Common Determiners – Remember, these are really adjectives!
*Quantifier (indicating a number or specific amount)
Examples: “All, both, half”
*Article (indefinite “a, an” or definite “the”)
*Possessive (Possessive PN)
Examples: “my, your, his, her, their”
*Demonstrative
Examples: “this, that, those”
*Numerical Terms
*Examples: “one, forty, five thousand”
Nouns – Remember, personal pronouns count as nouns too!
Adjectives – There are several types with different uses!
Post-Noun Modifiers
*Prepositional phrase
*Examples: “in, on, under”
*Adjectival phrase (answers which one, how many, whose, and what kind)
*Examples: “next door, none of the…”
*Adverb/Adverbial phrase (answers where, how, when)
*Examples: “here, right now”
*Embedded Clause
** Remember, these may start with “who” or “that” known as relative pronouns.
Verb Phrase Components
VP Modal Auxiliary + Perfective Auxiliary + Verb to be + Negative + Passive + Verb + Prepositional phrase, noun phrase, complement, or adverbial phrase
Modal Auxiliary
*MODALS ARE USED TO INDICATE FEELING, MOOD, PERMISSION (“MAY”), DETERMINATION OR WILLINGNESS (“WILL”), PROMISE (“SHALL” MORE FORMAL), POSSIBILITY (“MIGHT”), AND ABILITY (“CAN”)
*“MAY, CAN, SHALL, WILL, MUST, MIGHT, SHOULD, WOULD, COULD”
Perfective Auxiliary (Perfect tense)
*Used to create tenses known as the present perfect or past perfect
*“Have, has, had”
Active/Passive Voice
Active Voice: There is a transitive verb and it transitions to the direct object.
Passive Voice: There is a transitive verb, but in this case the direct object transitions to the verb.
Look for words like “been and being.”
Declarative Sentence/Statement
A sentence that tells something and/or provides information
Ends with a period
Interrogative Sentence/Question:
A sentence that asks something
Ends with a question mark
Imperative Sentence/Command
A sentence that requests or commands someone to do something
Ends with a period or an exclamation point
What is the subject?
Exclamatory Sentence/Exclamation:
A sentence that displays strong feeling or emotion
Ends with an exclamation point
Negative Sentences:
A sentence indicating negation
Five adult forms
negative attached to verb (may be in contraction form “not” or “don’t”)
words indicating negation (“nobody”)
“no” used before nouns
adverbs indicating negation (“never” When; “nowhere” Where)
prefixes indicating negation (un-, dis-)
