PP5 and PP6 Flashcards
Definitions
*Narratives are major components to discourse and involve translating experience into stories (Shames, Wiig, and Secord, 1994).
*Narratives provide an avenue to represent events, stories, ideas and characters.
*Narratives may share or affirm issues or values.
*Narratives may consist of retelling stories or tales, generating spontaneous stories, or conveying personal experiences.
Narratives are:
*Unidirectional (monologue format)
*Decontextualized (often outside the scope of shared listener-speaker experience)
*Event-based with orderly sequence
*Purposeful (convey information, espouse beliefs, share culture)
*Defining characteristic of humanity
*Mature narratives have:
*1. Plot – organizing theme of the narrative
*2. Setting – characters involved, location of the story, and the time of the story
*3. Episodes – Series of events
*Mature narratives have an event that causes something to happen
Episodes
Episodes have:
1. Initiating event or complication – the cause - effect flows from here
2. Internal response – character’s internal feelings
3. Reaction (plan of action) – the plan or goal of the characters as a result of the initiating event
4. Attempt to solve the problem
5.Consequence – achievement of character’s goals
6. Resolution – main character’s reaction to consequences
7. Ending
Prenarratives (protonarratives)
Prenarratives (protonarratives)
Most simplistic and earliest form of narrative
No real plot or organizing theme
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OA_ma7DqgX8
1. Heaps (~ 2 years)
a. Sets of unrelated statements about a central character or event
b. No real story line or sequencing
c. No cause or effect
2. Chaining (~ 2-3 years)
a. Events linked by similar events or attributes
b. Connect or “chain” one sentence to another as a chronology to events (more typical of 4-year-olds)
3. Centering/Primitive Narratives (~ 3-4 years)
a. Organized around center event or person
b. Related in concept (complementary)
c. Not organized
Narratives – Real plot
- Unfocused Chains (~ 5 years)
a. one event leads to another with character shift
b. story elements are linked- Focused Chains (~ 9 years)
a. events “focus” on a character coursing through connected events
b. may exclude character’s motivation for actions
- Focused Chains (~ 9 years)
- True or Complete Narratives (~ 10-12 years)
a. Contain all elements of mature narratives
b. Stories have introductions, a solid plot, climax, and ending - Complex Narratives (~ 13+ years)
a. Main and supporting characters
b. Subplots
Recap: What is narrative?
According to Justice (2006), narrative is:
A type of discourse involving orderly accounts of real or imagined events
A coherent sequence of utterances with a common theme
Why are narratives important?
They are clear demonstrations of:
Thinking/cognition
Social development
A bridge from oral language to literacy
Classroom engagement
According to Hoffman (2009), narratives provide:
Cognitive benefits
Mode of thought
Long Term Memory
Social benefits
Social discourse (oral and written)
Academic benefits
Classroom discourse
Related to reading comprehension
Ability to understand and learn from instruction in language arts, social studies, history, science, and mathematics
Why should we assess narrative ability?
Narrative is a contextually relevant and pragmatically valid means of assessing a student’s ability to integrate language skills purposefully.(Hoffman, 2009)
How can we assess narratives?
Determining whether you should (or even can) use a formal test is an important decision.
There are a number of different tests that are available.
Clinicians may sometimes be constrained by what is in their closet and at their disposal.
Frequently, SLPs report that a district or a payment system prefers/requires a specific type of test (or worse yet, a specific test) to ensure consideration for qualification or eligibility for reimbursement!
Right now, we will focus on standardized tests. More information regarding informal measures is coming!
Narrative Analysis
This process involves three steps.
Elicitation
Transcription
Analysis
Elicitation: Determine which type(s) of narrative you want to explore!
Elicitation: Determine which type(s) of narrative you want to explore!
*Recounts
*Elicited factual reports of past events
*Accounts (a.k.a. “personal narratives”)
*Spontaneously produced verbalizations about past events
*Eventcasts
*Descriptions of on-going or anticipated events
*Scripts
*General descriptions of typical event
*Fictionalized Narratives (a.k.a. “Stories”)
Elicitation
You can use:
Personal narratives in conversation
Story creation
Wordless picture books
Picture sequences
Single pictures
Story retells
Transcription
Seek permission to record.
Set aside time to transcribe.
Use technology if possible (voice to text transcription may be refined in time)!
Always keep in mind that without appropriate and accurate transcription, your data may be unreliable and invalid.
